War in Somalia (2006–09)

War in Somalia (2006–2009)
Part of the Somali Civil War, the Ethiopian–Somali conflict and War on Terror

Situation of the war in Somalia February 3, 2009.
DateDecember 20, 2006 – January 30, 2009
(2 years, 1 month, 1 week and 3 days)
LocationSouthern Somalia
Status

Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) political victory

  • Overthrow of ICU government in Mogadishu
  • TFG and Ethiopian IRB soldiers temporarily establish control over Mogadishu and southern Somalia (2006–2008)
  • Re-emergence of Islamist insurgency
  • Islamists re-take Mogadishu & much of southern and central Somalia, including the TFG headquarters at Baidoa, which was seized by Al-Shabaab (2008–2009)
  • Ethiopian troops withdraw from the country
  • Power sharing deal signed between TFG and ARS Islamists, ARS gains political control of TFG and the ARS splinters
  • Moderate Islamist leader and ARS-chairman Sharif Ahmed becomes new Somali president
  • Civil war continues with the conflict between radical and moderate Islamists
  • Enforcement of Sharia Law by Sharif Ahmed administration
Belligerents

Invasion:
Islamic Courts Union
Oromo Liberation Front[1]
Insurgency:

Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
al-Shabaab
Ras Kamboni Brigades
Jabhatul Islamiya
Muaskar Anole
Alleged:

Al-Qaeda and other foreign mujahideen

 Ethiopia
Somalia Transitional Federal Government
 Puntland
Somalia Galmudug
Somalia pro-Ethiopian fraction leaders
Somalia Sufi groups[2]
AMISOM

Commanders and leaders

Sharif Ahmed
Hassan Aweys[4]
Yusuf Indacade
Fuad Mohamed Qalaf
Adan Ayrow  †
Abu Mansur
Hasan Turki
Mohamed Ibrahim Hayle
Mukhtar Abu Ali Aisha Ali Saleh Nabhan

Abu Taha al-Sudan  †

Ethiopia Meles Zenawi
Ethiopia Gabre Heard
Ethiopia Siraj Fergessa
Ethiopia Kuma Demeksa
Ethiopia Samora Yunis
Ethiopia Bacha Debele
Somalia Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed(In Exile)
Somalia Mohamed Omar Habeb (POW)(Incarcerated by ARS Coalition)
Somalia Abdi Hasan Awale
Somalia Abdirisak Afgadud
Puntland Mohamud Muse Hersi

United Kingdom Bruce Williams
Strength

8,000 ICU militants
Alleged forces:[5]

3,000, 4,000 or 8,000 foreign militants[6][7][8]		 Somalia: 10,000 soldiers[9]
Ethiopia:10,000 soldiers[10]
AMISOM: 5,250 soldiers
Casualties and losses
6,000–8,000 killed[11][12]
7,000 wounded (Ethiopian claim)[13][14]		 Ethiopia:
2,773 dead (375 killed in action)[15]
Somalia (TFG):
891+ killed
15,000 deserted[16]
Uganda:
7 killed
Kenya:
6 killed
Burundi:
2 killed
Total:3,679+ killed

Civilian casualties: 16,724 killed[17]
1.9 million displaced[18]

2008 civilian casualties; 7,674 civilians[19]
(see Casualties section)

The War in Somalia was an armed conflict involving largely Ethiopian and Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG) forces and Somali troops from Puntland versus the Somali Islamist umbrella group, the Islamic Court Union (ICU), and other affiliated militias for control of the country. There is a clear connection between War in Somalia (2009–) and the War of 2006. The war officially began shortly before July 20, 2006 when U.S. backed Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia to prop up the TFG in Baidoa.[20] The TFG in Somalia invited Ethiopians to intervene, which became an "unpopular decision".[21] Subsequently the leader of the ICU, Sheik Hassan Dahir Aweys, declared "Somalia is in a state of war, and all Somalis should take part in this struggle against Ethiopia".[22] On December 24, Ethiopia stated it would actively combat the ICU.[23]

Ethiopia's prime minister, Meles Zenawi, said Ethiopia entered hostilities because it faced a direct threat to its own borders. "Ethiopian defense forces were forced to enter into war to protect the sovereignty of the nation," he said. "We are not trying to set up a government for Somalia, nor do we have an intention to meddle in Somalia's internal affairs. We have only been forced by the circumstances."[24]

The ICU, which controlled the coastal areas of southern Somalia, engaged in fighting with the forces of the Somali TFG, and the autonomous regional governments of Puntland and Galmudug, all of whom were backed by Ethiopian troops. The outbreak of heavy fighting began on December 20 with the Battle of Baidoa, after the lapse of a one-week deadline the ICU imposed on Ethiopia (on December 12) to withdraw from the nation.[25] Ethiopia, however, refused to abandon its positions around the TFG interim capital at Baidoa. On December 29, after several successful battles, TFG and Ethiopian troops entered Mogadishu relatively unopposed. The UN also stated that many Arab nations including Egypt were also supporting the ICU through Eritrea. Although not announced until later, a small number of U.S. Special Forces troops accompanied Ethiopian and TFG troops after the collapse and withdrawal of the ICU to give military advice and to track suspected al-Qaida fighters.[26] Both American support for the TFG and various Arab Nations' support for the ICU were isolated cases from the central motive of the war between the allied Ethiopian & Somali government forces and the allied ICU & Eritrean forces.

As of January 2007, Ethiopia said it would withdraw "within a few weeks"[27] but the TFG, US and UN officials oppose Ethiopian withdrawal because it would create a "security vacuum," while the ICU has demanded immediate Ethiopian withdrawal.[28]

The two sides had traded war declarations and gunfire on several occasions before. Eastern African countries and international observers fear the Ethiopian offensive may lead to a regional war, involving Eritrea, which has a complex relationship with Ethiopia and whom Ethiopia claims to be a supporter of the ICU.[29]

As of January 2009, Ethiopian troops withdrew from Somalia following a two-year insurgency, which led to loss of territory and effectiveness of the TFG and a power-sharing deal between Islamists splinter group led by Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed's Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) and TFG Prime Minister Nur Hassan in Djibouti. The al Shabaab who has separated from the ICU rejects the peace deal and continued to take territories including Baidoa. Another Islamist group, Ahlu Sunnah Waljama'ah, which is allied to the transitional government and supported by Ethiopia, continues to attack al Shabab and take over towns as well.[30][31][32]

After the parliament took in 200 officials from the moderate Islamist opposition, ARS leader Sheikh Ahmed was elected TFG President on January 31, 2009.[33] Since then, the al shabab radical Islamists have accused the new TFG President of accepting the secular transitional government and have continued the civil war since he arrived in Mogadishu at the presidential palace.[34]

Forces involved

Forces involved are difficult to calculate because of many factors, including lack of formal organization or record-keeping, and claims which remained masked by disinformation. Ethiopia for months leading up to the war maintained it had only a few hundred advisors in the country. Yet independent reports indicated far more troops. According to the BBC, "The United Nations estimated that at least over 9,000 Ethiopian troops may be in the country while the AP suggests the number closer to 12–15,000,[35] while regional rival Eritrea has been accused of deploying some 2,000 troops in support of the Islamic group. This claim has never been proven nor are there any indications that they are true.

Background

Historic background

Wars between Somalia, or its precursor Islamic states, and Ethiopia, stretch back to 16th century. For example, Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi was a 16th-century Islamic leader popular in Somali culture for his jihad against the Ethiopians during the rise of the Adal Sultanate. The painful living history, oral and cultural traditions, long-standing ethnic divisions and sectarian differences lay a foundation of conflict between the two nations.

More recently, boundary disputes over the Ogaden region date to the 1948 settlement when the land was granted to Ethiopia. Somali disgruntlement with this decision has led to repeated attempts to invade Ethiopia with the hopes of taking control of the Ogaden to create a Greater Somalia. This plan would have reunited the Somali people of the Ethiopian-controlled Ogaden with those living in the Republic of Somalia. These ethnic and political tensions have caused cross-border clashes over the years.

Information warfare, disinformation and propaganda

Even before the beginning of the war, there have been significant assertions and accusations of the use of disinformation and propaganda tactics by various parties to shape the causes and course of the conflict. This includes assertions of falsification of the presence or number of forces involved, exaggeration or minimization of the casualties inflicted or taken, influence or control of media outlets (or shutting them down), and other informational means and media to sway popular support and international opinion.

Prelude to the War

Ethiopian troops moved into Somalian territory on July 20, 2006.[39]

On August 1, 2006, the ICU sent technicals out towards the Ethiopian border north of Beledweyne. Ethiopian troops were reportedly sent across the border to stop the ICU's advance.

On October 9, it was reported Ethiopian troops seized Burhakaba. Another article seemed to indicate the Ethiopian control was a troop convoy passing through. Islamists claim the town reverted to their control after the Ethiopians departed. SomaliNet reports the elders asked the government to leave to avoid bloodshed in their town. The article said it was government troops, and not Ethiopians who had come to the town.[40]

An Ethiopian column of 80 vehicles was hit by landmines and then attacked with gunfire by a group of about 50 troops loyal to the ICU on November 19, 2006, near Berdaale, 30 miles (50 km) west of Baidoa. Six Ethiopians were reported killed in the attack. Two Ethiopian trucks burned and two were overturned.[41][42][43]

On December 8, 2006, fighters from Somalia's Islamic Courts Union clashed with Somalian government forces, allegedly in cooperation with Ethiopian troops. Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, head of the Islamic Courts, told a crowd in Mogadishu that fighting had started in Dinsor in the south, and called on all Somalis to "stand up and defeat the enemies".[44] Another official said Ethiopian troops had shelled the town of Bandiradley. The Deputy Defence Minister of the Somali government, Salat Ali Jelle, confirmed the fighting but denied any Ethiopian troops were involved. The Ethiopian government has denied repeated claims that its troops are fighting alongside Somali government militia.

Witnesses in Dagaari village near Bandiradley said that they saw hundreds of Ethiopian troops and tanks take up positions near the town with militiamen from the northeastern semi-autonomous region of Puntland.[45]

On December 13, a Reuters report said that the ICU claimed 30,000 Ethiopian troops were involved in Somalia, while 4,000 foreign fighters were involved on the side of the ICU.[7] Ethiopia denied having troops other than "military advisors" present.

Timeline

December 2006

December 24, 2006: Ethiopia admitted its troops were fighting the Islamists, after stating earlier in the week it had only sent several hundred military advisors to Baidoa. Heavy fighting erupted in border areas, with reports of air strikes and shelling, including targets near the ICU-held town of Beledweyne. According to Ethiopian Information Minister Berhan Hailu: "The Ethiopian government has taken self-defensive measures and started counter-attacking the aggressive extremist forces of the Islamic Courts and foreign terrorist groups."[49]
Ethiopian army T-55 tank near Mogadishu

On December 26, the ICU was in retreat on all fronts, losing much of the territory they gained in the months preceding the Ethiopian intervention. They reportedly fell back to Daynuunay and Mogadishu.[51]

After the Fall of Mogadishu to the Ethiopian and government forces on December 28, fighting continued in the Juba River valley, where the ICU retreated, establishing a new headquarters in the city of Kismayo. Intense fighting was reported on December 31 in the Battle of Jilib and the ICU frontlines collapsed during the night to artillery fire, causing the ICU to again retreat, abandoning Kismayo, without a fight and retreating towards the Kenyan border.[53]

About 500 Ethiopian soldiers, 200 Somali soldiers, and 1,000 Insurgents were killed in the fighting in 2006.

2007

Military events in January 2007 focused on the southern section of Somalia, primarily the withdrawal of ICU forces from Kismayo, and their pursuit using Ethiopian air strikes in Afmadow district concurrent to the Battle of Ras Kamboni. During this battle, the U.S. launched an airstrike conducted by an AC-130 gunship against suspected Al-Qaeda operatives. A second airstrike was made after the battle later in January 2007.[54] Hence, in January 21, Kenyan police detained Ahmed and three other Somalis near Hulugo border. He met the US Ambassador to Kenya for talks regarding cooperation with the TFG. He was under the protection of Kenyan authorities staying at a hotel in Nairobi.

In February 1, Sharif Ahmed was released from Kenyan police authorities. By February 8, Sheikh Sharif Sheik Ahmed had gone to Yemen where other ICU members are thought to have also gone. Regional concern had been heightened since November 2, when the US Embassy in Nairobi issued a terrorist warning of suicide attack threats in Kenya and Ethiopia[17].

Situation in Somalia in December 2007

By the end of March, the fighting intensified in Mogadishu and more than a thousand people, mostly civilians, were killed. Combat deaths numbered 9 Ethiopian soldiers, 6 Somali soldiers, and an unknown number of insurgents. Hawiye clan militiamen allied with the Islamists clashed with TFG and Ethiopian troops.

In December 2007, the Ethiopian troops withdrew from the town of Guriel, and the Islamists controlled Guriel after that. Ethiopia had a big military base there to secure the road linking the two countries.[55]

By the end of December 2007, the ICU forces had taken control of about half of the port city of Kismayo, around half the districts of Mogadishu, and totalling around 80% of their former territories, leaving the Ethopiean-backed regime in the same precarious situation as it was in Baidoa at the start of 2007.[56]

2008

In February 2008, the Insurgents captured the town of Dinsoor after probing it several times. This marked a change in their strategy which previously focused mainly on the capital Mogadishu.[57][58][59] In late May after capturing the two towns near Kismayo.[60] The Insurgents agreed not to attack Kismayo a city ruled by clan militia who took part in the Ethiopian invasion. They agreed to pay 30% to Al-shabab and 30% to the Islamic Courts.[61] Along with that the Islamists were bold enough to start an Islamic court 90 km away from the capital Mogadishu.[62]

On March 3, 2008, the United States launched an air strike on Dhoble, a Somali town. U.S. officials claimed the town was held by Islamic extremists, but gave few details to the press.[63] It was reported that Hassan Turki was in the area. The same area was targeted by U.S. bombers one year earlier.[64] A successful air strike occurred on May 1 in Dhusamareb. It killed the leader of Al-Shabab Aden Hashi Eyrow along with another senior commander and several civilians; however, the attack did nothing to slow down the Insurgency.[65]

Situation in Somalia in August 2008

After long talks in Djibouti over a ceasefire between the TFG and the moderate Islamists of the Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia, agreement was reached that the parliament would be doubled in size to include 200 representatives of the opposition alliance and 75 representatives of the civil society.[66] A new president and prime minister would be elected by the new parliament, and a commission to look into crimes of war would be established.[67] A new constitution was also agreed to be drafted shortly.[68] In July 2008, Ethiopian soldiers and ICU militants clashed at Beledweyne. The fighting was indecisive, and Ethiopian forces withdrew. According to media reports, 39 ICU insurgents were killed in the fighting, while Ethiopia estimated that 71 militants had been killed. Fifty Ethiopian soldiers were also killed. In early December 2008, Ethiopia announced it would withdraw its troops from Somalia shortly, and later announced that it would first help secure the withdrawal of the AMISOM peacekeepers from Burundi and Uganda before withdrawing. The quick withdrawal of the AMISOM peacekeepers was seen as putting additional pressure on the United Nations to provide peacekeeping.[69]

2009

Somalian troops on December 31, 2008, were seen by civilians packing up supplies and forwarding troop deployments except in the city of Mogadishu. December 31, 2008 was supposed to be when the troops were to withdraw from Somalia but it appears it will be several weeks after the resignation of President Yusuf earlier in December. With a power vacuum growing, it is unknown who will capitalize on the situation.[70] Combat continued throughout January. Fourteen Ethiopian soldiers were killed, mostly in roadside bombings and attacks.

On January 25, 2009, Ethiopian troops completely pulled out of Somalia.[71] While the Ethiopian government claimed mission accomplished in its effort to give TFG presence in Mogadishu to lead to a coalition government, most saw Ethiopia's intervention was a failure, given the Islamists' quick advance following the Ethiopian withdrawal.

Situation in Somalia in February 2009, following the Ethiopian withdrawal

Al-Shabab captured Baidoa, where the TFG parliament was based, on January 26. Following the collapse of the TFG, pro-TFG moderate Islamist group Ahlu Sunnah continued to fight al-Shabaab and captured a few towns. Moderate Islamist leader Sheikh Sharif Ahmed was elected to become the new President of a United Somali government signaling the end of the Transitional Federal Government marked by the resignation of Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed the previous month and a joint unity government of the ARS-TFG. Sheikh Sharif Ahmed, 42, has promised to "forge peace with east African neighbors, tackle rampant piracy offshore and rein in hardline insurgents".[70][72] Some, like the deputy major of Mogadishu Abdelfatah, said that the Ethiopian intervention was instrumental in establishing the internationally recognized government in the capital.[73] However, most of the territory that came under the control of the new ARS-TFG government was controlled by the moderate wing of the insurgency, the ARS, which was made up mostly of former members of the Islamic Courts Union.

"Analysts say Ahmed has a real possibility of reuniting Somalis, given his Islamist roots, the backing of parliament and a feeling in once hostile Western nations that he should now be given a chance to try to stabilize the Horn of Africa nation".[72]

New TFG President Sheik Sharif Sheik Ahmed arrived in Mogadishu as a president for the first time on February 7, 2009. The al Shabaab and other radical Islamists began firing at the new TFG president hours later. They accuse the new President of accepting the secular transitional government.[74]

Wikinews has related news: Violence in Somalia displaces over 27,000

Mediation has begun between the Islamic Party and the Transitional Government of Sharif as well as a growing divide is being reported in the Al Shabaab organization that controls much of southern Somalia as a large number of Al Shabaab leaders that held positions in government during the six-month reign of the Islamic Courts Union in 2006 have met behind closed doors with the President of the Transitional Government and the TFG have announced that Sharia law will be implemented in Somalia, but it has not acted on it.[75][76] TFG President Sharif's moderate Islamist forces and AU troops clashed with the Islamic Party and al Shabaab forces, leading to at least 23 death.[77] Moderate Islamist and other pro-TFG militias are allegedly being trained by Ethiopia, while the newly formed Islamist Party is established by Eritrea-based Sheikh Aweys.

Continuation of the conflict

The withdrawal of Ethiopian troops, and election of the new Islamist leadership, in early 2009 has not brought a conclusion to the conflict. The fighting has now shifted into a struggle between hard line Islamist factions and more moderate factions within the government. The Islamic Courts Union has switched sides. There has been limited involvement by Ethiopia.

Ahlu Sunnah

Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jamee'a militias attacked al Shabab Islamists in central Somalia including killing an Islamist commander. Ahlu Sunnah clan militias, reportedly armed by Ethiopia, retook control of Galgadud's provincial capital Dhusamareb and the trading town of Guri El in fierce battles that killed upwards of 100 people.[78]

Consequences

Casualties and displacement

As of December 2008, The Elman Peace and Human Rights Organisation said it had verified that 16,210 civilians had been killed and 29,000 wounded since the start of the insurgency in December 2006.[79] In September of that year they had documented 1.9 million displaced civilians from homes in Mogadishu alone during the year 2007.[18][80]

Coalition government

Prime Minister Nur Hassan of the transitional government and Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed of opposition group Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ARS) signed a power sharing deal in Djibouti that was brokered by the United Nations. According to the deal, Ethiopian troops withdrew from Somalia, giving their bases to the transitional government, African Union (AU) peacekeepers and moderate Islamist groups led by ARS. Following the Ethiopian withdrawal, the transitional government expanded its parliament to include the opposition and elected Sheikh Ahmed as its new president on January 31, 2009.

Suicide attacks

Islamist fighters in Somalia opened a completely new aspect to the Somali Civil War: suicide attacks. Here is a list of reported attacks:

Weapons

The Ethiopian Army is equipped with predominantly Soviet-made weapons while TFG and Islamic weapons vary, having mostly small arms. The following table should not be considered exhaustive.

Type Ethiopian Army TFG Islamists
Tanks T-55, T-62, T-72[85] none none
APC's/IFV's BTR-40, M113, BTR-60 technicals technicals, Fiat 6614
Artillery 2A18, M1937 Howitzer, M109 Paladin, BM-21, 120 mm mortars 120 mm mortars 120 mm mortar
Aircraft MiG-21, MiG-23, Su-27[85] none none
Helicopters Mi-6, Mi-8, Mi-17, Mi-24/35 none none
Small Arms, Light Weapons AK-47, AK-103, Heckler & Koch G3, PKM, DShK, ZU-23, RPG-2, RPG-7 AK-47, Heckler & Koch G3, PKM, DShK, ZU-23, RPG-2, RPG-7 AK-47, DShK, Browning M2, ZU-23, M79, RPG-7

Key men

Transitional Federal Government (TFG)

An August 24, 2006 article in the Sudan Tribune[86] identified several fraction groups involved with TFG military units:

Islamic Court Union (ICU)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kenya: Seven Oromo Liberation Front Fighters Held in Garissa Allafrica.com (Daily Nation), January 6, 2007
  2. ↑ "Somalia signs deal with militia – Africa". Al Jazeera English. March 16, 2010. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
  3. ↑ "Malawi to send peacekeepers to Somalia | ReliefWeb". Reliefweb.int. January 22, 2006. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
  4. ↑ allAfrica.com: Somalia: Islamist Groups Merge to Fight Sheikh Sharif (Page 1 of 1)
  5. ↑ "Fighting erupts in northern Somalia as peace talks falter, says Islamic official". International Herald Tribune, Associated Press. November 6, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
  6. ↑ "Somali prime minister says government is surrounded". Associated Press. November 6, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
  7. 1 2 Yare, Hassan (December 13, 2006). "Troops dig in as Somalia war fears grow". Relief Web, Reuters. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
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  20. ↑ "Somalian Islamists Demand Ethiopian Troops Withdraw" July 20, 2006, Dow Jones International News
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  42. ↑ "Ethiopian convoy 'attacked' in Somalia". AAP. November 20, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
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  46. ↑ Somali Islamist downplays war fears amid clashes Reuters
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  50. ↑ Ethiopia attacks Somalia airports BBC News
  51. ↑ Islamic forces retreat in Somalia CNN
  52. ↑ Ethiopians nearing Somali capital BBC News
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  58. ↑ al-Shabaab reenter Dinsor, threaten to attack Baidoa on Garoweonline accessed at March 19, 2008
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  60. ↑ allAfrica.com: Somalia: Somali Rebels Seize Two More Towns (Page 1 of 1)
  61. ↑ allAfrica.com: Somalia: Islamist Rebels in Secret Deal With Kismayo Port Militia (Page 1 of 1)
  62. ↑ allAfrica.com: Somalia: Islamic Court Opened Near Mogadishu (Page 1 of 1)
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  64. ↑ US bombs Islamist town in Somalia, BBC, March 3, 2008
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  66. ↑ "Somali parliament to be doubled". BBC News. November 26, 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
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  71. ↑
  72. 1 2 https://web.archive.org/20090203084032/http://ca.news.yahoo.com:80/s/reuters/090131/world/international_us_somalia_conflict. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  73. ↑ "Somalia: Counting the Cost After Ethiopia Withdraws". Allafrica.com. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
  74. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140427154600/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g7OaI4_kjeHA-o4UhlmP7vlWmrrwD966RU880. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  75. ↑ allAfrica.com: Somalia: Hawiye Elders Say Mediation Efforts Going Well (Page 1 of 1)
  76. ↑ Derek Kilner (February 10, 2009). "Somalia's New President Continues Push for Insurgent Support". Voanews.com. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
  77. ↑ "Violent clashes in Mogadishu kill 23". Google.com. February 24, 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
  78. ↑ "Ethiopia-armed clan militias defeat islamist insurgents". Garoweonline.com. February 11, 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
  79. ↑ "Search – Global Edition – The New York Times". International Herald Tribune. March 29, 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
  80. ↑ "Somalia conflict kills more than 2,100 this year". International Herald Tribune. March 29, 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
  81. ↑ "Bomb attack on Somali PM's house". BBC News. June 3, 2007. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  82. ↑ "AU base in Mogadishu attacked". BBC News. February 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
  83. ↑ ""Somalia graduation ceremony blast kills 23," December 4, 2009". Cnn.com. December 4, 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
  84. ↑ ""Three ministers killed in Somalia attack," December 3, 2009". Newvision.co.ug. December 3, 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
  85. 1 2 "The Ethiopians have always been tough, mean". Agence France Presse. December 20, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
  86. ↑ Osman, Ali (August 24, 2006). "Ethiopia: Zenawi’s sea of lies". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
War in Somalia (2006–09)
Background Events Key players

Military:

Political:

Timeline: 2006

Timeline: 2007

Timeline: 2008

Timeline: 2009

Continuation of the conflict:
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