Log-distance path loss model

The log-distance path loss model is a radio propagation model that predicts the path loss a signal encounters inside a building or densely populated areas over distance.

Mathematical formulation

The model

Log-distance path loss model is formally expressed as:

PL\;=P_{Tx_{dBm}}-P_{Rx_{dBm}}\;=\;PL_0\;+\;10\gamma\;\log_{10} \frac{d}{d_0}\;+\;X_g,

where

{PL} is the total path loss measured in Decibel (dB)
P_{Tx_{dBm}}\;=10\log_{10} \frac{P_{Tx}}{1mW} is the transmitted power in dBm, where
P_{Tx} is the transmitted power in watt.
P_{Rx_{dBm}}\;=10\log_{10} \frac{P_{Rx}}{1mW} is the received power in dBm, where
{P_{Rx}} is the received power in watt.
PL_0 is the path loss at the reference distance d0. Unit: Decibel (dB)
{d} is the length of the path.
{d_0} is the reference distance, usually 1 km (or 1 mile).
\gamma is the path loss exponent.
X_g is a normal (or Gaussian) random variable with zero mean, reflecting the attenuation (in decibel) caused by flat fading. In case of no fading, this variable is 0. In case of only shadow fading or slow fading, this random variable may have Gaussian distribution with \sigma\; standard deviation in dB, resulting in log-normal distribution of the received power in Watt. In case of only fast fading caused by multipath propagation, the corresponding gain in Watts F_g\;=\;10^{\frac{-X_g}{10}} may be modelled as a random variable with Rayleigh distribution or Ricean distribution.[1]

Corresponding non-logarithmic model

This corresponds to the following non-logarithmic gain model:

\frac{P_{Rx}}{P_{Tx}}\;=\;\frac{c_0F_g}{d^{\gamma}}

where

c_0\;=\;{d_0^{\gamma}}10^{\frac{-L_0}{10}} is the average multiplicative gain at the reference distance d_0 from the transmitter. This gain depends on factors such as carrier frequency, antenna heights and antenna gain, for example due to directional antennas; and

F_g\;=\;10^{\frac{-X_g}{10}} is a stochastic process that reflects flat fading. In case of only slow fading (shadowing), it may have log-normal distribution with parameter \sigma\; dB. In case of only fast fading due to multipath propagation, its amplitude may have Rayleigh distribution or Ricean distribution.

Empirical coefficient values for indoor propagation

Empirical measurements of coefficients \gamma and \sigma in dB have shown the following values for a number of indoor wave propagation cases.[2]

Building Type Frequency of Transmission \gamma \sigma [dB]
Vacuum, infinite space 2.0 0
Retail store 914 MHz 2.2 8.7
Grocery store 914 MHz 1.8 5.2
Office with hard partition 1.5 GHz 3.0 7
Office with soft partition 900 MHz 2.4 9.6
Office with soft partition 1.9 GHz 2.6 14.1
Textile or chemical 1.3 GHz 2.0 3.0
Textile or chemical 4 GHz 2.1 7.0, 9.7
Office 60 GHz 2.2 3.92
Commercial 60 GHz 1.7 7.9

References

  1. Julius Goldhirsh; Wolfhard J. Vogel. "11.4". Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems (PDF).
  2. Wireless communications principles and practices, T. S. Rappaport, 2002, Prentice-Hall

Further reading

See also

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, December 06, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.