List of state leaders in the 1st century BC

State leaders in the 2nd century BC – State leaders in the 1st century – State leaders by year

This is a list of state leaders in the 1st century BC (100–1 BC).

Africa

• Cyrene (complete list) –

• Ptolemy Apion, King (c.147–96 BC)

• Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (complete list) –

• Ptolemy IX Lathyros, Pharaoh (116–110 BC, 110–109 BC, 88–81 BC)
• Ptolemy X Alexander I, Pharaoh (110–109 BC, 107–88 BC)
• Berenice III, Pharaoh (101–88 BC, 81–80 BC)
• Ptolemy XI Alexander II, Pharaoh (80 BC)
• Ptolemy XII Auletes, Pharaoh (80–58 BC, 55–51 BC)
• Cleopatra VI, Pharaoh (58-57 BC)
• Berenice IV, Pharaoh (58–55 BC)
• Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, Pharaoh (51–47 BC)
• Cleopatra VII, Pharaoh (51–30 BC)
• Arsinoe IV, Queen (48–47 BC)
• Ptolemy XIV, Pharaoh (47–44 BC)
• Caesarion, Pharaoh (44–30 BC)

• Kush (complete list) –

• Tanyidamani, Qore (2nd–1st century BC)
• Naqyrinsan, Qore (early 1st century BC)
• Aqrakamani, Qore (late 1st century BC)
• Teriteqas, Qore (c.40 BC)
• Amanirenas, Kandake, Queen Regent (c.40–10 BC)
• Amanishakheto, Kandake, Queen Regent (c.10 BC–1 AD)
• Amanitore, Kandake, Queen Co-regent (c.40–10 BC)
• Amanikhabale, Qore (c.50–40 BC)

• Mauretania (complete list) –

• Bocchus I, King (c.110–c.80s BC)
• Bocchus II, King (49–c.33 BC)
• Bogud, Co-King (49–c.38 BC)
• Juba II, client King under Rome (25 BC–23 AD)

• Numidia (complete list) –

• Gauda, King (105–88 BC)
• Hiempsal II, King (88–60 BC)
• Juba I, King (60–46 BC)
• Juba II, client King under Rome (29–25 BC)

Asia: West

• Kingdom of Armenia (complete list) –

Artaxiad Dynasty

• Artavasdes I, King (123–95 BC)
• Tigranes II, the Great, King (95–55 BC)
• Artavasdes II, King (55–34 BC)
• Artaxias II, King (33–20 BC)
• Tigranes III, King (20–10 BC)
• Tigranes IV, King, co-monarch (10–2 BC)
• Erato, Queen, co-monarch (10–2 BC)

non-dynastic

• Ariobarzanes, client King under Rome (2 BC-4)

• Kingdom of Bithynia (complete list) –

• Nicomedes III Euergetes, King (127–94 BC)
• Nicomedes IV Philopator, King (94–74 BC)
• Socrates Chrestus, King (c.90 BC)

• Kingdom of Cappadocia (complete list) –

• Ariarathes VIII, client King under Rome (101–96 BC)
• Ariarathes IX, nominal King under Pontus (c. 95 BC)
• Ariobarzanes I, client King (95–c.63 BC)
• Ariobarzanes II, client King under Rome (c.63–51 BC)
• Ariobarzanes III, client King under Rome (51–42 BC)
• Ariarathes X, client King under Rome (42–36 BC)
• Archelaus, client King under Rome (36 BC–17 AD)

• Caucasian Iberia (complete list) –

• Pharnajom, King (109–90 BC)
• Artaxias I, King (90–78 BC)
• Artoces, King (78–63 BC)
• Pharnavaz II, King (63–32 BC)
• Mirian II, King (30–20 BC)
• Arshak II, King (20 BC–1 AD)

• Characene (complete list) –

• Tiraios I, King (95/94–90/89 BC)
• Tiraios II, King (79/78–49/48 BC)
• Artabazos I, King (49/48–48/47 BC)
• Attambelos I, King (47/46–25/24 BC)
• Theonesios I, King (c.19/18)
• Attambelos II, King (c.17/16 BC–8/9 AD)

• Bosporan Kingdom (complete list) –

• Asander, client King under Rome (47 BC, 44–17 BC)
• Dynamis, client Queen under Rome (47–14 BC)
• Mithridates, client King under Rome (47–44 BC)
• Scribonius, King (17–16 BC)
• Aspurgus, client King under Rome (8 BC–38 AD)

• Colchis (complete list) –

• Mithridates, client King under Pontus (fl. 65 BC)
• Machares, client King under Pontus (fl. 65 BC)
• Aristarchus, client King under Rome (65-47 BC)

• Kingdom of Commagene (complete list) –

• Mithridates I, King (109–70 BC)
• Antiochus I, King (70–38 BC)
• Mithridates II, King (38–20 BC)
• Mithridates III, King (20–12 BC)
• Antiochus III, King (12 BC–17 AD)

• Elymais (complete list) –

• Kamnaskires III Megas Nikephorus, client King under Parthia (c.85 BC)
• Kamnaskires IV, client King under Parthia (c.82/1-c.76/5 BC)
• Kamnaskires V, client King under Parthia (c.73/2–c.46 BC)^[1]
• Kamnaskires VI, client King under Parthia (c.46–c.28 BC)^[2]
• Kamnaskires VII, client King under Parthia (c.28 BC–c.1 AD)^[3]

• Indo-Greek Kingdom (complete list) –

• Antialcidas, King of Paropamisade, Arachosia, and Gandhara (115–95 BC)
• Heliokles II, King of Gandhara and Punjab (110–100 BC)
• Polyxenios, King of Paropamisade and Arachosia (c.100 BC)
• Demetrius III, King of Gandhara and Punjab (c.100 BC)
• Philoxenus, King of Paropamisade, Arachosia, Gandhara, and Punjab (100–95 BC)
• Diomedes, King of Paropamisade (95–90 BC)
• Amyntas, King of Arachosia and Gandhara (95–90 BC)
• Epander, King of Punjab (95–90 BC)
• Theophilos, King of Paropamisade (c.90 BC)
• Peukolaos, King of Arachosia and Gandhara (c.90 BC)
• Nicias, King of Paropamisade (90–85 BC)
• Menander II, King of Arachosia and Gandhara (90–85 BC)
• Hermaeus, King of Paropamisade (90–70 BC)
• Archebius, King of Arachosia, Gandhara, and Punjab (90–80 BC)
• Maues, Indo-Scythian King of Paropamisade, Arachosia, Gandhara, and Punjab (85–60 BC)
• Artemidoros, King of Gandhara/Punjab (c.80 BC)
• Apollodotus II, King of Punjab (80–65 BC)
• Telephos, King of Gandhara (75–70 BC)
• Hippostratos, King of Western Punjab (65–55 BC)
• Dionysios, King of Eastern Punjab (65–55 BC)
• Zoilos II, King of Eastern Punjab (55–35 BC)
• Apollophanes, King of Eastern Punjab (35–25 BC)
• Strato II and Strato III, Kings of Eastern Punjab (25 BC–10 AD)

• Indo-Scythian Kingdom (complete list) –

• Maues, King (c.85–60 BC)
• Vonones, King (c.75–65 BC)
• Spalahores, King (c.75–65 BC)
• Spalirises, King (c.60–57 BC)
• Azes I, King (c.57–35 BC)
• Azilises, King (c.57–35 BC)
• Azes II, King (c.35–12 BC)
• Zeionises, Sub-king (c.10 BC–10 AD)
• Kharahostes, Sub-king (c.10 BC–10 AD)

• Judea: Hasmonean dynasty (complete list) –

• Alexander Jannaeus, King and High Priest (103–76 BC)
• Alexandra Salome, Queen (76–67 BC)
• John Hyrcanus II

• High Priest (76–66, 63–40 BC)
• King (67–66 BC)
• Ethnarch (47–40 BC)

• Aristobulus II, King and High Priest (66–63 BC)
• Antipater, Procurator (47–44 BC)
• Antigonus, King and High Priest (40–37 BC)

• Judea: Herodian dynasty (complete list) –

• Herod the Great, client King under Rome (37–4 BC)

• Nabataea (complete list) –

• Aretas II, King (120/110–96 BC)
• Obodas I, King (c.96–85 BC)
• Aretas III, King (84–60/59 BC)
• Obodas II, King (62/61–60/59 BC)
• Malichus I, King (59–30 BC)
• Obodas III, King (30–9 BC)
• Aretas IV Philopatris, King (9/8 BC–39/40 AD)

• Osroene (complete list) –

• Bakru II, King (112–94 BC)
• Ma'nu I, King (94 BC)
• Abgar I, King (94–68 BC)
• Abgar II, King (68–52 BC)
• Ma'nu II, King (52–34 BC)
• Paqor of, King (34–29 BC)
• Abgar III, King (29–26 BC)
• Abgar IV, King (26–23 BC)
• Ma'nu III, King (23–4 BC)
• Abgar V, King (4 BC–7 AD, 13–50)

• Parthian Empire (complete list) –

• Mithridates II, Great King, Shah (124–88 BC)
• Gotarzes I, Great King, Shah (95–90 BC)
• Orodes I, Great King, Shah (90–80 BC)
• Sanatruces, Great King, Shah (77–70 BC)
• Phraates III, Great King, Shah (70–57 BC)
• Mithridates III, Great King, Shah (57–54 BC)
• Orodes II, Great King, Shah (57–38 BC)
• Pacorus I,§ Great King, Shah (51 BC)
• Phraates IV, Great King, Shah (37–2 BC)
• Tiridates II,§ Great King, Shah (32 BC)
• Musa, Great Queen, Shah (2 BC–4 AD)
• Phraates V, Great King, Shah (2 BC–4 AD)

• Kingdom of Pontus (complete list) –

• Mithridates VI, King (120–63 BC)
• Pharnaces II, client King under Rome (63–47 BC)
• Darius, client King under Rome (39–37 BC)
• Arsaces, client King under Rome (c.37 BC)
• Polemon I, client King under Rome (37–8 BC)
• Pythodorida, client Queen under Rome (8 BC–38 AD)

• Seleucid Empire (complete list) –

• Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, King (114–96 BC)
• Seleucus VI Epiphanes, King (96–95 BC)
• Antiochus X Eusebes, King (95–92/83 BC)
• Antiochus XI Epiphanes, King (95–87 BC)
• Demetrius III Eucaerus, King (95–92 BC)
• Philip I Philadelphus, King (95–84/83 BC)
• Antiochus XII Dionysus, King (87–84 BC)
• Seleucus VII Kybiosaktes, King (83–69 BC)
• Antiochus XIII Asiaticus, King (69–64 BC)
• Philip II Philoromaeus, King (65–63 BC)

Asia

Sri Lanka

• Anuradhapura Kingdom (complete list) –

• Pulahatta, King (103–100 BC)
• Bahiya, King (100–98 BC)
• Panya Mara, King (98–91 BC)
• Pilaya Mara, King (91–90 BC)
• Dathika, King (90–88 BC)
• Valagamba, King (104–103, c.89–77 BC)
• Mahakuli Mahatissa, King (76–62 BC)
• Chora Naga, King (62–50 BC)
• Kuda Tissa, King (50–47 BC)
• Siva I, King (47–47 BC)
• Vatuka, King (47–47 BC)
• Darubhatika Tissa, King (47–47 BC)
• Niliya, King (47–47 BC)
• Anula, King (47–42 BC)
• Kutakanna Tissa, King (42–20 BC)
• Bhatikabhaya Abhaya, King (20 BC–9 AD)

China

• Western Han, China (complete list) –

• Wu, Emperor (141–87 BC)
• Zhao, Emperor (87–74 BC)
• Liu He, Emperor (74 BC)
• Xuan Di Emperor (74–49 BC)
• Yuan, Emperor (48–33 BC)
• Cheng, Emperor (33–7 BC)
• Ai, Emperor (7–1 BC)
• Ping, Emperor (1 BC–5 AD)

Korea: Three Kingdoms

• Baekje (complete list) –

• Onjo, King (18 BC–28 AD)

• Eastern Buyeo (complete list) –

• Hae Buru, King (86–48 BC)
• Geumwa, King (48–7 BC)
• Daeso, King (7 BC–22 AD)

• Goguryeo (complete list) –

• Dongmyeong, King (37–19 BC)
• Yuri, King (19 BC–18 AD)

• Silla (complete list) –

• Hyeokgeose, King (57 BC–4 AD)

India

• Kanva dynasty (complete list) –

• Vasudeva (c.75–c.66 BC)
• Bhumimitra (c.66–c.52 BC)
• Narayana (c.52–c.40 BC)
• Susharman (c.40–c.30 BC)

• Satavahana dynasty (Purana-based chronology)^[4] –

• Satakarni II, King (141–85 BC)
• Lambodara, King (85–67 BC)
• Apilaka, King (67-55 BC)
• Meghasvati, King (55-37 BC)
• Svati, King (37-19 BC)
• Skandasvati, King (19-12 BC)
• Mrigendra Satakarni, King (12-9 BC)
• Kunatala Satakarni, King (9-1 BC)
• Satakarni III, King (1 BC-1 AD)

• Shunga Empire (complete list) –

• Devabhuti, Emperor (83–73 BC)

Europe

• Atrebates (complete list) –

• Commius, King (57–c.22 BC
• Tincomarus, King (c.22–8 AD)
• Eppillus, King (8–15)
• Verica, King (15–40)

• Dacia (complete list) –

• Charnabon, King (5th century BC)
• Histrianorum, King (c.339 BC)
• Cothelas, King (4th century BC) ^[5]
• Dual, King (3rd century BC)
• Rhemaxos,^[6] King (c.200 BC)^[7]
• Moskon, King (3rd century BC)
• Dromichaetes, King (3rd century BC)^[8]
• Zalmodegicus, King (late 3rd century BC)^[9][10]
• Rubobostes, King (2nd century BC)^[11]
• Oroles, King (2nd century BC)^[12]
• Dicomes, King (1st century BC)^[13]
• Rholes, King (1st century BC)^[14]
• Dapyx, King (1st century BC)^[15]
• Cotiso, King (1st century BC)^[16]
• Zyraxes, King (1st century BC)^[17]
• Burebista, King (82–44 BC)^[18]
• Comosicus, King (44 BC–28 AD)^[19]

• Marcomanni (complete list) –

• Maroboduus, King (9 BC–19 AD)

• Sapaean kingdom of Thrace (complete list) –

• Cotys I, King (57–48 BC)
• Rhescuporis I, King (48–41 BC)

• Odrysian kingdom of Thrace (complete list) –

• Teres III, King (c.149 BC)
• Beithys, King (140–120 BC)
• Cotys V, King (120–? BC)
• Sadalas I, King (87–79 BC)
• Cotys VI, King (57–48 BC)
• Sadalas II, King (48–42 BC)
• Sadalas III, King (42–31 BC)
• Rhescuporis II, King (18–13 BC)
• Rhascus, King (18–11 BC)
• Rhoemetalces I, King (12 BC–12 AD)

• Roman Republic (complete list) –

100 Gaius Marius, Consul Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Consul 99 Marcus Antonius Orator, Consul Aulus Postumius Albinus, Consul 98 Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Consul Titus Didius, Consul 97 Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus, Consul Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, Consul 96 Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Consul Gaius Cassius Longinus, Consul 95 Lucius Licinius Crassus, Consul Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex, Consul 94 Gaius Coelius Caldus, Consul Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Consul 93 Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Consul Marcus Herennius, Consul 92 Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Consul Marcus Perperna, Consul 91 Lucius Marcius Philippus, Consul Sextus Julius Caesar, Consul 90 Lucius Julius Caesar, Consul Publius Rutilius Lupus, Consul 89 Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, Consul Lucius Porcius Cato, Consul 88 Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Consul Quintus Pompeius Rufus, Consul 87 Gnaeus Octavius, Consul[20] Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul[21] Lucius Cornelius Merula, Suffect consul[22] 86 Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul[23] Gaius Marius, Consul Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Suffect consul 85 Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Consul 84 Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Consul 83 Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, Consul Gaius Norbanus, Consul

82 Gaius Marius the Younger, Consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, Consul 81 Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Dictator (82/81– 81 BC) Marcus Tullius Decula, Consul Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella, Consul 80 Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, Consul 79 Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, Consul Appius Claudius Pulcher, Consul 78 Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Consul Quintus Lutatius Catulus, Consul 77 Decimus Junius Brutus, Consul Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus, Consul 76 Gnaeus Octavius, Consul Gaius Scribonius Curio, Consul 75 Lucius Octavius, Consul Gaius Aurelius Cotta, Consul 74 Lucullus, Consul Marcus Aurelius Cotta, Consul 73 Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, Consul Gaius Cassius Longinus, Consul 72 Lucius Gellius Publicola, Consul Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Consul 71 Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, Consul Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes, Consul 70 Pompey, Consul Marcus Licinius Crassus, Consul 69 Quintus Hortensius, Consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus, Consul 68 Lucius Caecilius Metellus, Consul Quintus Marcius Rex, Consul 67 Gaius Calpurnius Piso, Consul Manius Acilius Glabrio, Consul 66 Manius Aemilius Lepidus, Consul Lucius Volcatius Tullus, Consul 65 Lucius Aurelius Cotta, Consul Lucius Manlius Torquatus, Consul

64 Lucius Julius Caesar, Consul Gaius Marcius Figulus, Consul 63 Marcus Tullius Cicero, Consul Gaius Antonius Hybrida, Consul 62 Decimus Junius Silanus, Consul Lucius Licinius Murena, Consul 61 Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus, Consul Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger, Consul 60 Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer, Consul Lucius Afranius, Consul 59 Julius Caesar, Consul Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, Consul 58 Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Consul Aulus Gabinius, Consul 57 Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, Consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior, Consul 56 Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, Consul Lucius Marcius Philippus, Consul 55 Pompey, Consul Marcus Licinius Crassus, Consul 54 Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Consul Appius Claudius Pulcher, Consul 53 Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, Consul Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus, Consul 52 Pompey, Consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica, Consul 51 Servius Sulpicius Rufus, Consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus, Consul 50 Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, Consul Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor, Consul 49 Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior, Consul Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Consul Julius Caesar, Dictator (49–44 BC) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Triumvir of the Africa Province (43–36 BC) Mark Antony, Triumvir of the East (43–27 BC) Augustus/ Octavian, Triumvir of the West (43–27 BC)

• Roman Empire: Principate (complete list) –

• Augustus/ Octavian, Principate, Emperor (27 BC–14 AD)

• Catuvellauni (complete list) –

• Cassivellaunus, Chieftain/Leader (c. 54 BC)
• Tasciovanus, King (c.20 BC–9 AD)

References

1. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires V, VI, VII, VIII and IX.
2. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires X and XI.
3. According to Pakzadian, 2007: Kamnaskires XII and XIII.
4. Rajesh Kumar Singh (2013). Ajanta Paintings: 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes. Hari Sena. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9788192510750.
5. Atlas of Classical History by R. Talbert, 1989, page 63, "Getae under Cothelas"
6. Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in “A history of Romania - East European Monographs”, 1996, ISBN 9780880333450, page 17 "..Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos) continued to exercise control over that city-state around 200 BC ...."
7. The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII by Stanley M. Burstein, 1985, Index Rhemaxos Getic or Scythian ruler
8. Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index Dromichaetes, King of the Getians
9. Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in “A history of Romania - East European Monographs”, 1996, ISBN 9780880333450, page 17 "Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos) continued to exercise control over that city-state around 200 BC ...."
10. McGing B.C.: The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus
11. Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index Rubobostes Dacian, King
12. Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 53, "Dacian, King Oroles"
13. Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Dicomes of the Getians"
14. The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus by Cassius Dio, Ian Scott-Kilvert, and John Carter, 1987, page 85: "... Then he completed their destruction with the help of Roles, the, King of a tribe of the Getae. When Roles visited Octavian, he was treated as a friend ..."
15. Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book LI. "While he was thus engaged, Roles, who had become embroiled with Dapyx, himself also, King of a tribe of the Getae, sent for him. Crassus went to his aid, and by hurling the horse of his opponents back upon their infantry he so thoroughly terrified the latter also that what followed was no longer a battle but a great slaughter of fleeing men of both arms. Next he cut off Dapyx, who had taken refuge in a fort, and besieged him. In the course of the siege someone hailed him from the walls in Greek, obtained a conference with him, and arranged to betray the place. The barbarians, thus captured, turned upon one another, and Dapyx was killed along with many others. His brother, however, Crassus took alive, and not only did him no harm but actually released him."
16. Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 48, "The Dacian, King Cotiso"
17. Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 146, "Zyraxes who ruled in Dobruja"
18. Studies in Ancient Greek and Roman Society by Robin Osborne, 2004, page 128: "... of its citizens, named Akornion, went on an embassy to Burebista, the first and greatest of the, Kings in Thrace..."
19. Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 72, "At least two of his successors Comosicus and Scorillo/Corilus/Scoriscus became high priests and eventually Dacian, Kings"
20. Barrett, Anthony A. (2002). Caligula: The Corruption of Power. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-203-13776-5.
21. Pettinger, Andrew, The Republic in Danger: Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius (2012), pg. 229
22. Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), pg. 153
23. T. R. S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II, pg. 409