Little Nemo

Little Nemo
Nemo in bed, where he awoke at the end of each strip
Author(s)	Winsor McCay
Launch date	October 15, 1905
End date	December 26, 1926
Publisher(s)	New York Herald New York American
Preceded by	Dream of the Rarebit Fiend

Little Nemo is a fictional character created by American cartoonist Winsor McCay. Nemo was originally the protagonist of the comic strip Little Nemo in Slumberland. The full-page weekly strip depicted Nemo having fantastic dreams that were interrupted by his awakening in the final panel. The strip is considered McCay's masterpiece for its experiments with the form of the comics page, its use of color, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, perspective, architectural and other detail.

Little Nemo in Slumberland ran in the New York Herald from October 15, 1905, until July 23, 1911; the strip was renamed In the Land of Wonderful Dreams when McCay brought it to William Randolph Hearst's New York American, where it ran from September 3, 1911 until July 26, 1914. When McCay returned to the Herald in 1924, he revived the strip, and it ran under its original title from Aug 3, 1924, until December 26, 1926, when McCay returned to Hearst.

Concept

A weekly fantasy adventure, Little Nemo in Slumberland featured the young Nemo ("No one" in Latin) who dreamed himself into wondrous predicaments^[1] from which he awoke in bed in the last panel.^[2] The first episode^{[lower-alpha 1]} begins with a command from King Morpheus of Slumberland to a minion to collect Nemo.^[3] Nemo was to be the Princess of Slumberland's playmate, but it took months of adventures before Nemo finally arrived; a green, cigar-chewing clown named Flip was determined to disturb Nemo's sleep with a top hat emblazoned with the words "Wake Up".^[1] Nemo and Flip eventually become companions, and are joined by an African Imp whom Flip finds in the Candy Islands. The group travels far and wide, from shanty towns to Mars, to Jack Frost's palace, to the bizarre architecture and distorted funhouse-mirror illusions of Befuddle Hall.^[4]

The strip shows McCay's understanding of dream psychology, particularly of dream fears—falling, drowning, impalement. This dream world has its own moral code, perhaps difficult to understand;^[5] breaking it has terrible consequences, as when Nemo ignores instructions not to touch Queen Crystalette, who inhabits a cave of glass—overcome with his infatuation, he causes her and her followers to shatter, and awakens with "the groans of the dying guardsmen still ringing in his ears".^{[lower-alpha 2][6]}

Nemo and the Little Imp explore the city as giants
September 9, 1907

Although the strip began October 15, 1905 with Morpheus, ruler of Slumberland, making his first attempt to bring Little Nemo to his realm, Nemo did not get into Slumberland until March 4, 1906 and, due to Flip's interfering, did not get to see the Princess until July 8. His dream quest is always interrupted by either him falling out of bed, or his parents forcibly waking him up.

On July 12, 1908, McCay made a major change of direction: Flip visits Nemo and tells him that he has had his uncle destroy Slumberland. (Slumberland had been dissolved before, into day, but this time it appeared to be permanent.) After this, Nemo's dreams take place in his home town, though Flip—and a curious-looking boy named the Professor—accompany him. These adventures range from the down-to-earth to Rarebit-fiend type fantasy; one very commonplace dream had the Professor pelting people with snowballs. The famous "walking bed" story was in this period. Slumberland continued to make sporadic appearances until it returned for good on December 26, 1909.

Story-arcs included Befuddle Hall, a voyage to Mars (with a well-realized Martian civilization), and a trip around the world (including a tour of New York City).

Style

McCay experimented with the form of the comics page, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, perspective, and architectural and other detail.^[2] From the second installment, McCay had the panel sizes and layouts conform to the action in the strip: as a forest of mushrooms grew, so did the panels, and the panels shrank as the mushrooms collapsed on Nemo. In an early Thanksgiving episode, the focal action of a giant turkey gobbling Nemo's house receives an enormous circular panel in the center of the page.^[5] McCay also accommodated a sense of proportion with panel size and shape, showing elephants and dragons at a scale the reader could feel in proportion to the regular characters.^[2] Narrative pacing McCay controlled through variation or repetition, as with equally-sized panels whose repeated layouts and minute differences in movement conveyed a feeling of buildup to some climactic action.^[2]

In his familiar Art Nouveau-influenced style McCay outlined his characters in heavy blacks. Slumberland's ornate architecture was reminiscent of the architecture designed by McKim, Mead & White for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, as well as Luna Park and Dreamland in Coney Island, and the Parisian Luxembourg Palace.^[7]

Nemo's ornate architecture was inspired by McCay's memories of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and his experience working at Coney Island (Luna Park pictured)

McCay made imaginative use of color, sometimes changing the backgrounds' or characters' colors from panel to panel in a psychedelic imitation of a dream experience. The colors were enhanced by the careful attention and advanced Ben Day lithographic process employed by the Herald's printing staff.^[8] McCay annotated the Nemo pages for the printers with the precise color schemes he wanted.^[9]

For the first five months the pages were accompanied with captions beneath them,^[5] and at first the captions were numbered.^[10] In contrast to the high level of skill in the artwork, the dialogue in the speech balloons is crude, sometimes approaching illegibility,^[11] and "disfigur[ing McCay's] otherwise flawless work", according to critic R. C. Harvey.^[12] The level of effort and skill apparent in the title lettering highlights^[13] what seems to be the little regard for the dialogue balloons, their content, and their placement in the visual composition. They tend to contain repetitive monologues expressing the increasing distress of the speakers, and showed that McCay's gift was in the visual and not the verbal.^[14]

McCay used traditional ethnic stereotypes prominently in Little Nemo, as in the ill-tempered Irishman Flip, and the nearly-mute African Impie.^[15]

Background

Winsor McCay (c. 1867–71 – 1934)^{[lower-alpha 4]} had worked prolifically as a commercial artist and cartoonist in carnivals and dime museums before he began working for newspapers and magazines in 1898. In 1903, he joined the staff of the New York Herald family of newspapers,^[17] where he had success with comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze (1904–06)^[18] and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904–11)^{[lower-alpha 5][17]}

Winsor McCay's son Robert served as the model for Nemo.

In 1905, McCay got "an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk".^[20] In That October, the full-page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald.^[1] Considered McCay's masterpiece,^[21] its child protagonist's appearance was based on McCay's son Robert,^[22] had fabulous dreams that would be interrupted with his awakening in the last panel. McCay experimented with the form of the comics page, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, perspective, architectural and other detail.^[2] The Herald was considered to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time. Its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color.^[23]

Publication history

Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted on the last page of the Sunday comics section of The New York Herald on October 15, 1905. The full-page, color comic strip ran until July 23, 1911.^[1] In spring 1911, McCay moved to William Randolph Hearst's New York American and took Little Nemo's characters with him. The Herald held the strip's copyright,^[24] but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters.^[25] In the American, the strip ran under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams. The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip.^[24]

McCay left Hearst in May 1924^[26] and returned to the Herald Tribune. He began Little Nemo in Slumberland afresh that August 3.^[27] The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old, but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid. Nemo took a more passive role in the stories,^[28] and there was no continuity.^[29] The strip came to an end in December 1926,^[27] as it was not popular with readers. Hearst executives had been trying to convince McCay to return to the American, and succeeded in 1927.^[29] Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemo's success, the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar.^[30]

In 1937, McCay's son Robert attempted to carry on his father's legacy by reviving Little Nemo. Comic book packager Harry "A" Chesler's syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip, credited to "Winsor McCay, Jr." Robert also drew a comic-book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland featuring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess. Neither project lasted long.^[31] In 1947, Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate, Inc. to revive the original Nemo strip from McCay's original art, modified to fit the size of modern newspaper pages. This revival also did not last.^[32]

In 1966, cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCay's son Bob had worked. In 1973, Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy.^[33] His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University.^[34]

Collector Peter Maresca self-published a 21-×-16-inch (53 × 41 cm) volume of Nemo Sundays as Little Nemo in Slumberland: So Many Splendid Sundays!. The volume was large enough to reproduce the pages at the size they originally appeared in newspapers. Restoration work took Maresca five to twenty hours per page^[35] A second volume, Little Nemo in Slumberland: Many More Splendid Sundays!, appeared in 2008.^[36]

Adaptations

Theatre

Master Gabriel as the star of the 1907 Little Nemo musical

As early as 1905, several abortive attempts were made to put Little Nemo on stage. In summer 1907, Marcus Klaw and A. L. Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000, with a score by Victor Herbert^[37] and lyrics by Harry B. Smith.^[37] It starred dwarf Gabriel Weigel as Nemo, Joseph Cawthorn as Dr. Pill, and Billy B. Van as Flip.^[38] Reviews were positive, and it played to sold-out houses in New York. It went on the road for two seasons.^[39] McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played. When a Keith circuit^{[lower-alpha 6]} refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act, McCay switched to the William Morris circuit, with a $100-a-week raise.^[40] In several cities, McCay brought his son, who sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo as publicity.^[41]

As part of an improvised story, Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a "Whiffenpoof". The word stuck with the public, and became the name of a hit song and a singing group.^[38] Despite the show's success, it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses,^[40] and came to an end in December 1910.^[41] In mid-2012 Toronto-based theatre company Frolick performed and adaptation of the strip into Adventures in Slumberland, a multimedia show featuring puppets large and small and a score that included as a refrain "Wake Up Little Nemo", set to the tune of The Everly Brothers' 1957 hit "Wake Up Little Susie".^[42] The Sarasota Opera commissioned composer Daron Hagen and librettist J. D. McClatchy to create an opera based on Little Nemo. Two casts of children alternated performances when it debuted in November 2012. The dreamlike nonlinear story told of Nemo, the Princess, and their comrades trying to prevent the Emperor of Sol and the Guardian of Dawn from bringing daylight to Slumberlnad. Special effects and shifting backgrounds were produced with projections onto a scaffolding of boxes.^[43] Talespinner Children's Theatre in Cleveland, OH produced a scaled-down, "colorful and high-energy 45-minute"^[44] adaptation in 2013, Adventures In Slumberland by David Hansen.

Film

Little Nemo (1911)

McCay played an important role in the early history of animation. In 1911 he completed his first film, Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics (also known as Little Nemo), first in theatres and then as part of his vaudeville act.^[45] McCay made the 4000 rice-paper drawings for the animated portion of the film. The animated portion took up about four minutes of the film's total length.^[46] Photography was done at the Vitagraph Studios under the supervision of animation pioneer James Stuart Blackton.^[45] During the live-action portion of the film, McCay bets his colleagues he can make his drawings move. He wins the bet by animating his Little Nemo characters, who shapeshift and transform.^[46]

In 1984, Arnaud Sélignac produced and directed a film called Nemo^[47] or Dream One, starring Jason Connery, Harvey Keitel and Carole Bouquet. It involves a little boy called Nemo, who wears pajamas and travels to a fantasy world, but otherwise the connection to McCay's strip is a loose one. The fantasy world is a dark and dismal beach, and Nemo encounters characters from other works of fiction rather than those from the original strip. Instead of Flip or the Princess, Nemo meets Zorro, Alice and Jules Verne's Nautilus (which was led by Captain Nemo).

A joint American-Japanese feature-length film Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland was released in 1989, with contributions by Ray Bradbury, Chris Columbus and Moebius,^[48] and music by the Sherman Brothers. The story tells of a quest by Nemo and friends to rescue King Morpheus from the Nightmare King. The Princess is given a name, Camille, and Nemo has a pet squirrel named Icarus.^[49]

Opera

In 2010, the Sarasota Youth Opera commissioned Daron Aric Hahen and J.D. McClatchy to compose an opera based on the comic strip. The work was first performed on November 10 and 11, 2012, by members of the Sarasota Opera, Sarasota Youth Opera, Sarasota Prep Chorus, The Sailor Circus and students from Booker High school.

Other media

In 1990, Capcom produced a video game for the NES, titled Little Nemo: The Dream Master (known as Pajama Hero Nemo in Japan), a licensed game based on the 1989 film. The film would not see a US release until 1992, two years after the game's Japanese release, so the game is often thought to be a standalone adaptation of Little Nemo, not related to the film. An arcade game called simply Nemo was also released in 1990.^[50]

Throughout the years, various pieces of Little Nemo merchandise have been produced. In 1941, Rand, McNally & Co. published a Little Nemo children's storybook. Little Nemo in Slumberland in 3-D was released by Blackthorne Publishing in 1987; this reprinted Little Nemo issues with 3-D glasses. A set of 30 Little Nemo postcards was available through Stewart Tabori & Chang in 1996. In 1993, as promotion for the 1989 animated film, Hemdale produced a Collector's Set which includes a VHS movie, illustrated storybook, and cassette soundtrack. In 2001, Dark Horse Comics released a Little Nemo statue and tin lunchbox.

Cultural influences

Little Nemo itself is influenced by children stories in general, and some French comic pages in particular.^[51][52] Since its publishing, Little Nemo has had an influence on other artists, including Peter Newell (The Naps of Polly Sleepyhead), Frank King (Bobby Make-Believe), Clare Briggs (Danny Dreamer) or George McManus (Nibsy the Newsboy in Funny Fairyland). Through the Paris edition of the Herald Tribune, his influence reached France and other European countries.^[53]

In children's literature, Maurice Sendak has said that this strip inspired his book In the Night Kitchen, and William Joyce included several elements from Little Nemo in his children's book Santa Calls, including appearances by Flip and the walking bed.

The character and themes from the comic strip Little Nemo were used in a song "Scenes from a Night's Dream" written by Tony Banks and Phil Collins of the progressive rock group Genesis on their 1978 recording, ...And Then There Were Three.... Another progressive rock group, from Germany, called Scara Brae also recorded a musical impression of the comic on their rare self-titled disc from 1981 (the track was actually recorded 2 years earlier). Their concept piece was revived on the second album by the Greek band Anger Department, oddly called 'The Strange Dreams of A Rarebit Fiend', again after a McCay-comic. Their 'Little Nemo' was chosen for a theatre play, which was suggested for the cultural program for the Olympic Games in 2004.

In 1984, Italian comic artist Vittorio Giardino started producing a number of stories under the title Little Ego, a parodic adaptation of Little Nemo, in the shape of adult-oriented erotic comics. Brian Bolland's early comic strip, Little Nympho in Slumberland employed a similar technique.

The bar in Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors is called 'Little Nemo's'.^[54]

It influenced Alan Moore, in Miracleman No. 4, when the Miracleman family end up in a palace called "Sleepy Town", which has imagery similar to Little Nemo's. In Moore (and J.H. Williams III)'s Promethea, a more direct pastiche – "Little Margie in Misty Magic Land"^[55] – showed Moore's inspiration and debt to McCay's landmark 1905 strip. The Sandman series occasionally references Little Nemo as well. Examples include The Sandman: The Doll's House, where an abused child escapes into dreams styled after McCay's comics and using a similar 'wake-up' mechanism, and The Sandman: Book of Dreams (pub. 1996), which features George Alec Effinger's short "Seven Nights in Slumberland" (where Nemo interacts with Neil Gaiman's characters The Endless).

In 1989, teen comic book Power Pack ran an issue (#47) which paid direct homage to one of McCay's Nemo storylines, featuring a castle that was drawn sideways and Katie Power re-enacting a classic Nemo panel with a sideways-drawn hallway that served as a bottomless pit with the line "Don't fall in, y'hear?"

"Little Nemo in Slumberland" is also the inspiration for the video of the 1989 song Runnin' Down a Dream by Tom Petty.

In 2006, electronic artist Daedelus used Little Nemo artwork for his album Denies the Day's Demise.

The comic strip Cul de Sac includes a strip-within-the-strip, "Little Neuro", a parody of Little Nemo. Neuro is a little boy who hardly ever leaves his bed.

In 2009, the Pittsburgh ToonSeum established its NEMO Award, given to notable individuals "for excellence in the cartoon arts". Recipients to date include veteran comic-book artist Ron Frenz,^[56] editorial and comic-strip artist Dick Locher,^[57] cartoonist and comics historian Trina Robbins,^[58] and comics artist, editorial cartoonist and artists' rights advocate Jerry Robinson.^[59]

On October 15, 2012, celebrating the 107th anniversary of the first Little Nemo story, Google displayed an interactive animated "Google Doodle" called "Little Nemo in Google-land" on its homepage. The doodle showed a typical Little Nemo adventure through a series of panels, each featuring a letter from the word "Google".^[60] The doodle also ends in the same way as the comic strips, with Nemo falling from his bed.^[61]

At Universal's Islands of Adventure, at the Toon Lagoon section, Little Nemo can be seen falling out of his bed near a shop.

Eric Shanower and Gabriel Rodriguez revived the characters in 2014 in an IDW comic book series entitled Little Nemo: Return to Slumberland.^[62] That same year, Locust Moon Press released a new anthology and Taschen published the complete series (1905-1926).

Legacy

Comics historian R. C. Harvey has called McCay "the first original genius of the comic strip medium". Harvey claims that McCay's contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations, so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon.^[2] Cartoonist Robert Crumb called McCay a "genius" and one of his favorite cartoonists.^[63] Art Spiegelman's In the Shadow of No Towers (2004) appropriated some of McCay's imagery, and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix.^[64] Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the children's magazine Il corriere dei piccoli, and the strip was a "powerful influence" on the filmmaker, according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella.^[65]

McCay's original artwork has been poorly preserved.^[64] McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him, and a large collection survived him, but much of it was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s. His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces, so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection into his own house.^[31] The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash. Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn, then later to daughter Marion. By the early twenty-first century, most of McCay's surviving artwork remained in family hands.^[66]

Notes

1.  Wikimedia Commons has a file available for this strip (October 15, 1905).
2.  Wikimedia Commons has a file available for this strip (November 11, 1905).
3.  Wikimedia Commons has a file available for the full version of this strip (November 26, 1905).
4. Different accounts have given McCay's birth year as 1867, 1869, and 1871. His birth records are not extant.^[16]
5. Rarebit Fiend was revived between 1911 and 1913 under other titles, such as Midsummer Day Dreams and It Was Only a Dream.^[19]
6. Keith had partnered with Proctor in 1906.

External links

• 1905 thru 1914 comic strips and krazy kat theater on iTunes

References

1. Canemaker 2005, p. 97.
2. Harvey 1994, p. 21.
3. Canemaker 2005, p. 97, 113.
4. Canemaker 2005, pp. 113, 118.
5. Canemaker 2005, p. 107.
6. Canemaker 2005, p. 113.
7. Canemaker 2005, p. 100.
8. Canemaker 2005, pp. 100–101.
9. Harvey 1994, p. 22; Canemaker 2005, p. 107.
10. Bukatman 2012, p. 27.
11. Gutjahr & Benton 2001, p. 166; Heller 2007.
12. Harvey 1994, p. 28.
13. Gutjahr & Benton 2001, p. 166.
14. Taylor 2007, p. 554.
15. Winokur 2012, pp. 58, 63.
16. Canemaker 2005, p. 22.
17. Eagan 2010, p. 32.
18. Canemaker 2005, p. 75.
19. Merkl 2007, p. 478.
20. Canemaker 2005, p. 87.
21. Harvey 1994, p. 21; Hubbard 2012; Sabin 1993, p. 134; Dover editors 1973, p. vii; Canwell 2009, p. 19.
22. Crafton 1993, p. 97.
23. Canemaker 2005, p. 94.
24. Canemaker 2005, p. 164.
25. Canemaker 2005, p. 168.
26. Canemaker 2005, p. 228.
27. Canemaker 2005, p. 229.
28. Canemaker 2005, p. 226.
29. Canemaker 2005, p. 235.
30. Canemaker 2005, p. 237.
31. Canemaker 2005, p. 253.
32. Waugh 1947, pp. 20–21; Canemaker 2005, p. 253.
33. Jamieson 2010, p. 126.
34. Spencer 2005.
35. Boxer 2005.
36. Doctorow 2008.
37. Canemaker 2005, p. 141.
38. Canemaker 2005, p. 143.
39. Canemaker 2005, p. 148.
40. Canemaker 2005, p. 149.
41. Canemaker 2005, p. 151.
42. Morrow 2012.
43. Williams 2012.
44. Howey 2013.
45. Canemaker 2005, p. 160.
46. Canemaker 2005, p. 161.
47. "Nemo", IMDb.
48. Grant 2006, p. 46.
49. Beck 2005, p. 149.
50. "Nemo – Videogame by Capcom". Klov. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
51. http://www.topfferiana.fr/2008/11/le-petit-lucien-au-pays-des-reves/
52. http://www.topfferiana.fr/2008/12/le-petit-lucien-deuxieme-episode/
53. Nocturnes, le rêve dans la bande dessinée, CNBDI, 2013
54. "A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987)". IMDb.
55. "LM", Angel fire.
56. Uricchio, Marylynn "ToonSeum cartoon museum holds annual Ka-Blam! fundraiser" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette June 9, 2009 Retrieved December 21, 2010
57. JimHillMedia.com "Legendary Cartoonist Dick Locher Receives ToonSeum's Nemo Award" March 30, 2011
58. trinarobbins.wordpress.com "Fear of Blogging Gets Around" June 1, 2011
59. Riggenberg, Steven "Jerry Robinson: January 1st, 1922 – December 7th, 2011" The Comics Journal December 13, 2011
60. "Winsor McCay 's Little Nemo" (Doodle; HD 1080p). YouTube. Google. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
61. "Google celebrates 107th anniversary of Winsor Zenic McCay's Little Nemo in Slumberland", Times of India, October 15, 2012.
62. "Little Nemo: Return to Slumberland (2014) - Comic Book DB".
63. Young 2000.
64. Heer 2006.
65. Bondanella 2002, p. 10.
66. Canemaker 2005, pp. 253–254.

Works cited

• Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-222-6.
• Bondanella, Peter (2002). The Films of Federico Fellini. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57573-7.  – via Questia (subscription required)
• Boxer, Sarah (October 17, 2005). "Restoring Slumberland". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
• Bukatman, Scott (2012). The Poetics of Slumberland: Animated Spirits and the Animating Spirit. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95150-1.
• Canemaker, John (2005). Winsor McCay: His Life and Art (Revised ed.). Abrams Books. ISBN 978-0-8109-5941-5.
• Canwell, Bruce (2009). Mullaney, Dean, ed. Bringing Up Father: From Sea to Shining Sea the Cross-Country Tour of 1939–1940. IDW Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60010-508-1.
• Crafton, Donald (1993). Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226116679.
• Doctorow, Cory (December 4, 2008). "Little Nemo in Slumberland, Many More Splendid Sundays – a new gigantic collection of Winsor McCay's lush and surreal comics". Boing Boing. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
• Dover editors (1973). Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-21347-7.
• Eagan, Daniel (2010). America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide To The Landmark Movies In The National Film Registry. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-2977-3.
• Grant, John (2006). Animated Movies Facts, Figures & Fun. AAPPL. ISBN 978-1-904332-52-7.
• Gutjahr, Paul C.; Benton, Megan L. (2001). Illuminating Letters: Typography and Literary Interpretation. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-288-2.
• Harvey, Robert C. (1994). The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-0-87805-612-5.
• Heller, Steven (November 13, 2007). "The Rarebit Fiend Dreams On: An Interview with Ulrich Merkl". AIGA. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
• Howey, Christine (December 2, 2013). "Adventures in Slumberland, Talespinner Children’s Theatre". Retrieved July 19, 2014.
• Hubbard, Amy (October 15, 2012). "Celebrating Little Nemo by Winsor McCay; his 'demons' made him do it". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
• Jamieson, Dave (2010). Mint Condition: How Baseball Cards Became an American Obsession. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1939-1.
• Merkl, Ulrich (2007). The Complete Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904–1913) by Winsor McCay 'Silas' (.doc). Catalog of episodes & text of the book: Ulrich Merkl. ISBN 978-3-00-020751-8. (on included DVD)
• Morrow, Martin (August 8, 2012). "Adventures in Slumberland". The Grid. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
• Sabin, Roger (1993). Adult Comics: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-04419-6.
• Spencer, David R. (2005). "The Cartoon Research Library at Ohio State University". Journalism History 31 (1).
• Taylor, Jeremy (2007). "Some archetypal symbolic aspects of Dream of the Rarebit Fiend". In Merkl, Ulrich. The Complete Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904–1913) by Winsor McCay 'Silas' (.doc). Catalog of episodes & text of the book: Ulrich Merkl. pp. 552–561. ISBN 978-3-00-020751-8. (on included DVD)
• Waugh, Coulton (1947). The Comics. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-0-87805-499-2.
• Williams, Gayle (November 12, 2012). "Opera Review: 'Little Nemo in Slumberland' has a timeless appeal". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
• Winokur, Mark (2012). "Creole Cartoons". In Kessel, Martina; Merziger, Patrick. The Politics of Humour: Laughter, Inclusion, and Exclusion in the Twentieth Century. University of Toronto Press. pp. 52–81. ISBN 978-1-4426-4292-8.
• Young, James E. (2000). "Art Spiegelman's Maus and the After-Images of History". New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2012.

External links

• Little Nemo and other public-domain McCay strips for download at The Comic Strip Library. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015.
• "Winsor McCay's Little Nemo - Google Doodle HD", YouTube (video), Google, October 14, 2012, retrieved November 16, 2015.
• Heer, Jeet (Spring 2006), "Little Nemo in Comicsland: Winsor McCay's influence on comics", Virginia Quarterly Review, archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
• Little Nemo in Slumberland at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on November 16, 2015.