List of rump states

A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger government.

Some states labeled as rump states, or that today would be considered rump states, at one point or another are listed below.

Ancient

• Sumer during the late 3rd millennium BC until its liquidation by Elam and Babylon.
• Kush from c. 2500 BC until 780 BC.
• Ancient Egypt during the Hyksos period (c. 1674–1548 BC.)^[1]
• Mitanni during the Egyptian invasions and loss of land in Syria of the mid-15th century BC, and from the Hittite invasions of the mid-14th century BC to its liquidation by Assyria c. 1250 BC.
• Ancient Egypt from the late 13th century BC, because of invasions of Libyans and Sea Peoples and the loss of its Asiatic lands.
• The Hittite Empire from c. 1275 BC to its liquidation c. 1180 BC.
• Philistia from its expulsion from Palestine c. 1105 BC to its conquest by Assyria in 732 BC. (See Map and Samson)
• Ancient Egypt after the loss of the Nile Delta to the Meshwesh and the secession of Kush in the early 11th century BC.^[2]
• Aram during the reign of Solomon of the Kingdom of Israel.
• Edom during most of the 10th century BC.
• The Kingdom of Judah as successor to the United Monarchy after the Kingdom of Israel seceded c. 930 BC to its conquest by Babylonia in 586 BC,^[3][4] particularly during Egyptian and Kushite aggression from then until c. 901 BC.^[5]
• Phoenicia during the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires.
• The Zhou Dynasty of China from early 8th century BC to its end in the 3rd century BC.^[6]
• Urartu from the late 8th century BC to its Iranian conquest in 612 BC. (See Map)
• Ancient Egypt from the late 8th century BC until its Babylonian conquest.^[7] See also Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt (the period of Kushite rule.)
• Athens from 490 to 479 BC during the Greco-Persian Wars and after the Peloponnesian War^[8] until its Macedonian conquest (from 404 to 338 BC.)
• Partition of Jin in 5th century BC,Jin (Chinese state) was disintegrated into Han (state),Zhao (state),Wei (state).
• Attalid Pergamon as the successor to the Lysimachian Empire from the execution of Lysimachus by Seleucus I Nicator and the loss of most of its Asian lands to the Seleucid Empire and its European lands to the Antigonid Empire in 281 BC until its union with the Roman Empire according to the will of Attalus III in 133 BC. See also Diadochi Wars.
• The Seleucid Empire from the rise of Parthia in the late 3rd century BC^[9] to its final conquest by the Roman Empire in 60 BC.
• Carthage after the Second Punic War and because of progressive territorial losses to Numidia until its destruction by Rome in the Third Punic War.
• Macedon in the 2nd century BC, after the Wars with Rome until its final conquest.
• Ptolemaic Egypt from the loss of its Asiatic lands to the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BC until its union with the Roman Empire in 30 BC.^[10] See also Syrian Wars.
• The Shunga Empire as successor to the Maurya Empire after the Greco-Bactrian invasions of its western lands in 180 BC.
• The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom because of Yuezhi aggression from 162 BC to the conquest of Bactria proper in 120 BC,^[9] then the Indo-Greek Kingdom as its successor until its Indo-Scythian conquest c. AD 10.
• Hasmonean Judea from the settlement of Pompey in 63 BC to its conquest by the Roman Empire in 37 BC.^[11]
• The Satavahana Empire from c. AD 35 to 78, during the Indo-Scythian invasions. See also Western Kshatrapas.
• Parthia after the loss of its western lands to the Roman Empire in the early AD 2nd century.

Late Antiquity

• The Shu Han Dynasty of China as successor to the Han Dynasty, from the fall of the Han Dynasty in A.D. 221, until Shu's conquest by Cao Wei in A.D. 263.
• The Kushan Empire from c. AD 250 to its liquidation c. 450 by the Hephthalites.^[12]
• The Eastern Jin dynasty of China as successor to the Western Jin dynasty after the loss of its northern lands to the Five Nomadic Tribes in AD 317 until 420, and then the Southern dynasties as its successors until the reconquest of the north by the Sui Dynasty in 589. (Map)
• The Western Roman Empire and its various territories after the barbarian invasions (AD 5th century).
• Silla in Korea during the Later Three Kingdoms
• The Roman-Moor Kingdoms in Northern Africa after the Western Roman Empire
• The Gupta Empire from the late AD 5th century until its dissolution c. 550.
• The Ostrogothic Kingdom from AD 535 until its conquest by the Eastern Roman Empire in 540.
• The Eastern Roman Empire from the Slavic, Avar, and Bulgar invasions of the Balkan Peninsula and the Persian invasions of eastern Asia Minor of the AD mid-6th century, particularly after its progressive loss of Italy to the Lombards starting in 565^[13] and during the height of the Sassanid Empire in the early 7th century, when it lost most of its Asiatic lands and Egypt.
• The Sassanid Empire from AD 622 until the Arab conquest of Persia in 651. (Map)
• The Kingdom of Aksum in Ethiopia after the rise in Arab power in the 7th century.
• Tang Dynasty China during the loss of its northern and western lands to Tibet from c. 750 to 763.^[14]
• The Emirate of Córdoba as the restored successor to the Umayyad Caliphate after the loss of its Asian and most of its African lands to the Abbasids from 756 until 929,^[15] and then the Caliphate of Córdoba as its successor until its dissolution in 1031.^[16] See also Battle of the Zab.
• The Duchy of Benevento as successor to the Lombard Kingdom of Italy after the loss of its northern lands to the Franks in 774 until its division into the kingdoms of Capua and Salerno in 849.^[15]

Early Middle Ages

• The Kingdom of Asturias after the secession of the Kingdom of Navarre in the mid-9th century until its conquest by Navarre in the early 10th century.^[17]
• Tibet from the mid-9th century, after it lost the majority of its land area (to the north and west as well as Myanmar) in the aftermath of a civil war.^[18]
• Wessex and Mercia from 871, because of the Danish invasion and creation of the Danelaw, until Edward the Elder of Wessex took control of most of England in 918. (Map)
• The Khazar Empire from the late 9th century until its liquidation by Kievan Rus' and the Pechenegs in 969.^[19] See also Caspian expeditions of the Rus.
• Scotland, because of Norse raids from the late 9th century until the Treaty of Perth in 1266 (map),^[20][21] particularly during its tributary period and loss of its southern lands to the Angevin Empire under the Treaty of Falaise from 1174 to 1189.
• The Rashtrakuta Empire of India from c. 895 to 914.
• The Abbasid Caliphate from the 11th century until its destruction by Hulagu Khan in 1258.
• Danube Bulgaria in the 11th and 12th centuries,^[22] and in the 14th century until its Ottoman conquest.^[23]

High Middle Ages

• Srivijaya from the Chola invasion of 1025 to its conquest by the Majapahit Empire in 1365.
• The Ghaznavid Empire from its loss of Khorasan to the Seljuq Empire in 1040 until its liquidation by the Ghurids in 1187. See also Battle of Dandanaqan.
• Denmark after the death of King Harthacanute and the resulting dissolution of the union between itself and England in 1042, until the reign of Valdemar the Great in the mid-12th century.^[24]
• The Zirid and Hammadid Empires of North Africa from the Bedouin invasion c. 1049 to their liquidation by the Almohad Empire in 1152.^[25]
• The Ghana Empire from 1062 to its conquest by the Almoravids in 1076.
• The Deccan empire of the Western Chalukyas because of Chola aggression from 1064 to 1115 and from 1126 to its dissolution in 1180.
• The Fatimid Caliphate from 1070 until its conquest by Saladin in 1169.^[26]
• The Kingdom of Navarre from the late 11th century to its liquidation by Aragon in 1516.^[27]
• The Pagan Kingdom of Myanmar from the late 11th century until the invasion of the Mongol-founded Yuan Dynasty in 1289. (Map)
• The Chola Empire of southern India from 1118 to its liquidation by the Pandyan Kingdom in 1279. (Map)
• The Southern Song Dynasty of China, founded 1126, after progressive loss of its northern lands to the Jurchen Jin dynasty and other tribes until the Mongol conquest of the following century.^[18][28]
• The Kingdom of León from the secession of Portugal in 1139 to its union with the Kingdom of Castile in 1230.^[29]
• France during the loss of the majority of its territory to the Angevin Empire from c. 1154 to 1214. (Map)^[30]
• Albania from the late 12th century to its Ottoman conquest in 1385.^[31]
• The Seljuq Empire after its loss of Syria to Saladin in 1174 and the secession of Georgia and Armenia.
• The Kingdom of Jerusalem after the defeat by Saladin in 1187, to its liquidation in 1244.
• The Kingdom of Castile from its defeat by the Almohad Empire at the Battle of Alarcos in 1195 until its defeat of the Almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212.^[29]
• The Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade as the Empire of Nicaea (also Empire of Trebizond and Despotate of Epirus). (Map A, Map B)
• The Angevin Empire as the dual monarchy of England and Aquitaine from the revolt of the Lusignans and its loss of NW France in 1202 to its dissolution in 1214.
• Wales because of English aggression from 1211 to 1218 and 1241 to its final integration with England in 1535.^[32] See also Statute of Rhuddlan and Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542.
• The Latin Empire from c. 1215 because of successive losses of territory to the Despotate of Epirus (map), Bulgaria (map), and the Empire of Nicaea (map) until its Nicaean conquest in 1261. See also Peter of Courtenay.
• The Despotate of Epirus from 1230 because of successive losses of territory to Bulgaria (map), the Empire of Nicaea map, and the Serbian Empire (map) until its Serbian conquest in 1358.
• The Kingdom of Georgia from the Mongol invasion of 1236 until its disintegration in the 15th century.
• Poland , Lithuania, Hungary,^[33] and the Sultanate of Rum during the Mongol aggression of the mid-13th century.
• The Ayyubid Caliphate because of Mamluk aggression, from its loss of Egypt in 1250 to its conquest in 1334.
• The Duchy of Pisa from its loss of Corsica and Sardinia to Genoa in 1284 until its conquest by Florence in 1406.^[34] See also Battle of Meloria.

Late Middle Ages

• The Tu'i Tonga Empire from the secession of Samoa c. 1300 to its dissolution c. 1800.
• Cambodia as the successor to the Khmer Empire from the early 14th century.^[35]
• The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in the 14th and 15th centuries until the capture of Granada by the Kingdom of Spain in 1492.
• The Hoysala Empire from the invasions of the Sultanate of Delhi c. 1318 until its dissolution c. 1346, and then the Vijayanagara Empire as its successor until its consolidation of power in southern India in the late 14th century.
• France during the Hundred Years' War against the English, Flemish, Basques, Portuguese, and Burgundians, from 1337 to 1453. (Map A, Map B,^[21][36][37])
• The Serbian Empire from 1356 after the death of Stefan Dusan until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1459.^[23][38]
• Northern Yuan dynasty as the successor to the Yuan dynasty, after the retreat of the Mongols from China to Mongolia homeland due to the independence of China under the Ming dynasty in 1368.^[39]
• The Khanate of the Golden Horde and its successor khanates from the late 14th century until their conquest by Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century. (map)
• The Mali Empire from the mid-15th century to its liquidation by the Bambara and Fulbe in 1670.^[40]
• The Sultanate of Delhi from the invasions of Timur in 1398 until its liquidation by Mughal forces in 1526.^[41]
• The Ottoman Empire during the occupation of its eastern lands by the Timurids from 1400 to c. 1414.^[41] See also Ottoman Interregnum.
• The Byzantine Empire in the 15th century, from the Ottoman invasions until its conquest in 1453. (Map)
• The Kingdom of Burgundy from 1453 to the conquest of Burgundy proper by France in 1477 (map), then the Burgundian Netherlands as its successor (map) until their incorporation in the Habsburg Empire after the death of Queen Mary of Burgundy in 1482.
• The Duchy of Prussia as the successor to the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, from the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) with Poland-Lithuania in 1525 until its 1618 union with Brandenburg. See also Thirteen Years' War..

Early Modern

• Royal Hungary as the successor of the Kingdom of Hungary under Austrian suzerainty from 1541 until c. 1700.
• Denmark-Norway after Sweden broke away from the Kalmar Union in 1523.^[42]
• Neo-Inca State in the Vilcabamba area after the initial Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire and lasted until the final Spanish conquest in 1572.
• Denmark-Norway because of the loss of Scania, Blekinge, Bohuslän, Jämtland, Härjedalen, the Trøndelag region and Bornholm from 1658 by the Swedish Empire following the Northern Wars, even if Trøndelag and Bornholm were given back two years later (map). See also Treaty of Roskilde.
• Oman during the occupation of its coasts by the Ottoman Empire from 1659 to 1741 and by the Afsharid Empire from 1743 to 1746.
• The Sultanate of Mataram in Java from 1749 to its Dutch conquest in 1816. (Map)
• Poland-Lithuania, progressively after the first two Partitions of Poland in 1772 and 1793. The country was then finally parted by its neighbours in 1795. (Map)
• Durrani Afghanistan after its loss of the Punjab following the death of Ahmed Shah Abdali in 1773.

Nineteenth century

• Sweden after the Finnish War 1808–1809, when it lost ¹⁄₃ of its territory and ¹⁄₄ of its population to Russia; the conquered territories became the Grand Duchy of Finland.
• Denmark after its ceding Norway to Sweden in January 1814 under the Treaty of Kiel and the Congress of Vienna.^[43] See also Norway in 1814.
• The Kingdom of Saxony after its loss of 40% of its area to Prussia in the Congress of Vienna,^[44] until its 1871 incorporation into the German Empire.
• Portugal after Brazilian independence in 1822, since the former colony of Brazil had been elevated to an equal status with Portugal within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815.
• Muscat and Oman from the early 1820s, because of the progressive loss of possessions in the Persian Gulf, Zanzibar, the Indian Ocean coast of Africa, and Baluchistan to the British as well as Germany, Portugal, France, and Italy, until the formation of the British protectorate of 1891.
• Burma because of British aggression from 1824 until its conquest in 1886.^[45] See also First Anglo-Burmese War, Second Anglo-Burmese War, and Third Anglo-Burmese War.
• Colombia after Venezuela and Ecuador seceded from Greater Colombia in 1831, and more so after Panama seceded in 1904. (map)
• China (see Unequal Treaties) lost the Kazakh steppe and Xianjing to Russian dominance under Treaty of Kulja; lost the Ili, Tian Shan, and the Balkash basin to Russia under the infamous Treaty of Livadia in 1879 but Russia returned some portions of the land under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg; lost the lower Pearl River basin as well as Kowloon, the New Territories (originally Xin'an County, Guangdong province), and the island of Hong Kong to Britain under the treaties of Nanjing, Bogue, and Tientsin and the first and second Conventions of Peking; similarly, lost Northeast China including both outer and inner Manchuria, symbolized by the Willow Palisade to keep Han and Mongols out of inner Manchuria, to Russia which allowed the building of both Russia's Siberian Railway's Manchurian line and the massive Russian naval base near Dalian at Port Arthur thereby making Manchuria part of Russia under the treaties of Nerchinsk and Aigun and the first Convention of Peking; lost its interests in Korea, Penghu, and Taiwan to Japan and Liaodong Peninsula to Japan and others under Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
• Mexico after the progressive loss of almost half of its area to United States interests from 1836 to 1848^[46][47] and during the French invasion of the Pastry War in 1838 and early 1839. See also Texas Revolution, Mexican–American War, and the Gadsden Purchase of 1854.
• The Papal States (map) from 1860, and particularly Vatican City as their successor after the Unification of Italy in 1871.
• The United States during the American Civil War also referred to as the Second American Revolution, due to the secession of the Southern United States of secession of states starting in 1860 to form the Confederate States of America. However, the US regained these territories following the war. War between began in 1861–1865
  • Southern state Virginia following the Civil War, losing West Virginia to the north during the war.
• Denmark after its loss of Schleswig-Holstein to the Prussian (later German) Empire after the Second Schleswig War in 1864.^[48]
• Siam from 1867, because of progressive territorial losses in Cambodia and Laos to the French.
• Paraguay, after losing vital territory to Argentina and Brazil, as well as having lost the majority of its population, in the Paraguayan War in 1870 until winning the Chaco War in 1935.^[49]
• Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, after the Armistice of Villafranca, immediately after the end of the Austro-Sardinian War

Since 1900, World War I, and the interwar years

• Denmark lost Danish interests in the Caribbean in 1917.
• Sweden lost Norway in 1905 by plebiscite. Sweden gained Norway under Treaty of Kiel and Congress of Vienna.
• Russia from 1905 to 1921, after Russia's humiliating defeat to the Japanese (1905) and the Central Powers (1918) under the treaties of Portsmouth and Brest-Litovsk, it lost Russian interests at Port Authur in the Liaodong Peninsula, in greater Manchuria, and southern Sakhalin Island in 1905; and it lost its Baltic interests (Finland, Karelia, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania), Belarus, Ukraine, and its interests in the south (lands of the Cossacks) and in the Caucasus in 1918. Subsequently, during the Western, Polish, Romanian, and Japanese intervention of the Russian Civil War (see also Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War) Russia lost Poland. However, Russia then regained some of these territories, especially in its west (Belarus and Ukraine), southwest (Ukraine), south (the Kuban, the Don and Terek Cossacks lands, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia), central Asia, and Siberia, but not in Poland, the Baltic, nor the Far East
• Ukraine from its recognition as an independent nation on June 23, 1917, and its official recognition by Russia under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 and then adding Ukrainian lands in Crimea, the Kuban, and the former Cossacks lands of the Don and Terek. However, it was subsumed as a rump state under the Peace of Riga into the Soviet Union as the Ukraine SSR in December 1922, losing over half of Ukrainian lands to Poland, Belarus, and especially Russia.
• Germany, its interests in the Baltic countries that it received under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk were lost as well as its interests in Poland, its interests in France, its overseas colonies and interests in Africa, east Asia, and the Pacific under the Treaty of Versailles.
• Austria, from the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire by the Treaty of Saint-Germain. Large portions of Austria were ceded to Italy under the treaties of London and Rapallo. Austria then lost its independence entirely to Germany due to the Anschluss (its annexation by Nazi Germany) of 1938.^[50]
• Hungary after the Treaty of Trianon,^[50] particularly during intervention by Romania and Czechoslovakia against the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in the summer of 1919.^[51]
• Yugoslavia, although formed as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, it lost the former Austrian Littoral including the Austrian Riviera to Italy under the Treaty of Rapallo.
• Bulgaria, lost its interests in southern Thrace, Serbia, Macedonia, and eastern Rumelia/northern Thrace after the First and Second Balkan Wars and World War I under the treaties of London, Constantinople, Bucharest, the Armistice of Salonica and the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine.
• Ottoman Turkey lost Libya and the Dodecanese to Italy under the Treaty of Ouchy in 1912 (also known as the First Treaty of Lausanne (1912)) and some Ottoman interests in the Balkans after the First and Second Balkan Wars under the treaties of London, Constantinople, and Bucharest. Later, as envisioned by the Sykes–Picot Agreement and the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Sèvres, as a rump of the Ottoman Empire,^[52] and then the Republic of Turkey as recognized in the treaties of Ankara and Lausanne after becoming a republic. See also Turkish War of Independence.
• Greece lost Northern Epirus to the newly formed Albania under the treaties of London, Constantinople, and Bucharest and later under the second Treaty of Lausanne; and after the loss of its interests in Northern Epirus (again), Thrace, Asia Minor, the Dodecanese (to Italy), and Cyprus (to Great Britain initially as the Sultanate of Egypt and later as a Crown colony) in the early 1920's under the Armistice of Mudanya and the Treaty of Lausanne.
• Armenia with Russia's departure from Armenia under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the borders of Armenia were in flux. A much larger area especially its interests in Cilicia granted by the Treaty of Sèvres but lost under the Treaty of Ankara, Armistice of Mudanya, and the Treaty of Lausanne. Armenia, a rump state of its former aspirations, was subsumed into the Soviet Union as the Armenian SSR in December 1922.
• Kurdistan following the carving up of Kurdish lands to Turkish, Persian, and Arab interests under the Sykes–Picot Agreement and the French mandate for Syria, the British Mandate for Mesopotamia and the treaties of Sèvres, Ankara, and Lausanne, and the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty.
• Syria (formerly the Ottoman Empire's kingdom on the Levant) following the loss of its southern lands to the French Mandate and British Mandates for Palestine and Mesopotamia under the Sykes–Picot Agreement; its aspirations in its east to the Mandatory Iraq under the Sykes–Picot Agreement and the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty; and its northern lands to Turkey under the treaties of Ankara and Lausanne.
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, after the Irish Free State gained independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1922.
• Morocco, after the Entente Cordiale and under the Treaty of Fez, France and Spain gained large protectorates in northwestern Africa thereby turning Morrocco into a rump state under the puppet ruler Yusef in 1912.
• Czechoslovakia from the German annexation of the Sudetenland in October 1938^[53] and the loss of additional territory in southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary in November ^[54] to its liquidation the following March. See also Munich Agreement and First Vienna Award.
• Romania after the Second Vienna Award, which saw it losing parts of Transylvania and Bessarabia, and after the Treaty of Craiova which it lost Southern Dobruja.

Since World War II

• East Germany and West Germany after annexation of all eastern territories following its defeat in 1945, the division of Germany and loss of Alsace-Lorraine and other ethnic German regions gained during the war and also the revoked annexation of Austria and the loss of what had been gained due to the Munich treaty from the years immediately before the war.
• The Republic of China since the Chinese Civil War in 1950^[55] (map). See also Political status of Taiwan.
• Cyprus since the Cypriot intercommunal violence in 1963 and the proclamation of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983.
• Portugal after the independence of its former colonies outside Europe in the mid-1970s, which all had been made integral provinces of Estado Novo (Portugal) in 1951.
• Somalia from the secession and de facto independence of Somaliland in May 1991, with 22% of its area and 43% of its population.^[56] The Somali Federal Government (recognized by the UN) now only retains control over a small area at the centre of the country and a section of the capital. See Somali Civil War.
• Russia can be seen as a rump state of the former Soviet Union since its dissolution in 1991.
• Yugoslavia after the independence of Slovenia and Croatia in 1991 and then Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Macedonia in 1992. Restructured in 1992 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, consisting of Serbia and Montenegro only, then as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 until its final dissolution in 2006.
• Sudan, following South Sudanese independence in 2011.
• Syria and Iraq following onstart of the Arab Winter and the ongoing Syrian Civil War with wide swaths of land on both countries controlled by multiple warring factions.

Some of these may have resulted in a state with limited recognition.

References

1. Egyptian History: Dynasties 12 to 17 – The Middle Kingdom and the rule of the Hyksos
2. The rise to power of the Libyans
3. 1 Kings 12:1–25; – Passage Lookup – New International Version, ©2011 – BibleGateway.com
4. http://www.maproom.org/maps/historical/droysens/1886/droysens.pl?m=0004
5. 2 Chronicles 12-14 – Passage Lookup – New International Version, ©2011 – BibleGateway.com
6. "Huhai.net: The Best Search Links on the Net". Map.huhai.net. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
7. Ancient Egypt: The Assyrian Conquest
8. Atlas plate from maproom.org
9. "Huhai.net: The Best Search Links on the Net". Map.huhai.net. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
10. http://www.maproom.org/maps/historical/droysens/1886/droysens.pl?m=0002
11. Map of the Land of Palestine under the Maccabees
12. "Huhai.net: The Best Search Links on the Net". Map.huhai.net. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
13. Complete Map of Europe, Year 600
14. "Huhai.net: The Best Search Links on the Net". Map.huhai.net. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
15. Map of Southwestern Europe in Year 800
16. Map of Southwestern Europe in Year 1000
17. Euratlas. "Map of Southwestern Europe in Year 900". Euratlas.com. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
18. "Huhai.net: The Best Search Links on the Net". Map.huhai.net. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
19. http://web.archive.org/web/20091027111456/http://geocities.com/ayatoles/webmap4.jpg
20. Euratlas. "Map of Northwestern Europe in Year 900". Euratlas.com. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
21. http://www.maproom.org/maps/historical/droysens/1886/droysens.pl?m=0062
22. http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/karten/1194.gif
23. http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/karten/1370.gif
24. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/europe/neu1100large.GIF
25. Euratlas. "Map of Southwestern Europe in Year 1100". Euratlas.com. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
26. Euratlas. "Map of Southeastern Europe in Year 1100". Euratlas.com. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
27. "Department of Foreign Languages, Salem State University: Jon Aske". Lrc.salemstate.edu. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
28. "Jurchens versus Manchus- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China - Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, Mongols And Tibetans". Republicanchina.org. 2000-04-24. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
29. Euratlas. "Map of Southwestern Europe in Year 1200". Euratlas.com. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
30. "Complete Map of Europe, Year 1200". Euratlas.com. 2007-01-13. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
31. "Complete Map of Europe, Year 1300". Euratlas.com. 2007-01-13. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
32. Map of Northwestern Europe in Year 1300
33. http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/karten/1241-2.gif
34. http://www.maproom.org/maps/historical/droysens/1886/droysens.pl?m=0067
35. WHKMLA : Historical Atlas, Cambodia Page
36. http://www.maproom.org/maps/historical/clarendon/lane-poole/lane-poole.pl?m=0006
37. http://www.ucalgary.ca/HIST/tutor/imagemid/france1429large.jpg?CFID=6129067&CFTOKEN=27884392
38. http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/karten/1387.gif
39. Ming Dynasty China
40. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/westafrica/mali1490.gif
41. Huhai.net: The Best Search Links on the Net
42. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/scandinavia/norway17c.gif
43. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/scandinavia/dk1815.gif
44. http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/karten/1815.gif
45. WHKMLA : Historical Atlas, Burma Page
46. Map of the Mexican War
47. Mexican War
48. http://www.herregaardsforskning.dk/Kort/Godser1900/Godser1900.htm
49. Mitchell 1870 Antique Map of Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, & Chili
50. http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/karten/1920.gif
51. http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/karten/1919-4.gif
52. WHKMLA Historical Atlas : Turkey
53. http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/ww2%20europe/ww2%20europe%20pages/ww2%20europe%20map%2002.htm
54. http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/karten/1938-2.gif
55. Bandow, Doug. "Guns for Peace". National Interest Online. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
56. WHKMLA : Historical Atlas, Somalia Page