Mudan incident (1871)

Mudan Incident

Location	Formosa
Date	1871
Attack type	massacre
Deaths	54
Victim	Ryukyuan people who wandered into Taiwan whose ship carrying tribute to Shuri shipwrecked
Perpetrators	Paiwan Formosans

19th century conflicts involving Formosa

Battle of Keelung (1841-1842) Rover incident (1867) American expedition (1867) Mudan Incident (1871) Japanese invasion (1874) Pescadores campaign (1885) Keelung Campaign Battle of Tamsui Pescadores campaign (1895) Japanese invasion (1895)

The Mudan incident of 1871 was the massacre of 54 Ryūkyūan sailors in Qing-era Taiwan who wandered into the central part of Taiwan after their ship was shipwrecked. 12 men were rescued by Han Chinese and were transferred to Miyako. Japan sent a military force to Taiwan in the Taiwan Expedition of 1874 and then used the Mudan incident to claim sovereignty over the Ryūkyū Kingdom, and then annexed it in 1879.

Shipwreck

On October 18, 1871, four ships which had carried the poll tax to the Ryūkyū Kingdom started from Naha for their homeland. They met a violent typhoon and one ship disappeared, one ship sailed safely, and two ships were shipwrecked; one reached the eastern tip of Taiwan on November 6. Another ship reached the western part of Taiwan and this one was safe.

Crossing Taiwan

There were 66 people who landed on November 6, at the eastern tip of present-day Manzhou, Pingtung in southern Taiwan, but three people who landed in a hurry died during landing. They began traveling in difficult conditions for safety. According to two survivors, they reached the Mudan community (牡丹社) on November 8 and were ordered to stay there by the local Paiwan people; there 66 men and women had some doubts and on November 9, tried to escape. That is when the massacre began; 12 survivors were rescued by local people and stayed there for 40 plus several days, in the house of Yang Youwang. They returned via Taiwan-fu (modern-day Tainan) and Fuzhou, Fujian and they came back to Miyako. The distance of their wandering was roughly 100 km, across a map. The place of the massacre was known as Mudan (雙溪口).

Yang Youwang

12 survivors stayed at Yang Youwang's home for 40 plus several days and they recovered with sufficient food. He paid a considerable amount of money to calm down the aborigines. Originally they got angry for not being given two barrels of alcohol. Yang Youwang's son and nephew brought the 12 survivors to safety. They stayed at the Ryukyuan embassy at Fuzhou for half a year and the survivors reached Naha on June 7, 1872 together with the men on another ship, which reached Taiwan on their way to Yaeyama. Yoh and other people made a tomb and have continued memorial ceremonies.

People who rescued the 12 sailors

Yang Youwang (楊友旺) (1824–1916)^[1] was the head of a township and he looked dignified in formal Chinese uniform in a picture on the cover of the book of Miyaguni Fumio. He sheltered 9 people and saved other 3 people giving precious animals and clothing to the aborigines. He let his son and nephew go with the 12 people to safety.
Lin Ajiu (林阿九) was the head of a township and one who saved Japanese. He later persuaded Wen Zhulei (温朱雷) who stole 44 skulls from a settlement into giving them to the Japanese army. His family has continued memorial services for the victims.
Deng Tianbao (鄧天保) and Ling Laosheng (凌老生) were also rescuers.

Victims and Survivors

Name of origin is from Chinese Wikipedia.
Niya is the name of a Pechin-class person in Ryūkyū (Okinawa and Miyakojima), whose name is unknown.
This table was compiled by Shimabukuro Kame (11 people of Okinawa) and by Motomura Choryo (43 people of Miyakojima). Shimabukuro Kame asked Teruya Hiroshi to look for information in 1925; Teruya asked Motomura Choryo in Miyakojima for information.

Name	Name of origin	Assignment	Address	Fate and others
Nakasone Gen-an	Chudo	Head of a large community	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed, Huge body carried by two persons
Tanahara Gen-ei	Chudo	Head of a township	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Hoeshige Genkan	Chudo	Head of a township	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Takaesu Yoshiyo	Mazoku	Head of a township	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Okudaira Niya	Unknown	Assistant head of a township	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Takaesu Niya	Unknown	Assistant head of a township	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Tanahira Genkyo	Chudo	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Hoeshige Genkei	Chudo	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Takaesu Niya	Unknown	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Hirara Keisei	Shirakawa	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Tsukayama Keigo	Shirakawa	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Soeishi Niya	Unknown	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Inafuku Niya	Unknown	Secretary	Hirara of Miyako	Killed
Takahara Niya	Unknown	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Aniya Yoshimasa	Mazoku	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Yamauchi Niya	Unknown	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Yamauchi Niya	Unknown	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Shitahaku Niya	Unknown	Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Ikemura Niya	Unknown	Makata Secretary	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Magtsukawa Kin	None	Lower servant (head)	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Maekawa Yashin	None	Servant (head)	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Hamakawa Kin	None	Servant (head)	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Maedomari Kin	None	Servant (head)	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Futenma Kin	None	Servant (head)	Irabujima of Miyakojima	Killed
Sakumoto Keiza	None	Servant (head)	Irabujima of Miyakojima	Killed
Ikema Kin	None	Servant (head)	Irabujima of Miyakojima	Killed
Nakachiya Makoto	None	Servant (head)	Irabujima of Miyakojima	Killed
Nagahama Kama	None	Servant (head)	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Uchima Ka-a-ryou	None	Servant (head)	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Uchima Yashin	None	Servant (head)	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Kawamitsu Kin	None	Servant (assistant)	Shimojimura of Miyakojima	Killed
Maesato Kama	None	Servant (assiatant)	Shirabejima of Miyakojima	Killed
Shimajiri Chabu	None	Servant (assistant)	Simojimura of Miyakojima	Killed
Nobara Tsuro	None	Servant (assistant)	Shimojimura of Miyakojima	Killed
Sakugawa Matsu	None	Servant (assistant)	Shimojimura of Miyakojima	Killed
Kawamitsu Kin	None	Servant (assistant)	Shimojishima of Miyakojima	Killed
Oyadomari Niya	Unknown	Samurai class follower (head)	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Karimata Niya	Unknown	Samurai class follower (head)	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Karimata Niya	Unknown	Samurai class follower (head)	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Sunagawa Niya	Unknown	Samurai class follower (head)	Shimojimura of Miyakojima	Killed
Matsukawa Niya	Unknown	Samurai class follower	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Kataesu Niya	Unknown	Samurai class follower	Hirara of Miyakoima	Killed
Okuhira Niya	Unknown	Samurai class follower	Hirara of Miyakojima	Killed
Shinjo Choken	Unknown	Getting a lift	Shuri of Okinawa	Killed
Miyagi Mototaka	Unknown	Getting a lift	Shuri of Okinawa	Killed
Taba Kame	None	Getting a lift	Shuri of Okinawa	Killed
Aragaki Bou	None	Getting a lift	Shuri of Okinawa	Killed
Nakamatsu Bou	None	Getting a lift	Shuri of Okinawa	Killed
Iha Hiroyuki	Unknown	Getting a lift	Naha of Okinawa	Killed
Matsuda Kame	None	Getting a lift	Naha of Okinawa	Killed
Aragaki Niou	Unknown	Getting a lift	Naha of Okinawa	Killed
Nakankadari Kame	None	Getting a lift	Naha of Okinawa	Killed
Iju Kame	None	Getting a lift	Naka-atama	Killed
Nakasone Matsu	None	Getting a lift	Nakijin of Okinawa	Killed
Shimabukuro Jiryou	None	Unknown	Shuri of Okinawa	Alive, father of Shimabukuro Kame
Shimabukuro Kame	None	Unknown	Shuri of Okinawa	Alive, died in 1926 at age 76, left documents
Jabana Jiryou	None	Unknown	Shuri of Okinawa	Alive, Interpreter in Chinese characters
Nakamoto Kana	None	Unknown	Shuri of Okinawa	Alive
Tokeiji Matsu	None	Unknown	Naha of Okinawa	Alive
Shimajiri Yonabaaru	None	Unknown	Naha of Okinawa	Alive
Zashiki Bou	None	Unknown	Kerama	Alive, boatman
Takaesu Matsu	None	Unknown	Kerama	Alive
Shimoji Niya	Unknown	Unknown	Miyakojima	Alive
Hirara Niya	Unknown	Unknown	Miyakojima	Alive, in exchange for a cow
Taketomi Niya	Unknown	Unknown	Miyakojima	Alive
Urasaki Kin	None	Unknown	Miyakojima	Alive, in exchange for clothing

Diplomatic conflicts and Taiwan Expedition of 1874

Main article: Taiwan Expedition of 1874

The Japanese Government demanded that the Chinese government punish leaders of the Taiwanese aborigines, but their response was that they were not under the control of the Chinese Government and the Japanese Government decided on sending the Japanese army in the Taiwan Expedition of 1874.

Tomb and afterwards

The Japanese expedition army established a memorial tower in front of the tomb where Taiwanese rescuers made, and collected skulls, 44 skulls; 10 skulls could not be recovered. The skulls were transferred first to Nagasaki and then to Naha and buried there and later at Gokoku-ji (Okinawa) in the same city. In 1980, the tomb was made again anew, and related people attended the ceremony from Miyako Island. In 1997, Fumio Miyakuni visited the related places and wrote a book.^[2] In 2005, Taiwanese people visited Miyako Island for an apology and they and Miyako people shook hands in friendship.

Shimabukuro Kame

Shimabukuro Kame (1850–1926) was a survivor and an important informant concerning the incident and victims. His father and he were lower class peichin without salary living at Shuri, Okinawa; there were 5 victims living at Shuri, and they were being given a lift on the ship. In 1872, his father and he were interviewed by the Ryukyu government. After the abolition of the clan, what they did was not known. In 1925, Kame sent a letter to Iha Fuyū who introduced Teruya Hiroshi who gave the address of rescuers, since Kame wanted to thank them. Teruya Hiroshi was deeply moved and after the addresses of Miyako victims were investigated by Motomura Choryo, the names of the victims were engraved into the tombs of both Taiwan and Naha.

Teruya Hiroshi (1875–1934) was born in Naha and studied at Daiichi Higher School and Tokyo University. He became a train engineer in Taiwan and later became the Mayor of Naha.

Motomura Choryo (1876–1937) was the town head of Hirara between 1917 and 1919. He gave information on Miyako victims.

Footnotes

↑ Fumio (1998), p. 380.
↑ Fumio (1998).

References

Fumio, Miyaguni (1998). Miyako tōmin taiwan sōnan jiken 宮古島民台湾遭難事件 (in Japanese). Naha: 那覇出版社. ISBN 9784890950973.
Tokutomi Iichiro (1961). 近世日本国民史 [The history of Japanese nationals] (in Japanese) 90. Tokyo: 時事通信社.
Tani Tateki; Michio Hirao (1981) [1935]. 子爵谷干城傳 (in Japanese). Tokyo: 象山社. OCLC 672654800.

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