List of military occupations

This article presents a list of military occupations. Only military occupations since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907^[1] are included In this article.

Military occupation is effective provisional control of a certain power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the volition of the actual sovereign.^[2][3][4] Military occupation is distinguished from annexation^[5] by its intended temporary nature (i.e. no claim for permanent sovereignty), by its military nature, and by citizenship rights of the controlling power not being conferred upon the subjugated population.^[3][6][7][8]

Past military occupations

Territory occupied	From	To	Occupied state	Occupying state	Conflict
Albania[(PMO) 1]	1912	1913	Albania	Serbia	Balkan Wars
Nicaragua	1912	1933	Nicaragua	United States	United States occupation of Nicaragua
Albania[(PMO) 2]	1914	1918[9]	Albania	Austria-Hungary	World War I
Eastern Galicia[(PMO) 3]	1914	1918	Austria-Hungary	Russian Empire	World War I
Belgium[(PMO) 4]	1914	1918	Belgium	German Empire	World War I
Northeastern France[(PMO) 5]	1914	1918	France	German Empire	World War I
Luxembourg[(PMO) 6]	1914	1918	Luxembourg	German Empire	World War I
Veracruz	1914	1914	Mexico	United States	United States occupation of Veracruz
Montenegro[(PMO) 7]	1914	1918[9]	Montenegro	Austria-Hungary	World War I
Lublin[(PMO) 8]	1914	1918	Russian Empire	Austria-Hungary	World War I
Parts of Russia[(PMO) 9]	1914	1919	Russian Empire	German Empire	World War I
Serbia[(PMO) 10]	1914	1918	Serbia	Austria-Hungary	World War I
Albania[(PMO) 11]	1915	1917	Albania	Bulgaria	World War I
German South-West Africa[(PMO) 12]	1915	1994	German Empire	South Africa	World War I
Namibia
Haiti	1915	1934	Haiti	United States	United States occupation of Haiti
Dominican Republic	1916	1924	Dominican Republic	United States	United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24)
Cuba	1917	1922	Cuba	United States	Sugar Intervention
Northeastern Italy[(PMO) 13]	1917	1918	Italy	Austria-Hungary	World War I
Parts of Turkey[(PMO) 14]	1919	1922[10]	Ottoman Empire	France	World War I
				Greece
				Italy
				United Kingdom
Ruhr	1923	1924	Weimar Republic	Belgium  France	Occupation of the Ruhr
Manchuria[(PMO) 15]	1931	1945	China	Japan	Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Ethiopia	1935	1941	Ethiopia	Italy	Second Italo-Ethiopian War
Parts of China[(PMO) 16]	1937	1945	Republic of China	Japan	World War II
Shanghai[(PMO) 17]	1937	1945	Republic of China	Japan	World War II
Czechoslovakia	1938	1945	Czechoslovakia	Nazi Germany	German occupation of Czechoslovakia
Albania	1939	1945	Albania	Italy
Carpatho-Ukraine	1939	1944	Czechoslovakia	Hungary
Finland	1939	1940	Finland	Soviet Union	Winter War
Poland	1939	1945	Poland	Nazi Germany	World war II
Eastern Poland	1939	1941	Poland[(N) 1]	Soviet Union	World War II
Belgium	1940	1945	Belgium	Nazi Germany	World War II
Denmark	1940	1945	Denmark	Nazi Germany	World War II
Faroe Islands	1940	1945	Denmark	United Kingdom	World War II
Iceland	1940	1945	Denmark	UK	World War II
			Iceland[(N) 2]	USA[(N) 3]
Estonia	1940	1941	Estonia[(N) 4][(N) 5]	Soviet Union	World War II
Northern France	1940	1944	France	Nazi Germany	World War II
Southeastern France	1940	1943	France	Italy	World War II
Vietnam	1940	1945	France	Japan	World War II
Latvia	1940	1941	Latvia[(N) 4][(N) 5]	Soviet Union	World War II
Lithuania	1940	1941	Lithuania[(N) 4][(N) 5]	Soviet Union	World War II
Luxembourg	1940	1945	Luxembourg	Nazi Germany	World War II
Netherlands	1940	1945	Netherlands	Nazi Germany	World War II
Norway	1940	1945	Norway	Nazi Germany	World War II
Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina	1940	1941	Romania	Soviet Union	World War II
Channel Islands	1940	1945	United Kingdom	Nazi Germany	World War II
Cambodia	1941	1945	France	Japan	World War II
Greece	1941	1944	Greece	Bulgaria	World War II
				Italy
				Nazi Germany
Iran	1941	1946	Iran	Allies	World War II
Belarus	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Nazi Germany	World War II
Estonia	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Nazi Germany	World War II
			Estonia[(N) 4][(N) 5]
Latvia	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Nazi Germany	World War II
			Latvia[(N) 4][(N) 5]
Lithuania	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Nazi Germany	World War II
			Lithuania[(N) 4][(N) 5]
Parts of the Soviet Union	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Finland	Continuation War
Parts of the Soviet Union	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Kingdom of Romania	World War II
British Borneo	1941	1945	UK	Japan	World War II
Hong Kong	1941	1945	UK	Japan	World War II
Malaya	1941	1945	UK	Japan	World War II
Yugoslavia	1941	1945	Yugoslavia	Bulgaria	World War II
				Hungary
				Italy
				Nazi Germany
New Guinea	1942	1945	Australia[(N) 6]	Japan	World War II
Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)	1942	1945	Netherlands	Japan	World War II
Philippines	1942	1945	Commonwealth of the Philippines	Japan	World War II
Burma (Myanmar)	1942	1945	UK	Japan	World War II
Singapore	1942	1945	UK	Japan	World War II
Kiska	1942	1943	USA	Japan	World War II
Libya	1943	1951	Libya	Allies	World War II
Italy	1943	1945	Italy	Nazi Germany	World War II
Bulgaria	1944	1947	Bulgaria	Soviet Union	World War II
Estonia	1944	1991	Estonia[(N) 4][(N) 5]	Soviet Union	World War II
Hungary	1944	1945	Hungary	Nazi Germany	World War II
Latvia	1944	1991	Latvia[(N) 4][(N) 5]	Soviet Union	World War II
Lithuania	1944	1991	Lithuania[(N) 4][(N) 5]	Soviet Union	World War II
Romania	1944	1958	Romania	Soviet Union	World War II
Austria	1945	1955	Austria	Allied Control Council	World War II
Czechoslovakia	1945	1945	Czechoslovakia	Soviet Union	World War II
Allied-occupied Germany	1945	1949	Germany	Allied Control Council	World War II
Berlin	1945	1990	Germany[(N) 7]	Allied Control Council	World War II
Hungary	1945	1991	Hungary	Soviet Union	World War II
Northern Iran	1945	1946	Iran	Soviet Union
Japan	1945	1951	Japan	Allies	World War II
Taiwan	1945	1952[13]	Japan	Republic of China	World War II
Korea	1945	1948	Korea	USA and  Soviet Union	World War II
Parts of Vietnam	1945	1946	Vietnam	UK	World War II
West Bank	1948	1967		Jordan	Arab–Israeli conflict
Sinai	1956	1956[14][15]	Egypt	France,  Israel, and  UK	Suez Crisis
Gaza Strip	1959	1967	All-Palestine	Egypt	Unilateral merger of Gaza into United Arab Republic
Laos	1959	1975	Laos	North Vietnam	North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
Dominican Republic	1965	1966	Dominican Republic	USA and The Organization of American States	American occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)
Sinai	1967	1982	Egypt	Israel	Six-Day War
Czechoslovakia	1968	1968	Czechoslovakia	Warsaw Pact	Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
East Pakistan	1971	1971	Pakistan	India	Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
East Timor	1975	1999	East Timor	Indonesia	Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Aouzou Strip	1976	1987	Chad	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	Occupation of the Aouzou Strip
Parts of Lebanon	1976	2005	Lebanon	Syria	Lebanese Civil War
Parts of Uganda	1978	1978	Uganda	Tanzania	Uganda–Tanzania War
South Lebanon and Southern Lebanon	1978	2000	Lebanon	Free Lebanon State (1978–84) and later South Lebanon Army and  Israel (1984-2000)	Lebanese Civil War
Cambodia	1979	1989	Cambodia	Vietnam	Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Parts of Vietnam	1979	1979	Vietnam	China	Sino-Vietnamese War
Falkland Islands	1982	1982	UK	Argentina	Occupation of the Falkland Islands
Northern Sri Lanka	1987	1990	Sri Lanka	India	Sri Lankan Civil War
Maldives	1988	1988	Maldives	India	1988 Maldives coup d'état
Panama	1989	1990	Panama	USA	United States invasion of Panama
Kuwait	1990	1991	Kuwait	Iraq	Invasion of Kuwait
Haiti	1994	1995	Haiti	USA  Poland Argentina	Operation Uphold Democracy
Lesotho	1998	1999	Lesotho	South Africa and Southern African Development Community	Operation Boleas
Parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	1998	2002[16]	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Uganda,  Rwanda,  Zimbabwe,  Angola,  Namibia,  Chad, and  Sudan	Second Congo War
Kargil District	1999	1999	India	Pakistan	Kargil War
Iraq	2003	2004	Iraq	Coalition Provisional Authority	2003 Invasion of Iraq
Parts of Somalia	2006	2009[17]	Somalia	Ethiopia	War in Somalia (2006–09)
Gori and Poti	2008	2008	Georgia	Russia	Russo-Georgian War
Perevi	2008	2010	Georgia	Russia	Russo-Georgian War

Current military occupations

Territory occupied	Since	Occupied state	Occupying state	Status
East Jerusalem	1967	Palestinian territories  Palestine[(N) 8] (declared in 1988)	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; de facto annexed in 1980 via the Jerusalem Law
Gaza Strip	1967	Palestinian territories  Palestine[(N) 8] (declared in 1988)	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War from Egypt; In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory, however the United Nations still considers it an occupying power. Gaza's border crossings with Israel and maritime and air space are controlled by Israel.[(N) 9]
Golan Heights	1967	Syria	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War; de facto annexed in 1981 via the Golan Heights Law
West Bank	1967	Palestinian territories  Palestine[(N) 8] (declared in 1988)	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; administered by the Israeli Civil Administration. The Oslo II Accord, officially signed on 28 September 1995, divided the West Bank into the Area C administered by Israel and the Area A and B administered by the Palestinian National Authority.
Northern Cyprus	1974	Cyprus	Turkey	Seized during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; administered as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a state with no international recognition
Southern Provinces (80% of Western Sahara)	1975	Spanish Sahara Claimed by  SADR[(N) 10]	Morocco	Seized during the Western Sahara War; de facto annexed; administered as the Southern Provinces; claimed by Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a state with limited international recognition
Transnistria	1992	Moldova	Russia	Seized during the War of Transnistria; administered as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, a state with limited international recognition
Karki	1992	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Ararat Province
Nagorno-Karabakh (and surrounding territories)	1994	Azerbaijan	Nagorno-Karabakh (client state of  Armenia)	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; Nagorno-Karabakh administered as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a state with limited international recognition
Barxudarlı	1994	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province
Yuxarı Əskipara	1994	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province
Artsvashen	1994	Armenia	Azerbaijan	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Gadabay District
Kosovo	1999	Serbia	Kosovo Force (KFOR)----de facto made Republic of Kosovo	Serbian state that was seized by the NATO-led Kosovo Force to cease hostilities with Serbia and two days after they were authorized to do so by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. The Republic of Kosovo has recognition from 108 countries and various international institutions.
Abkhazia	2008	Georgia	Russia	Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of Abkhazia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia)
South Ossetia	2008	Georgia	Russia	Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of South Ossetia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia)
Crimea	2014	Ukraine	Russia	Seized during Russian military intervention; de facto annexed

See also

• Military occupations by the Soviet Union
• Peacekeeping - military deployments for peace-keeping purposes
• CSDP missions – foreign non-belligerent military missions of the European Union
• Annexation
• Revanchism
• For a list of states that have seceded unilaterally see List of states with limited recognition
• For a list of cases where territory is disputed between countries, see List of territorial disputes

Footnotes and references

Footnotes

1. On August 16, 1945 the Communist-dominated Polish government signed a treaty with the USSR to formally cede these territories.
2. On 17 June 1944, Iceland dissolved its union with Denmark and the Danish monarchy and declared itself a republic.
3. On 7 July 1941, the defence of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the United States.
4. On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.^[11]
5. From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.^[12]
6. League of Nations mandate administered by Australia.
7. Berlin remained under formal military occupation until September 12, 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany was signed
8. East Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip have been occupied by Israel since 1967.^[18] The State of Palestine, which claims these territories, did not declare its independence until 1988. See Palestinian Declaration of Independence. The State of Palestine is, as of November 2015, recognized by 136 countries.^[19]
9. In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory. However, in a Spokesperson's Noon Briefing" on 19 January 2012, Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the United Nations Secretary-General, stated "under resolutions adopted by both the Security Council and the General Assembly on the Middle East peace process, the Gaza Strip continues to be regarded as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The United Nations will accordingly continue to refer to the Gaza Strip as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory until such time as either the General Assembly or the Security Council take a different view."
10. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic did not declare its independence until 1976.

Past Military Occupations

1. See also Serbian occupation of Albania
2. See also Albania during World War I#Serbian Retreat and Austrian Occupation
3. See also Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia, 1914–15
4. See also General Governorate of Belgium
5. See also Home front during World War I#France
6. See also German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I
7. See also Montenegro#Kingdom of Montenegro .281910.E2.80.931918.29
8. See also Lublin#History
9. See also Ober Ost
10. See also Serbia#Balkan Wars.2C World War I and the First Yugoslavia
11. See also Bulgarian occupation of Albania
12. Now the country of Namibia
13. See Italian Front (World War I)#Campaigns of 1915.E2.80.931916
14. See Occupation of Constantinople and Occupation of Smyrna.
15. See also Manchukuo
16. See also Second Sino-Japanese War#Full scale invasion of China
17. See also Shanghai#History

References

1. "Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907". Retrieved June 20, 2015.
2. A Roberts (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967". Am. J. Int'l L. 84: 47. doi:10.2307/2203016.
3. Eyāl Benveniśtî (2004). The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press. pp. xvi. ISBN 0-691-12130-3.
4. Eran Halperin, Daniel Bar-Tal, Keren Sharvit, Nimrod Rosler and Amiram Raviv (2005). "Socio-psychological implications for an occupying society: The case of Israel". Journal of Peace Research 47: 47; 59. doi:10.1177/0022343309350013.
5. Annexation refers to de jure Annexation or annexation as defined under international law.
6. David M. Edelstein (2010). "Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail". Journal of Peace Research: 47; 59.
7. Phillipson, Coleman (1916). Termination of War and Treaties of Peace. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 10. ISBN 9781584778608. The difference between effective military occupation (or conquest) and annexation involves a profound difference in the rights conferred by each
8. Stirk, Peter (2009). The Politics of Military Occupation. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780748636716. The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into something else, namely annexation
9. Hugo Kerchnawe, Rudolf Mitzka, Felix Sobotka, Hermann Leidl, Alfred Krauss (1928). Die Militärverwaltung in den von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen besetzten Gebieten, Nide 4.
10. "Treaty of Lausanne". Retrieved June 20, 2015.
11. Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1985). Encyclopedia of Soviet law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. p. 461. ISBN 90-247-3075-9.
12. "U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship" (PDF) (Press release). U.S. Department of State. June 14, 2007. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
13. "Far East (Formosa and the Pescadores)". Hansard (U.K. Parliament) 540 (cc1870–4). May 4, 1955. Retrieved 2010-09-01. The sovereignty was Japanese until 1952. The Japanese Treaty came into force, and at that time Formosa was being administered by the Chinese Nationalists, to whom it was entrusted in 1945, as a military occupation.
14. "1956: Jubilation as allied troops leave Suez". Retrieved June 20, 2015.
15. Philippe Rekacewicz. "The occupation of Sinai". Retrieved June 20, 2015.
16. "CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE". Retrieved June 20, 2015.
17. "Ethiopia Marks Yearlong Occupation in Somalia". Retrieved June 20, 2015.
18. "Palestinian territories - Timeline". 8 July 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
19. "Amid violence, 'glaring lack of hope,' UN deputy chief urges action to break Israeli-Palestinian impasse". UN News. 23 November 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.