Treaty of Kulja

The Treaty of Kulja (also spelled Kuldja) was an unequal treaty between Qing China and the Russian Empire, signed in 1851, opening Kulja and Chuguchak to Sino-Russian trade. Prepared by the first Russian consul to China, Ivan Zakharov, the treaty was preceded by a gradual Russian advance throughout the nineteenth century into Kazakhstan in direct competition with British efforts to open China.

Historical context

Cross-border trade became increasingly important to Russia and China in the 19th century with Russian merchants trading illegally at Kulja in Xinjiang’s Yili River Valley. In 1803, Tsar Alexander I attempted to negotiate the opening of the entire Sino-Russian border to trade. This effort failed, however, when the Tsar’s representative refused to kow-tow to a tablet representing the Emperor.

Preceded by a gradual Russian advance throughout the 18th century into Kazakhstan, in direct competition with British efforts to open China, the treaty was signed on 25 July 1851 by the General of Ili and his assistant.^[1] Under its terms Kulja (modern Yining) and Chuguchak (modern Tacheng) were opened to Russian trade.

The treaty also allowed Russian merchants to trade and Russian consuls to reside in the Xinjiang towns of Yili (Kulja, Yining) and Tarbagatai (Chuguchak, Tacheng) for eight and one half months each year. Russian trade with Xinjiang flourished and Alma Ata was founded in 1854 to become an important link in this trade.

While the treaty primarily legalized ongoing practice, it also recognized the growing Russian presence in Central Asia. China’s defenses on this border had been greatly neglected since the start of the 19th century.

The official text of the treaty was written in Russian, French and Manchu; the original treaty did not have an official Chinese version.

References

↑ Rahul, Ram (1997). Central Asia: An Outline History. Concept Publishing Company. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-7022-679-6.

Sino-Russian treaties

Russian and Qing empires	Nerchinsk (1689) Bura (1727) Kyakhta (1727, 1768, 1792) Kulja (1851) Aigun (1858) Tientsin (1858) Peking (1860) Tarbagatai (1864) Saint Petersburg (1881) Moscow (1896) Peking (1898) Boxer Protocol (1901) Qiqikar (1911)

Russia Empire and Republic of China	Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)

USSR and Republic of China	Sino-Soviet Treaty of Peking(1924) Khabarovsk Protocol (1929) Non-Aggression Pact (1937) Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (1945)

USSR and People's Republic of China	Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (1950) Border Agreement (1991)

Russia Federation and People's Republic of China	Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation (2001)

Qing dynasty topics

History	Seven Grievances First Manchu invasion of Korea Second Manchu invasion of Korea Qing conquest of the Ming Battle of Shanhai Pass Great Clearance Revolt of the Three Feudatories Sino-Russian border conflicts Dzungar–Qing War Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Chinese Rites controversy Ten Great Campaigns Miao Rebellion (1735–36) Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa Sino-Nepalese War Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) White Lotus Rebellion First Opium War Sino-Sikh War Taiping Rebellion Nian Rebellion Red Turban Rebellion (1854–56) Miao Rebellion (1854–73) Nepalese–Tibetan War Panthay Rebellion Second Opium War Amur Acquisition Self-Strengthening Movement Dungan Revolt (1862–77) Mudan Incident (1871) Tianjin Massacre Margary Affair Northern Chinese Famine Qing reconquest of Xinjiang Sino-French War Sikkim Expedition Jindandao Incident First Sino-Japanese War Gongche Shangshu movement Dungan Revolt (1895–96) Hundred Days' Reform Boxer Rebellion Red Lanterns Eight-Nation Alliance New Policies British expedition to Tibet 1905 Tibetan Rebellion Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Railway Protection Movement Xinhai Revolution Wuchang Uprising Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang Manchu Restoration

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Compilations & Documents	Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor Gujin Tushu Jicheng Kangxi Dictionary Peiwen Yunfu Quan Tangshi Treaty of Nerchinsk Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) Pentaglot Dictionary History of Ming Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao Researches on Manchu Origins Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol Qinding Xianfa Dagang Unequal treaty Treaty of Nanking Treaty of the Bogue Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of Whampoa Treaty of Canton Treaty of Kulja Treaty of Aigun Treaty of Tientsin Convention of Tientsin Convention of Peking Treaty of Tarbagatai Burlingame Treaty Chefoo Convention Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking Treaty of Shimonoseki Li–Lobanov Treaty Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory Boxer Protocol Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

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Other topics	Manchu people Aisin Gioro Names of the Qing dynasty Draft History of Qing New Qing History Willow Palisade Chuang Guandong Canton System Treaty ports Anti-Qing sentiment Qing conquest theory Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty

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Treaty of Kulja

Historical context

See also

References

Further reading