Lophospermum erubescens

Lophospermum erubescens
In cultivation
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Lophospermum
Species: L. erubescens
Binomial name
Lophospermum erubescens
D.Don[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Asarina erubescens (D.Don) Pennell
  • Maurandya erubescens (D.Don) A.Gray
  • Maurandya erubescens var. purpusii I.M.Johnst.
  • Maurandya scandens var. erubescens (D.Don) Voss
  • Maurandya scandens var. spectabilis Voss

Lophospermum erubescens, known as Mexican twist[2] or creeping gloxinia,[3] is a climbing or sprawling herbaceous perennial, native to the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains of Mexico, where it is found along forest margins or canyon walls. It climbs by means of twining leaf stalks. Wild plants have pink and white tubular flowers, although other colours are found in cultivation. It has been cultivated as an ornamental plant since at least 1830. Although not frost-hardy, it will survive if its base and roots are protected from freezing in the winter. It has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including Hawaii and eastern Australia.

Lophospermum erubescens has been confused with Lophospermum scandens, partly because the earliest illustration of L. erubescens was labelled as L. scandens. Among other differences, L. erubescens has a more climbing habit than L. scandens, with many twining leaf stalks; also the sepals are broader and joined at the base for only 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) rather than 7–11 mm (0.3–0.4 in).

Description

Lophospermum erubescens is a climbing herbaceous perennial with fibrous roots. It climbs by means of twining leaf stalks (petioles) rather than tendrils or twining stems. The long stems are branched, becoming woody at the base with age and developing a woody caudex – a swollen, bulb-like structure at the base of the stem. The leaves have petioles 30–65 mm (1.2–2.6 in) long and are triangular or heart-shaped, 45–153 mm (1.8–6.0 in) long by 45–50 mm (1.8–2.0 in) wide, with a pointed apex and toothed edges (dentate or crenate). The leaves and stems are sparsely covered with short hairs.[4]

Lophospermum erubescens flowers and fruits over a long period, April to the following January in its native habitat. The flowers are borne singly. The calyx has sepals that are broadly ovate, 19–26 mm (0.7–1.0 in) long and 9–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) wide at the base, joined only for the first 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in). The sepal margins curve outwards along about a third or half their length. The flowers have five petals, joined at the base to form a tube 48–63 mm (1.9–2.5 in) long, whitish at the base and pinkish-red to red towards the end. The free lobes at the end of the petals bend outwards. There are two prominent folds (plicae) running along the length of the base of the flower tube, bearing numerous yellow hairs 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) long. There are four fertile stamens, the upper two slightly longer than the lower two, and one rudimentary infertile stamen. The style has a forked stigma.[4]

The ovary is covered with glandular hairs and has two chambers (locules). After fertilization, a more-or-less symmetrical globe-shaped capsule forms, filled with brown seeds, each with a circular "wing" around it.[4]

Taxonomy

Earliest illustration of Lophospermum erubescens

The earliest illustration of Lophospermum erubescens appeared in 1830 in The British Flower Garden. The plant was at first identified as the already known Lophospermum scandens and labelled as such. David Don later realized that it was a new species, and corrected the error in a subsequent note in The British Flower Garden, describing the illustrated plant as a new species, L. erubescens.[5][6] Don did not explain the origin of the specific epithet, but erubescens means reddening or blushing in Latin.[7] Don's correction was not always noticed, with the result that the name L. scandens became associated with the illustration of L. erubescens, creating confusion between the two species.[8]

The distinction between the two species has not always been accepted.[5] Don distinguished L. erubescens from L. scandens by features such as the former's more triangular leaves with shorter hairs, and broader, less sharply pointed sepals.[6] Other differences are that L. erubescens has a more climbing habit than L. scandens, with many twining leaf stalks; the bases of the sepals are joined for only 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) rather than 7–11 mm (0.3–0.4 in); and the folds (plicae) on the base of the inside of the flower tube bear hairs 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) rather than less than 1 mm (0.04 in) long.[4]

Lophospermum erubescens has previously been placed in other genera now considered distinct but related; for example in Maurandya by Samuel Frederick Gray and in Asarina by Francis Whittier Pennell.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Lophospermum erubescens is native to the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains of Mexico where it is found at elevations between 1,000 and 2,200 m (3,300 and 7,200 ft). It grows in the margins of seasonally dry oak or oak-Liquidambar forests, including forest edges created by roads, or on canyon walls.[9]

Through its widespread cultivation, it has become naturalized in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including Colombia, Venezuela, Jamaica and Hawaii,[10] as well as Australia (New South Wales and Queensland).[11]

Ecology

Lophospermum erubescens is pollinated by hummingbirds. Its flowers show characteristic adaptations to this mode of pollination, having sturdy, long-tubed pink to red flowers with open throats, that are more-or-less radially symmetical.[12] The nectar produced by the flowers is also typical of those pollinated by hummingbirds, being high in sucrose and low in glucose relative to fructose.[13]

Cultivation

Lophospermum erubescens has been in cultivation since it was first formally described in 1830.[14] Joseph Paxton wrote in 1836 that it was "a very fine creeper, and deserves growing by every lover of plants."[15] Growing to 2 m (7 ft) or more, it has been described as "easy" to grow in a frost-free location.[16] In areas subject to frost, it will survive if cut down to near ground level and the base and roots protected from freezing over winter.[15] Propagation is by seed or cuttings.[17] In cultivation, forms with all-white flowers are known, including the cultivar 'Bridal Bouquet'.[18]

In horticulture, it is often given names in the genus Maurandya, as noted for example in the RHS Horticultural Database.[19] However, Lophospermum and Maurandya are now regarded as distinct. Maurandya has smooth rather than hairy leaves with entire rather than toothed margins, and smaller flowers with a tube at most about 30 mm (1.2 in) long.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 "Lophospermum erubescens", The Plant List, retrieved 2014-07-14
  2. ↑ "Plants Profile for Lophospermum erubescens (Mexican twist)", The PLANTS Database (USDA, NRCS), retrieved 2014-08-08
  3. ↑ "Lophospermum erubescens", RHS Gardening (Royal Horticultural Society), retrieved 2014-08-08
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Elisens, Wayne J. (1985), "Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae)", Systematic Botany Monographs 5: 1–97, doi:10.2307/25027602, JSTOR 25027602
  5. 1 2 Elisens 1985, p. 75
  6. 1 2 Don, D. (1830), Note to the description of Lophospermum, after t. 75, retrieved 2014-08-06, in Sweet, R. (1831), The British Flower Garden (series 2) 1, London: James Ridgeway
  7. ↑ Stearn, W.T. (2004), Botanical Latin (4th (p/b) ed.), Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, p. 407, ISBN 978-0-7153-1643-6
  8. ↑ Elisens 1985, p. 70
  9. ↑ Elisens 1985, p. 74
  10. ↑ Elisens 1985, pp. 18,75
  11. ↑ Barker, W.R. & Harden, G.J., "Lophospermum erubescens D.Don", New South Wales Flora Online, retrieved 2014-08-07
  12. ↑ Elisens 1985, p. 18
  13. ↑ Elisens, Wayne J. & Freeman, C. Edward (1988), "Floral Nectar Sugar Composition and Pollinator Type Among New World Genera in Tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae)", American Journal of Botany 75 (7): 971–978, doi:10.2307/2443763, JSTOR 2443763
  14. ↑ John Lindley (1830), "Lophospermum erubescens", Edwards's Botanical Register 16, plate 1381
  15. 1 2 Paxton, J. (1836), "Select List of Ornamental Creepers", Paxton's Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants 2: 33–37, retrieved 2014-07-13
  16. ↑ Phillips, R. & Rix, M. (1997), Conservatory and Indoor Plants 2, London: Pan, p. 175, ISBN 978-0-330-37376-0
  17. ↑ Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G. & Cubey, H. Suzanne, eds. (2011), The European Garden Flora, Flowering Plants 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 314–315, ISBN 978-0-52176-164-2
  18. ↑ "Search for Lophospermum", RHS Horticultural Database (Royal Horticultural Society), retrieved 2014-08-09
  19. ↑ "Search for Maurandya", RHS Horticultural Database (Royal Horticultural Society), retrieved 2014-08-09
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