Lomekwi

Lomekwi

Lomekwi is near the west bank of Lake Turkana, which is pictured in green on this satellite image.
Approximate location of dig site
Shown within Kenya
Alternate name LOM3
Location Turkana County, Kenya
Region Rift Valley Province
Coordinates 3°54′39″N 35°51′1″E / 3.91083°N 35.85028°E / 3.91083; 35.85028Coordinates: 3°54′39″N 35°51′1″E / 3.91083°N 35.85028°E / 3.91083; 35.85028
Type Ancient campsite
History
Periods 3.3 million years ago
Cultures Australopithecus or Kenyanthropus
Site notes
Excavation dates 2011 (2011)-present
Archaeologists Sonia Harmand
Stony Brook University, US.
Public access Limited

Lomekwi is the name of three archaeological sites in Kenya where ancient stone tools have been discovered. Recent finds at Lomekwi site 3 (LOM3) are thought possibly to date to 3.3 million years ago, which, if confirmed, would make them the oldest ever found.

The two first sites were reported in the March 22, 2001 issue of Nature,[1][2] and in the December 2002 edition of the Journal of Human Evolution.[3]

Lomekwi 3

In July 2011, a team of archeologists led by Sonia Harmand of Stony Brook University, United States, was heading to a known fossil site near Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of Kenyanthropus platyops fossils.[4][5] The group made a wrong turn on the way and ended up at a previously unexplored region where they decided to do a quick survey. They quickly found some stone artifacts on the site, which they named Lomekwi 3.[4] A year later they returned to the site for a full survey.[5] Harmand presented her findings at the annual meeting of the Paleoanthropology Society on April 14, 2015.[4]

Artifacts

Around 20 well preserved artifacts have been dug up at Lomekwi 3 including anvils, cores, and flakes. An additional 130 artifacts were found on the surface. In one instance, Harmand's team was able to match a flake to its core, suggesting a hominin had made and discarded the tool at the site.[5] The tools were generally quite large – larger than the oldest known stone tools, recovered near Gona, in the Afar Region of Ethiopia, in 1992. According to Harmand, it appeared that the tool makers had purposely selected large, heavy blocks of strong stone, ignoring smaller blocks of the same material found in the area.[4] She ruled out the possibility that the apparent tools were actually natural rock formations, saying "The artifacts were clearly knapped and not the result of accidental fracture of rocks".[5] Analysis suggested the cores had been rotated as flakes were struck off.[5] The purpose of the tools found at Lomekwi 3 is unclear, as animal bones found at the site do not bear any sign of hominin activity.[4]

Based on the buried artifacts' stratigraphic position (in undisturbed sediment) relative to two layers of volcanic ash and known magnetic reversals, Harmand and her team dated the tools to 3.3 million years ago.[6][4][5] If the proposed dates are correct, the finds at Lomekwi would represent the oldest stone tools ever discovered, predating the Gona tools by 700,000 years. The date would also predate the Homo genus by 500,000 years, suggesting tool making arose with Australopithecus or Kenyanthropus (which has been found near Lomekwi 3).[4] Previously, evidence of stone tool use by Australopithecus has been suggested on the basis of marks on animal bones. The findings have been hotly debated, with no scientific consensus forming on either side of the debate.[5]

Harmand said the Lomekwi 3 artifacts do not fit into the Oldowan tool making tradition and should be considered part of a distinct tradition, which she termed Lomekwian.[4] It has been hypothesized that tool making may have aided in the evolution of Homo into a distinct genus.[5] However, it is unclear whether the Lomekwian tools are related to those made by Homo species – it is possible the technology was forgotten and later rediscovered.[7]

Independent researchers who have seen the tools are generally supportive of Harmand's conclusions.[5][7][8] George Washington University anthropologist Alison Brooks said the tools "could not have been created by natural forces ... the dating evidence is fairly solid."[5] Rick Potts, head of the Human Origins Program at the Smithsonian Institution, said the tools represented a more primitive style than known human-made tools, but something more sophisticated than what modern chimpanzees do. "There's no doubt it's purposeful" toolmaking, he remarked.[7] Paleoanthropologist Zeresenay Alemseged, who was responsible for the earlier research suggesting Australopithecus had made tools, also backed Harmand's conclusions.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Johanson, Donald; Wong, Kate (2009). Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. Crown/Archetype. p. 174. ISBN 0307451682. Retrieved 2015-04-22 – via Google Books (preview).
  2. ↑ Leakey, Meave G.; Spoor, Fred; Brown, Frank H.; Gathogo, Patrick N.; Kiarie, Christopher; Leakey, Louise N.; McDougall, Ian (2001-01-01). "New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages". Nature 410 (6827). doi:10.1038/35068500.
  3. ↑ Jablonski, Nina G; Leakey, Meave G; Kiarie, Christopher; Antón, Mauricio (2002). "A new skeleton of Theropithecus brumpti (Primates: cercopithecidae) from Lomekwi, west turkana, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution (Elsevier) 43 (6): 887–923. doi:10.1006/jhev.2002.0607. PMID 12473488.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kate Wong (April 15, 2015). "Archaeologists Take Wrong Turn, Find World’s Oldest Stone Tools". Scientific American. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Michael Balter (April 14, 2015). "World’s oldest stone tools discovered in Kenya". Science. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  6. ↑ Harmand, Sonia; et al. (2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya". Nature 521 (7552): 310–315. doi:10.1038/nature14464.
  7. 1 2 3 Christopher Joyce (April 15, 2015). "New Discovery Of World's Oldest Stone Tools". NPR. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  8. ↑ Brooks Hays (April 16, 2015). "World's oldest tools found near Africa's Lake Turkana". UPI. Retrieved April 18, 2015.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, December 26, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.