Louisville Cardinals men's basketball
Louisville Cardinals | ||||
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University | University of Louisville | |||
First season | 1911 | |||
All-time record | 1778-892 (.666) | |||
Conference | ACC | |||
Location | Louisville, KY | |||
Head coach | Rick Pitino (15th year) | |||
Arena |
KFC Yum! Center (2010 – present) (cap. 22,800) Freedom Hall (1956–2010) (cap. 18,885) (Capacity: 22,800) | |||
Nickname | Cardinals | |||
Colors |
Red and Black[1] | |||
Uniforms | ||||
| ||||
NCAA Tournament champions | ||||
1980, 1986, 2013 | ||||
NCAA Tournament Final Four | ||||
1959, 1972, 1975, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1986, 2005, 2012, 2013 | ||||
NCAA Tournament Elite Eight | ||||
1959, 1972, 1975, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1997, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015 | ||||
NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen | ||||
1951, 1959, 1961, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 | ||||
NCAA Tournament appearances | ||||
1951, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 | ||||
Conference tournament champions | ||||
1928, 1929, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014 | ||||
Conference regular season champions | ||||
1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1994, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2014 |
The Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team is the men's college basketball program representing the University of Louisville (U of L) in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) of NCAA Division I. The Cardinals have won three NCAA championships (1980, 1986, 2013) and have been to 10 Final Fours (6th all time) in 41 NCAA tournament appearances (5th all time) while compiling 72 tournament wins (6th all time).[2][3]
History
"Peck" Hickman era (1944–1967)
Bernard "Peck" Hickman's 1944 team finished with a 16–3 record and started a string of 46 consecutive winning seasons, which was an NCAA record.[4]
Hickman led Louisville to its first championship on a national level by winning the NAIB Tournament in 1948.[5] In 1956, led by All-American Charlie Tyra, the Cardinals won the NIT Championship.[6] In 1956 his team was placed on two years probation, to include bans on postseason play, by the NCAA due to recruiting violations.[7] In 1959, Louisville made its first NCAA Final Four appearance behind the play of All-American Don Goldstein.
The Cardinals never had a losing season in Hickman's 23 seasons as head coach.[8] He coached 11 20-win teams, appeared in five NCAA tournaments, coached six NIT appearances and finished with a 443–183 overall record, a .708 winning percentage that ranks him in the top 45 all time.
John Dromo (1967–1971)
John Dromo was Hickman's assistant for 17 years and succeeded him at head coach in 1967. In four seasons as head coach, Dromo led the Cardinals to a 68–23 record (.747 winning percentage) and the 1967 Missouri Valley Conference title.
A heart attack during the 1970–71 season forced Dromo to retire. His assistant, Howard Stacey, was named interim head coach for the final 20 games of the season.[9]
Denny Crum era (1971–2001)
Denny Crum was hired as head coach from his alma mater, UCLA, where he was the top assistant coach to John Wooden. It was under the guidance of Crum that Louisville became a college basketball power. In his first season he guided the Cardinals to the NCAA Final Four, becoming the first coach ever to go to a Final Four in his first season as a head coach. Overall, Crum had six Final Fours with the Louisville Cardinals (1972, 1975, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1986). He is fifth all-time in Final Four appearances.[10]
The Cardinals won the 1980 NCAA Tournament championship by defeating UCLA 59–54. Six years later, Louisville would overcome Duke 72–69 for a second title. Crum is one of only 11 coaches to win two or more national championships.[11] He was named National Coach of the Year in 1980, 1983 and 1986.
He took the Cardinals to 23 NCAA tournaments, where they had an overall record of 43–21. While in the Metro Conference, the Cardinals won 12 regular season titles and 11 tournament championships. In its 19 years of naming a champion, the Metro had Louisville as first or second place 17 times. In 1993, Crum became the second fastest coach to reach 500 wins.[12]
Crum was inducted into the Naismith Hall of Fame in 1994. He retired in 2001 with a career record of 675–295 (.696 winning percentage) over 30 seasons. He was a member of the College Basketball Hall of Fame's inaugural class in 2006.
Rick Pitino era (2001–present)
Rick Pitino was hired in 2001 after four years as head coach of the Boston Celtics, and previously as head coach of Louisville's in-state rival, Kentucky. As the No. 1 overall seed, Louisville won the 2013 NCAA Tournament championship, the third NCAA title in program history. Pitino has guided the Cardinals to the NCAA Tournament in 12 of 15 seasons, reaching the Elite Eight six times and the Final Four three times (2005, 2012, 2013). His teams have won six conference tournament championships and four regular season titles. The Cardinals have won at least 20 games every season since Pitino's first season at Louisville. Through the 2015–16 season, Pitino had amassed a record of 391–134 (.745) during his time at Louisville.
He was selected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013,[13] and is under contract through the 2025–26 season.[14]
Notable achievements
As of the end of the 2015–16 season, Louisville had an all-time 1778-892 record in 102 seasons of intercollegiate basketball ranking 10th in all-time victories and 7th in all-time winning percentage among NCAA division I schools. From 1944 to 1990 Louisville had an NCAA-record 46 straight winning seasons, winning 20 or more games on 31 occasions during that period.
Louisville has made 41 NCAA Tournament appearances (5th all-time) and 14 NIT appearances. The Cardinals have reached the NCAA Tournament 32 of the last 40 years (12 of the last 15, 14 of the last 18 years, 20 of last 25). Since the NCAA began keeping Sweet 16 appearance records in 1975, Louisville's 21 Sweet 16s are 5th all-time behind North Carolina (26), Kentucky (25), Duke (24), and Kansas (22). The Cardinals have reached the Elite Eight on 14 occasions, including five of the past nine seasons. Louisville is sixth in tournament victories (75) with a 75–41 overall NCAA Tournament record, reaching the Final Four 10 times.
Louisville is the only school in the nation to have claimed the championship of three major national post-season tournaments including the 1948 NAIA championship, the 1956 NIT title and the 1980, 1986 and 2013 NCAA championships. When the Cardinals won the 2013 title, they became one of only eight programs to have ever won more than two NCAA championships.
By the numbers
Tradition | Number | National Rank |
---|---|---|
All-time NCAA Tournament titles | 3 | t-6th |
All-time NCAA Tournaments | 41 | 5th |
All-time NCAA Tournament Wins | 75 | 6th |
All-time NCAA Final Fours | 10 | T-6th |
All-time victories | 1778 | 10th |
All-time Winning Percentage | .666 | 7th |
Post-season results
National championships
1948 NAIA Tournament Championship
Round | Opponent | Score |
---|---|---|
First Round | South Dakota State | 63–60 |
Sweet 16 | Emporia State | 82–66 |
Elite 8 | Beloit | 85–76 |
Final 4 | Xavier | 56–49 |
Championship | Indiana State | 82–70 |
1956 NIT Championship
Round | Opponent | Score |
---|---|---|
First Round | BYE | |
Elite 8 | Duquesne | 84–72 |
Final 4 | Saint Joseph's | 89–79 |
Championship | Dayton | 93–80 |
1980 NCAA Tournament Championship
Round | Opponent | Score |
---|---|---|
Round #1 | BYE | – |
Round #2 | Kansas State | 71–69 OT |
Sweet 16 | Texas A&M | 66–55 OT |
Elite 8 | LSU | 86–66 |
Final 4 | Iowa | 80–72 |
Championship | UCLA | 59–54 |
1986 NCAA Tournament Championship
Round | Opponent | Score |
---|---|---|
Round #1 | Drexel | 93–73 |
Round #2 | Bradley | 82–56 |
Sweet 16 | North Carolina | 94–79 |
Elite 8 | Auburn | 84–76 |
Final 4 | LSU | 88–77 |
Championship | Duke | 72–69 |
2013 NCAA Tournament Championship
Round | Opponent | Score |
---|---|---|
Round No. 2 | North Carolina A&T | 79–48 |
Round No. 3 | Colorado State | 82–56 |
Sweet 16 | Oregon | 77–69 |
Elite 8 | Duke | 85–63 |
Final 4 | Wichita State | 72–68 |
Championship | Michigan | 82–76 |
NCAA Tournament Final Four history
- 1959–Fourth place
- 1972–Fourth place
- 1975–Third place
- 1980–Champion
- 1982–Semifinalist
- 1983–Semifinalist
- 1986–Champion
- 2005–Semifinalist
- 2012–Semifinalist
- 2013–Champion
NCAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player
NCAA Tournament seeding history
The NCAA began seeding the tournament with the 1979 edition.
Years → | '79 | '80 | '81 | '82 | '83 | '84 | '86 | '88 | '89 | '90 | '92 | '93 | '94 | '95 | '96 | '97 | '99 | '00 | '03 | '04 | '05 | '07 | '08 | '09 | '10 | '11 | '12 | '13 | '14 | '15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seeds→ | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 1* | 9 | 4 | 4 | 1* | 4 | 4 |
* – Overall number one seed. The committee began ranking 1 seeds in 2004.
Complete NCAA Tournament results
The Cardinals have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 41 times. Their combined record is 75–42.
Year | Seed | Round | Opponent | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1951 | Sweet Sixteen | Kentucky | L 68–79 | |
1959 | First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game | Eastern Kentucky Kentucky Michigan State West Virginia Cincinnati | W 77–63 W 76–61 W 88–81 L 79–94 L 85–98 | |
1961 | First Round Sweet Sixteen Regional 3rd Place Game | Ohio Ohio State Morehead State | W 76–70 L 55–56 W 83–61 | |
1964 | First Round | Ohio | L 69–71OT | |
1967 | Sweet Sixteen Regional 3rd Place Game | SMU Kansas | L 81–83 L 68–70 | |
1968 | Sweet Sixteen Regional 3rd Place Game | Houston Kansas State | L 75–91 W 93–63 | |
1972 | Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game | Southwest Louisiana Kansas State UCLA North Carolina | W 88–84 W 72–65 L 77–96 L 91–105 | |
1974 | Sweet Sixteen Regional 3rd Place Game | Oral Roberts Creighton | L 93–96 L 71–80 | |
1975 | First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game | Rutgers Cincinnati Maryland UCLA Syracuse | W 91–78 W 78–63 W 96–82 L 74–75OT W 96–88OT | |
1977 | First Round | UCLA | L 79–87 | |
1978 | First Round Sweet Sixteen | St. John's DePaul | W 76–68 L 89–902OT | |
1979 | #3 | Second Round Sweet Sixteen | #6 South Alabama #2 Arkansas | W 69–66 L 62–73 |
1980 | #2 | Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship | #7 Kansas State #6 Texas A&M #1 LSU #5 Iowa #8 UCLA | W 71–69OT W 66–55OT W 86–66 W 80–72 W 59–54 |
1981 | #4 | Second Round | #5 Arkansas | L 73–74 |
1982 | #3 | Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four | #11 Middle Tennessee #2 Minnesota #4 UAB #1 Georgetown | W 81–56 W 67–61 W 75–68 L 46–50 |
1983 | #1 | Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four | #8 Tennessee #4 Arkansas #3 Kentucky #1 Houston | W 70–57 W 65–63 W 80–68OT L 81–94 |
1984 | #5 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen | #12 Morehead State #4 Tulsa #1 Kentucky | W 72–59 W 69–67 L 67–72 |
1986 | #2 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship | #15 Drexel #7 Bradley #3 North Carolina #8 Auburn #11 LSU #1 Duke | W 93–73 W 82–68 W 94–79 W 84–76 W 88–77 W 72–69 |
1988 | #5 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen | #12 Oregon State #4 BYU #1 Oklahoma | W 70–61 W 97–76 L 98–108 |
1989 | #4 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen | #13 Arkansas–Little Rock #5 Arkansas #1 Illinois | W 76–71 W 93–84 L 69–83 |
1990 | #4 | First Round Second Round | #13 Idaho #12 Ball State | W 78–59 L 60–62 |
1992 | #8 | First Round Second Round | #9 Wake Forest #1 UCLA | W 81–58 L 69–85 |
1993 | #4 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen | #13 Delaware #5 Oklahoma State #1 Indiana | W 76–70 W 78–63 L 69–82 |
1994 | #3 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen | #14 Boise State #6 Minnesota #2 Arizona | W 67–58 W 60–55 L 70–82 |
1995 | #11 | First Round | #6 Memphis | L 56–77 |
1996 | #6 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen | #11 Tulsa #3 Villanova #2 Wake Forest | W 82–80OT W 68–64 L 59–60 |
1997 | #6 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight | #11 Massachusetts #3 New Mexico #10 Texas #1 North Carolina | W 65–57 W 64–63 W 78–63 L 74–97 |
1999 | #10 | First Round | #10 Creighton | L 58–62 |
2000 | #7 | First Round | #10 Gonzaga | L 66–77 |
2003 | #4 | First Round Second Round | #13 Austin Peay #12 Butler | W 86–64 L 79–71 |
2004 | #10 | First Round | #7 Xavier | L 70–80 |
2005 | #4 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four | #13 Louisiana–Lafayette #5 Georgia Tech #1 Washington #7 West Virginia #1 Illinois | W 68–62 W 76–54 W 93–79 W 93–85OT L 57–72 |
2007 | #6 | First Round Second Round | #11 Stanford #3 Texas A&M | W 78–58 L 69–72 |
2008 | #3 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight | #14 Boise State #6 Oklahoma #2 Tennessee #1 North Carolina | W 79–61 W 78–48 W 79–60 L 73–83 |
2009 | #1 | First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight | #16 Morehead State #9 Siena #12 Arizona #2 Michigan State | W 74–54 W 79–72 W 103–64 L 52–64 |
2010 | #9 | First Round | #8 California | L 62–77 |
2011 | #4 | Second Round | #13 Morehead State | L 61–62 |
2012 | #4 | Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four | #13 Davidson #5 New Mexico #1 Michigan State #7 Florida #1 Kentucky | W 69–62 W 59–56 W 57–44 W 72–68 L 61–69 |
2013 | #1 | Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship | #16 North Carolina A&T #8 Colorado State #12 Oregon #2 Duke #9 Wichita State #4 Michigan | W 79–48 W 82–56 W 77–69 W 85–63 W 72–68 W 82–76 |
2014 | #4 | Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen | #13 Manhattan #5 Saint Louis #8 Kentucky | W 71–64 W 66–51 L 69–74 |
2015 | #4 | Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight | #13 UC Irvine #5 Northern Iowa #8 NC State #7 Michigan State | W 57–55 W 66–53 W 75–65 L 70–76 OT |
Complete NIT results
The Cardinals have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) 14 times. Their combined record is 14–14.
Year | Round | Opponent | Result |
---|---|---|---|
1951 | First Round | WKU | L 59–62 |
1953 | First Round Quarterfinals | Georgetown Manhattan | W 92–79 L 66–79 |
1954 | First Round | St. Francis (NY) | L 55–60 |
1955 | First Round Quarterfinals | Manhattan Duquesne | W 91–86 L 66–74 |
1956 | Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals | Duquesne Saint Joseph's Dayton | W 84–72 W 89–79 W 93–80 |
1966 | First Round | Boston College | L 90–96 |
1969 | First Round Quarterfinals | Fordham Boston College | W 73–70 L 83–88 |
1970 | First Round | Oklahoma | L 73–74 |
1971 | First Round | Providence | L 58–64 |
1973 | First Round Quarterfinals | American Notre Dame | W 97–84 L 71–79 |
1976 | Quarterfinals | Providence | L 67–73 |
1985 | First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 3rd Place Game | Alcorn State South Florida Chattanooga UCLA Tennessee | W 77–75 W 68–61 W 71–66 L 66–75 L 84–100 |
2002 | First Round Second Round | Princeton Temple | W 66–65 L 62–65 |
2006 | First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals | Delaware State Clemson Missouri State South Carolina | W 71–54 W 74–68 W 74–56 L 63–78 |
Regular season conference championships
The Cardinals have won 23 conference regular season championships.
Since the 2014–15 season they have played in the Atlantic Coast Conference . Before that, they belonged to the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from the 1925–26 to 1947–48 seasons, the Ohio Valley Conference for the 1948–49 season, the Missouri Valley Conference from 1964–65 to 1974–75, the Metro Conference from 1975–76 to 1994–95, Conference USA from 1995–96 to 2004–05, the Big East Conference from 2005–06 to 2012–13, and the American Athletic Conference in 2013–14.
They played as an independent school from 1911–12 to 1924–25 and from 1949–50 to 1963–64 (29 total seasons).
- Missouri Valley Conference (7)
- 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975 [15]
- Metro Conference (12)
- 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1994 [16]
- Conference USA (1)
- 2005
- Big East Conference (2)
- 2009, 2013
- American Athletic Conference (1)
- 2014
Conference tournament championships
The Cardinal have won 19 conference tournament championships.
- Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Tournament (2)
- 1928, 1929
- 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995 [16]
- 2003, 2005.
Season by season results
The following is according to Louisville's 2011–12 media guide[17] plus the results from the Louisville Athletics web site as of 01–28–12.[18]
Season | Coach | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1911–12 | Craig Sand | 0–3 | — | — | — | ||||
1912–13 | Captains | 2–3 | — | — | — | ||||
1913–14 | Captains | 2–6 | — | — | — | ||||
1914–15 | Captains | 4–5 | — | — | — | ||||
1915–16 | Ed Bowman | 8–3 | — | — | — | ||||
1916–17 | No Formal Team | Season cancelled | — | — | — | ||||
1917–18 | Ed Bowman | 3–4 | — | — | — | ||||
1918–19 | Earl Ford | 7–4 | — | — | — | ||||
1919–20 | Tuley Brucker | 6–5 | — | — | — | ||||
1920–21 | Jimmie Powers | 3–8 | — | — | — | ||||
1921–22 | John T. O'Rouke | 1–13 | — | — | — | ||||
1922–23 | No Formal Team | Season cancelled | — | — | — | ||||
Fred Enke (KIAC & SIAA) (1923–1925) | |||||||||
1923–24 | Fred Enke | 4–13 | — | — | — | ||||
1924–25 | Fred Enke | 10–7 | — | — | — | ||||
Fred Enke: | 14–20 | ||||||||
Tom King (KIAC& SIAA) (1925–1930) | |||||||||
1925–26 | Tom King | 4–8 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1926–27 | Tom King | 7–5 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1927–28 | Tom King | 12–4 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Champion | ||||
1928–29 | Tom King | 12–8 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Champion | ||||
1929–30 | Tom King | 9–6 | — | — | KIAC and SIAA Tournament Participant | ||||
Tom King: | 44–21 | ||||||||
Edward Weber (KIAC & SIAA) (1930–1932) | |||||||||
1930–31 | Edward Weber | 5–11 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1931–32 | Edward Weber | 15–7 | — | — | KIAC and SIAA Tournament Participant | ||||
Edward Weber: | 20–18 | ||||||||
C.V. Money (KIAC & SIAA) (1932–1936) | |||||||||
1932–33 | C.V. Money | 11–11 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1933–34 | C.V. Money | 16–9 | — | — | KIAC and SIAA Tournament Participant | ||||
1934–35 | C.V. Money | 5–9 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1935–36 | C.V. Money | 14–11 | — | — | KIAC and SIAA Tournament Participant | ||||
C.V. Money: | 46–40 | ||||||||
Lawrence Apitz (KIAC & SIAA) (1936–1940) | |||||||||
1936–37 | Lawrence Apitz | 4–8 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1937–38 | Lawrence Apitz | 4–11 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1938–39 | Lawrence Apitz | 1–15 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1939–40 | Lawrence Apitz | 1–18 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
Lawrence Apitz: | 10–52 | ||||||||
John C. Heldman, Jr. (KIAC & SIAA) (1940–1942) | |||||||||
1940–41 | John C. Heldman, Jr. | 2–14 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1941–42 | John C. Heldman, Jr. | 7–10 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
John C. Heldman, Jr.: | 9–24 | ||||||||
No Team (World War II) (1942–1943) | |||||||||
1942–43 | No Formal Team | Season cancelled | — | — | — | ||||
Harold Church and Walter Casey (KIAC) (1943–1944) | |||||||||
1943–44 | Harold Church and Walter Casey |
10–10 | — | — | — | ||||
Harold Church and Walter Casey: | 10–10 | ||||||||
Bernard Hickman (KIAC) (1944–1948) | |||||||||
1944–45 | Bernard Hickman | 16–3 | — | — | — | ||||
1945–46 | Bernard Hickman | 22–6 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1946–47 | Bernard Hickman | 17–6 | — | — | KIAC Tournament Participant | ||||
1947–48 | Bernard Hickman | 29–6 | — | — | NAIB Champion | ||||
Bernard Hickman (Ohio Valley Conference) (1948–1949) | |||||||||
1948–49 | Bernard Hickman | 23–10 | — | — | — | ||||
Bernard Hickman (Independent) (1949–1964) | |||||||||
1949–50 | Bernard Hickman | 21–11 | — | — | — | ||||
1950–51 | Bernard Hickman | 19–7 | — | — | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1951–52 | Bernard Hickman | 20–6 | — | — | NIT Participant | ||||
1952–53 | Bernard Hickman | 22–6 | — | — | NIT Elite Eight | ||||
1953–54 | Bernard Hickman | 22–7 | — | — | NIT Participant | ||||
1954–55 | Bernard Hickman | 19–8 | — | — | NIT Elite Eight | ||||
1955–56 | Bernard Hickman | 26–3 | — | — | NIT Champion | ||||
1956–57 | Bernard Hickman | 21–5 | — | — | — | ||||
1957–58 | Bernard Hickman | 13–12 | — | — | — | ||||
1958–59 | Bernard Hickman | 19–12 | — | — | NCAA Tournament Final Four | ||||
1959–60 | Bernard Hickman | 15–11 | — | — | — | ||||
1960–61 | Bernard Hickman | 21–8 | — | — | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1961–62 | Bernard Hickman | 15–10 | — | — | — | ||||
1962–63 | Bernard Hickman | 14–11 | — | — | — | ||||
1963–64 | Bernard Hickman | 15–10 | — | — | NCAA Tournament Participant | ||||
Bernard Hickman (Missouri Valley Conference) (1964–1967) | |||||||||
1964–65 | Bernard Hickman | 15–10 | — | — | — | ||||
1965–66 | Bernard Hickman | 16–10 | 8–6 | 4th | NIT Participant | ||||
1966–67 | Bernard Hickman | 23–5 | 12–2 | 1st | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
Bernard Hickman: | 443–183 | ||||||||
John Dromo – Missouri Valley Conference (1967–1971) | |||||||||
1967–68 | John Dromo | 21–7 | 14–2 | 1st | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1968–69 | John Dromo | 21–6 | 13–3 | 2nd | NIT Elite Eight | ||||
1969–70 | John Dromo | 18–9 | 11–5 | 3rd | NIT Participant | ||||
1970–71 | John Dromo and Howard Stacey |
20–9 | 9–5 | T-1st | NIT Participant | ||||
John Dromo: | 68–23 | 38–10 | |||||||
Howard Stacey: | 12–8 | 9–5 | |||||||
Denny Crum – Missouri Valley Conference (1971–1975) | |||||||||
1971–72 | Denny Crum | 26–5 | 12–2 | T-1st | NCAA Final Four | ||||
1972–73 | Denny Crum | 23–7 | 11–3 | 2nd | NIT Elite Eight | ||||
1973–74 | Denny Crum | 21–7 | 11–1 | 1st | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1974–75 | Denny Crum | 28–3 | 12–2 | 1st | NCAA Final Four | ||||
Denny Crum – Metro Conference (1975–1996) | |||||||||
1975–76 | Denny Crum | 20–8 | 2–2 | 2nd | NIT Elite Eight | ||||
1976–77 | Denny Crum | 21–7 | 6–1 | 1st | NCAA Tournament Participant | ||||
1977–78 | Denny Crum | 23–7 | 9–3 | 2nd | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1978–79 | Denny Crum | 24–8 | 9–1 | 1st | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1979–80 | Denny Crum | 33–3 | 12–0 | 1st | NCAA Champion | ||||
1980–81 | Denny Crum | 21–9 | 11–1 | 1st | NCAA Tournament 2nd Round | ||||
1981–82 | Denny Crum | 23–10 | 8–4 | 2nd | NCAA Final Four | ||||
1982–83 | Denny Crum | 32–4 | 12–0 | 1st | NCAA Final Four | ||||
1983–84 | Denny Crum | 24–11 | 11–3 | T-1st | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1984–85 | Denny Crum | 19–18 | 6–8 | T-4th | NIT Final Four | ||||
1985–86 | Denny Crum | 32–7 | 10–2 | 1st | NCAA Champion | ||||
1986–87 | Denny Crum | 18–14 | 9–3 | 1st | — | ||||
1987–88 | Denny Crum | 24–11 | 9–3 | 1st | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1988–89 | Denny Crum | 24–9 | 8–4 | T-2nd | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1989–90 | Denny Crum | 27–8 | 12–2 | 1st | NCAA Tournament 2nd Round | ||||
1990–91 | Denny Crum | 14–16 | 4–10 | 8th | — | ||||
1991–92 | Denny Crum | 19–11 | 7–5 | T-2nd | NCAA Tournament 2nd Round | ||||
1992–93 | Denny Crum | 22–9 | 11–1 | 1st | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1993–94 | Denny Crum | 28–6 | 10–2 | 1st | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1994–95 | Denny Crum | 19–14 | 7–5 | T-2nd | NCAA Tournament Participant | ||||
Denny Crum – Conference USA (1996–2001) | |||||||||
1995–96 | Denny Crum | 22–12 | 10–4 | T-3rd | NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 | ||||
1996–97 | Denny Crum | 26–9 | 9–5 | T-5th | NCAA Tournament Elite Eight | ||||
1997–98 | Denny Crum | 12–20 | 5–11 | 5th (American Division) | — | ||||
1998–99 | Denny Crum | 19–11 | 11–5 | 2nd (American) | NCAA Tournament Participant | ||||
1999–00 | Denny Crum | 19–12 | 10–6 | 2nd (American) | NCAA Tournament Participant | ||||
2000–01 | Denny Crum | 12–19 | 8–8 | T-5 (American) | — | ||||
Denny Crum: | 675–295 | ||||||||
Rick Pitino – Conference USA (2001–2005) | |||||||||
2001–02 | Rick Pitino | 19–13 | 8–8 | 5th (American) | NIT Sweet 16 | ||||
2002–03 | Rick Pitino | 25–7 | 11–5 | 2nd (American) | NCAA Tournament 2nd Round | ||||
2003–04 | Rick Pitino | 20–10 | 9–7 | T-6th | NCAA Tournament First Round | ||||
2004–05 | Rick Pitino | 33–5 | 14–2 | 1st | NCAA Final Four | ||||
Rick Pitino – Big East (2005–2013) | |||||||||
2005–06 | Rick Pitino | 21–13 | 6–10 | 11th | NIT Final Four | ||||
2006–07 | Rick Pitino | 24–10 | 12–4 | 2nd | NCAA Tournament 2nd Round | ||||
2007–08 | Rick Pitino | 27–9 | 14–4 | 2nd | NCAA Tournament Elite Eight | ||||
2008–09 | Rick Pitino | 31–6 | 16–2 | 1st | NCAA Tournament Elite Eight | ||||
2009–10 | Rick Pitino | 20–13 | 11–7 | 2nd | NCAA Tournament First Round | ||||
2010–11 | Rick Pitino | 25–10 | 12–6 | 4th | NCAA Tournament Round of 64 | ||||
2011–12 | Rick Pitino | 30–10 | 10–8 | 7th | NCAA Final Four | ||||
2012–13 | Rick Pitino | 35–5 | 14–4 | 1st | NCAA Champion | ||||
Rick Pitino – American Athletic Conference (2013–2014) | |||||||||
2013–14 | Rick Pitino | 31–6 | 16–3 | T-1st | NCAA Sweet 16 | ||||
Rick Pitino – Atlantic Coast Conference (2014–present) | |||||||||
2014–15 | Rick Pitino | 27–9 | 12–6 | 4th | NCAA Tournament Elite Eight | ||||
2015–16 | Rick Pitino | 23–8 | 12–6 | 4th | |||||
Rick Pitino: | 391–135 | ||||||||
Total: | 1778-892 | ||||||||
National champion
Postseason invitational champion
|
KIAC – Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
SIAA – Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
NAIB – National Association for Intercollegiate Basketball
NAIA – National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics was NAIB until 1952 when they picked up other sports.[19]
NIT – National Invitation Tournament
NCAA – National Collegiate Athletic Association
Notable Cardinals
Retired numbers
Retired numbers | ||
---|---|---|
Number | Player | Years |
8 | Charlie Tyra | 1954–57 |
31 | Wes Unseld | 1966–68 |
35 | Darrell Griffith | 1977–80 |
42 | Pervis Ellison | 1986–89 |
Louisville basketball has honored four former players by retiring their numbers. These are the last players to wear these numbers for a Louisville men's squad:
- Charlie Tyra #8 – A consensus All-American during the 1956 and 1957 seasons, Charlie Tyra led the University of Louisville to its first NIT title in 1956 and was named the tournament's MVP for his performance. Tyra was named Helms Athletic Foundation All-American in his junior and senior years. One of only five Cardinals to record over 1,000 rebounds in his career, Tyra ranks as the all-time rebounder in U of L history with 1,617. During the 1955–56 season, Tyra pulled down 645 rebounds, a mark that has been bettered by only three other players in NCAA history. He set the Louisville record for most rebounds in a game when he pulled down 38 against Canisius during the 1955–56 season. In his four seasons with Louisville, he helped his teams to a combined record of 88–23 and three straight NIT appearances. Tyra ranks third in career free throws made (448), second in career rebounding average (17.0), fourth in career scoring average (18.2), eighth in career scorers (1,728 points) and eighth in field goals made (640). Tyra is one of only four players in UofL history to score 40 points or more in a game (achieved against Notre Dame when he hit 12 of 16 field goals and all 16 of his free throw attempts). Tyra died on December 29, 2006, at the age of 71. He was drafted #2 by in the Detroit Pistons in the 1957 NBA draft.
- Wes Unseld #31 – When Wes Unseld ended his career with the University of Louisville following the 1967–68 season, he left as the Cardinals' all-time leading scorer for a three-year player. Today, Unseld ranks 10th on the all-time scoring list, but his career point total of 1,686 is still tops for a three-year player. A consensus All-American during his junior and senior years, Unseld is one of only five other Cardinal players to pull down over 1,000 rebounds in his career. His 1,551 career rebounds ranks second behind Tyra's 1,617. Unseld began his senior season with a 45-point effort against Georgetown College, a UofL record that still stands today. Unseld, chosen as second player overall in the NBA draft by Baltimore, was honored on the All-Missouri Valley Conference team all three years at UofL and the Cardinals were 60–22 during his three seasons. During his junior year, Unseld led the Cardinals to a final No. 2 ranking in both wire service polls. Unseld's 20.6 scoring average still ranks as the top scoring average in Louisville history. His 18.9 rebounding average also ranks as the top average for a Cardinal. While playing on the Cardinals' freshmen team, Unseld averaged 35.8 points and 23.6 rebounds, and hit 68.6 percent from the field.
- Darrell Griffith #35 – The 1980 Player of the Year and consensus first team All-American led Louisville to four consecutive NCAA tournament appearances, winning the 1980 Championship as he had promised when he committed to his hometown Cardinals. Griffith's career 2333 points and single-season 825 points rank first in Louisville history. He scored in double figures in 41 straight games and 111 of his 126 games with the Cardinals. His play earned him the nickname "Dr. Dunkenstein".[20] He was drafted #2 by the Utah Jazz in the 1980 NBA draft.
- Pervis Ellison #42 – Ellison won the 1986 NCAA Tournament MOP award after leading the Cardinals to their second NCAA Tournament Championship. A consensus first team All-American in 1989, he is the only Louisville player to score 2000 points and grab 1000 rebounds in a career. His 374 career rejections rank first at Louisville and ranked Ellison third all time in the NCAA when he left in 1989. He was drafted #1 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1989 NBA draft.
Cardinals in the Hall of Fame
Louisville has three representatives in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame: Cardinal All-American and former Washington Bullets All-Star Wes Unseld, who was inducted in 1988, former coach Denny Crum, who was inducted in 1994, and coach Rick Pitino, who was inducted in 2013. Darrell Griffith, a national player of the year and consensus All-American at the University of Louisville, is part of the 2014 induction class for the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame.
National Player of the Year awards
- 1980 – Darrell Griffith (John R. Wooden Award)
All-Americans
Twenty one Louisville players have earned 25 All American selections. 7 players received 8 consensus All-American selections.[21][22]
Consensus selections
- 1957– Charlie Tyra
- 1967– Wes Unseld
- 1968– Wes Unseld
- 1972– Jim Price
- 1980– Darrell Griffith
- 1989– Pervis Ellison
- 1994– Clifford Rozier
- 2014– Russ Smith
Other selections
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Other major national awards
- 2013 – Peyton Siva (Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award – top Division I senior no taller than 6 feet/1.83 m)
- 2014 – Russ Smith (Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award)
- 2015 - Montrezl Harrell (Karl Malone Award)
Honored jerseys
Louisville has honored the jerseys of 20 former players. Their numbers remain active.
Honored Jerseys | |||
---|---|---|---|
Number | Player | Position | Years |
14 | Alfred "Butch" Beard | Guard | 1966–69 |
10 | Ulysses "Junior" Bridgeman | Guard/Forward | 1972–75 |
16 | Jack Coleman | Forward/Center | 1946–49 |
24 | Don Goldstein | Forward | 1956–59 |
4 | Lancaster Gordon | Guard | 1980–84 |
13 | George Hauptfuhrer | Center | 1944–46 |
20 | Bob Lochmueller | Forward | 1949–52 |
22 | Rodney McCray | Forward/Center | 1979–83 |
12 | Jim Morgan | Guard | 1953–57 |
20 | Allen Murphy | Guard/Forward | 1972–75 |
16 | Chuck Noble | Forward/Guard | 1950–54 |
13 | Bud Olsen | Center | 1959–62 |
15 | Jim Price | Guard | 1969–72 |
13 | Kenny Reeves | Guard | 1946–50 |
9 | Phil Rollins | Guard | 1952–56 |
43 | Derek Smith | Guard/Forward | 1978–82 |
55 | Billy Thompson | Forward | 1982–86 |
22 | John Turner | Forward | 1958–61 |
20 | Milt Wagner | Guard | 1981–86 |
32 | DeJuan Wheat | Guard | 1993–97 |
Conference Player of the Year
Key
† | Co-Players of the Year |
Player (X) | Denotes the number of times the player has been awarded the Player of the Year award at that point |
Missouri Valley Conference Player of the Year | |||
---|---|---|---|
Season | Player | Position | Class |
1973–74 | Bridgeman, JuniorJunior Bridgeman | Small forward | Junior |
1974–75 | Bridgeman, JuniorJunior Bridgeman (2) | Small forward | Senior |
Metro Conference Player of the Year | |||
Season | Player | Position | Class |
1977–78† | Wilson, RickRick Wilson | Shooting guard/Point guard | Senior |
1979–80 | Griffith, DarrellDarrell Griffith | Shooting guard | Senior |
1980–81† | Smith, DerekDerek Smith | Shooting guard | Junior |
1982–83 | McCray, RodneyRodney McCray | Small forward | Senior |
1986–87 | Crook, HerbertHerbert Crook | Small forward/Shooting guard | Junior |
1987–88† | Ellison, PervisPervis Ellison | Center | Junior |
1992–93 | Rozier, CliffordClifford Rozier | Center | Sophomore |
1993–94 | Rozier, CliffordClifford Rozier (2) | Center | Junior |
Conference Tournament Most Outstanding Player
1000-point scorers
As of 2015, Louisville has 67 1000-point career scorers, second only to North Carolina for most all time.[23]
Cardinals in the pros
The Cardinals have had 64 players taken in the NBA Draft, the most recent being Terry Rozier and Montrezl Harrell, who were chosen in the 2015 NBA Draft. 28 former Cardinal players are playing professional basketball, with three of those (Gorgui Dieng, Harrell, and Rozier) currently playing in the NBA.
* – player has been drafted by the listed team but has not yet played professionally.
Several other former players have played in the NBA, including:
- Butch Beard
- Junior Bridgeman
- Jack Coleman
- Wesley Cox
- Pervis Ellison
- Lancaster Gordon
- Darrell Griffith
- Rodney McCray
- Scooter McCray
- Greg Minor
- Dwayne Morton
- Kenny Payne
- Jim Price
- Clifford Rozier
- Derek Smith
- LaBradford Smith
- Felton Spencer
- Barry Sumpter
- Billy Thompson
- Charlie Tyra
- Wes Unseld
- Milt Wagner
- Samaki Walker
- Rick Wilson
- Terrence Williams
Facilities
Home courts
KFC Yum! Center (2010–present)
Since the 2010–11 season the Cardinals have played their home games at the KFC Yum! Center located along the banks of the Ohio River in downtown Louisville. Louisville has a 99–14 record (.876) in 6 seasons in the KFC Yum! Center. (current 03–01-16) [28][29]
The facility has a seating capacity of 22,800 with 71 suites and 62 loge boxes.[30] It is the second-largest college arena in the Commonwealth (behind only Kentucky's Rupp Arena) and the third-largest in the nation (behind only Syracuse's Carrier Dome and Rupp Arena). Louisville ranked among the top 3 in attendance in the first three seasons at the KFC Yum! Center.[31] The attendance record of 22,815 was set on March 9, 2013 against #24 Notre Dame.
The playing surface at the KFC Yum! Center is named Denny Crum Court in honor of Hall of Fame coach Denny Crum. The University of Louisville first renamed its home court after Crum in January 2007.[32]
Since the opening of the KFC Yum Center, the University of Louisville has become the most valuable college basketball team in the nation. In 2012 the Cardinals were worth $36.1 million, up nearly 40% from two years earlier, before the Yum Center opened.[33]
Freedom Hall (1956–2010)
From 1956 to the completion of the KFC Yum! Center in 2010, the Cardinals played their home games at Freedom Hall. Louisville had a 664–136 record in 54 seasons in Freedom Hall (.83 winning percentage). Freedom Hall has been the site of six NCAA Final Fours, four additional NCAA events and 10 conference tournaments. ESPN College Basketball magazine once named Freedom Hall as the nation's "Best Playing Floor."
Louisville ranked among the top 10 nationally in average home attendance at Freedom Hall for 31 years, including the last 28 in the nation's top five (19,397 in '09-10, third in the nation). In 2010, a new Freedom Hall attendance record was set when 20,135 fans witnessed the Cardinals defeat the #1 ranked Syracuse Orange in the final University of Louisville game in the arena.[34]
Jefferson County Armory (1945–72)
Jefferson County Armory was the primary home of Louisville Cardinals basketball starting in 1945 when Bernard "Peck" Hickman was head coach until the 1957–58 season, when Freedom Hall became their primary home game site. The Cardinals played 10 of their home games in the Jefferson County Armory in 1956–57 and three games in Freedom Hall. Louisville played one game at the armory in 1958–59.In the 1960s the armory was renamed the Louisville Convention Center. The Cardinals played two games at the Convention Center in 1963–64 and three games in the Convention Center in 1964–65. The last game the Cardinals played there was November 30, 1972. Louisville was 153–23 all time at the Jefferson County Armory which is now named the Louisville Gardens.[35][36]
Belknap Gymnasium (1931–44)
After playing home games at numerous venues in its early years, the Cardinals moved to the newly constructed Belknap Gymnasium in 1931. The gym housed 600 bleacher seats and the baskets were mounted directly to the wall. Louisville compiled a 56–35 (.615 winning percentage) before moving to the Jefferson County Armory. The gym was razed in 1993 to make way for Lutz Hall.[37]
Practice facilities
The Yum! Center (2007–present)
Since 2007 the Cardinals have practiced at the $15.2 million, 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) Yum! Center on campus. The Yum! Center houses the teams basketball offices, practice facilities, film room and training areas.
See also
- Louisville–Memphis rivalry
- Kentucky–Louisville rivalry
- Big East Conference rivalries
- List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins
References
- ↑ "Primary Color Palette". University of Louisville. March 23, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
- ↑ "2011 NCAA Men's Final Four Statistics" (PDF). 2011 NCAA Men's Basketball Statistics. National Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ↑ "2015-16 Louisville Basketball Guide" (PDF). University of Louisville. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- ↑ "Louisville Basketball Media Guide". Louisville Basketball Media Guide. University of Louisville Athletic Department. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ↑ "NAIA DIVISION I MEN'S BASKETBALL" (PDF). NAIA DIVISION I MEN'S BASKETBALL. NAIA. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- ↑ "NIT Postseason Tournament Results (1950's)". NIT Postseason Tournament Results (1950's). NCAA. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- ↑ http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19560503-01.2.23&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------
- ↑ "Former Hoop Coach/AD Hickman Dies". University of Louisville Athletic Department. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- ↑ "Louisville Cardinal Head Coaches". Louisville Cardinal Head Coaches. University of Louisville. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ↑ "ESPN.com - NCB - The Denny Crum Legacy".
- ↑ "Player Bio: Denny Crum :: Men's Basketball". Archived from the original on October 26, 2006.
- ↑ "Official Website of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame - Hall of Famers". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007.
- ↑ "The Enshrinement Class of 2013". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
- ↑ "U of L extends Pitino's contract". Courier-Journal. Courier-Journal. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
- ↑ "Missouri Valley Conference Index | College Basketball at". Sports-reference.com. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- 1 2 "Metropolitan Collegiate Athletic Conference Index | College Basketball at". Sports-reference.com. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- ↑ "Louisville Basketball Media Guide 2011–12". Louisville Basketball Media Guide 2011–12. University of Louisville Athletic Department. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ↑ "Louisville Men's Basketball Results 2011–12". Louisville Men's Basketball Results 2011–12. University of Louisville Athletic Department. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ↑ "History & Archives". NAIA Hoops. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- ↑ John Papanek. "A Rookie Gives The Jazz Pizzazz". Sports Illustrated. December 8, 1980. Retrieved on February 1, 2010.
- ↑ "Division I Consensus All-American Selections" (PDF). Division I Consensus All-American Selections. NCAA. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ↑ "Louisville All-Americans". Louisville All-Americans. University of Louisville Athletic Department. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ↑ "Louisville Basketball Media Guide 2010–11". Louisville Basketball Media Guide 2010–11. University of Louisville Athletic Department.
- ↑ "NBA Development League: Vipers Roster". Nba.com. November 25, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- ↑ "OTIS GEORGE basketball profile". Retrieved December 19, 2010.
- ↑ "Info teams". Ethias League. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- 1 2 "NBA Development League: 2011–2012 Armor Regular Season Statistics". Nba.com. January 1, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- ↑ "2015-16 Louisville Basketball Media Guide" (PDF). University of Louisville. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- ↑ "Louisville Men's Basketball Schedule and Results". gocards.com. University of Louisville. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- ↑ "Men's Basketball Information Guide". Men's Basketball Information Guide. University of Louisville Athletic Department. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ↑ "NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Attendance Leaders Year-by-Year (1970–2011)" (PDF). NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Attendance Leaders Year-by-Year (1970–2012). National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
- ↑ "Court at KFC Yum! Center still honors Crum". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
- ↑ Smith, Chris. "College Basketball's Most Valuable Teams 2014: Louisville Cardinals On Top Again". Retrieved 2015-09-18.
- ↑ "Louisville Surprises No. 1 Syracuse". New Tork Times. March 6, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ↑ "Louisville basketball has had many homes before the KFC Yum! Center | The Courier-Journal". courier-journal.com. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
- ↑ pg.145
- ↑ "University of Louisville Library Digital Collections". University of Louisville Library Digital Collections. University of Louisville. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
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