Lower motor neuron

Lower motor neurons (LMNs) are motor neurons located in either the anterior grey column, anterior nerve roots (spinal lower motor neurons) or the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem and cranial nerves with motor function (cranial nerve lower motor neurons).^[1] All voluntary movement relies on spinal lower motor neurons, which innervate skeletal muscle fibers and act as a link between upper motor neurons and muscles.^[2][3] Cranial nerve lower motor neurons control movements of the eyes and tongue, and contribute to chewing, swallowing and vocalization.^[4] Damage to the lower motor neuron can lead to flaccid paralysis.

Classification

Lower motor neurons are classified based on the type of muscle fiber they innervate:

• Alpha motor neurons (α-MNs) innervate extrafusal muscle fibers, the most numerous type of muscle fiber and the one involved in muscle contraction.
• Beta motor neurons (β-MNs) innervate intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles with collaterals to extrafusal fibers (type of slow twitch fibers).
• Gamma motor neurons (γ-MNs) innervate intrafusal muscle fibers, which together with sensory afferents compose muscle spindles. These are part of the system for sensing body position (proprioception).

Physiology

Glutamate released from the upper motor neurons triggers depolarization in the lower motor neurons in the anterior grey column, which in turn causes an action potential to propagate the length of the axon to the neuromuscular junction where acetylcholine is released to carry the signal across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic receptors of the muscle cell membrane, signaling the muscle to contract.

Consequences of lesions

Damage to lower motor neurons, lower motor neuron lesions (LMNL) cause muscle atrophy, decreased strength and decreased reflexes in affected areas. These findings are in contrast to findings in upper motor neuron lesions. LMNL is indicated by abnormal EMG potentials, fasciculations, paralysis, weakening of muscles, and neurogenic atrophy of skeletal muscle. Bell's Palsy, Bulbar palsy, Poliomyelitis and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are all pathologies associated with lower motor neuron dysfunction.^[5][6]

See also

• Upper motor neuron
• Upper motor neuron lesion
• Lower motor neuron lesion

References

1. Fletcher, T.F. "Clinical Neuroanatomy Guide". Retrieved 8 November 2013.
2. Burke, Robert (2007). "Sir Charles Sherrington's The integrative action of the nervous system: a centenary appreciation". Brain 130 (4): 887–894. doi:10.1093/brain/awm022. PMID 17438014. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
3. Bear, Connors, Paradiso (2007). Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 426–432. ISBN 978-0-7817-6003-4.
4. Saim, Muhammad. "Upper and Lower Motor Neurons". Retrieved 8 November 2013.
5. Sanders, RD (Jan 2010). "The Trigeminal (V) and Facial (VII) Cranial Nerves: Head and Face Sensation and Movement.". Psychiatry (Edgmont) 7 (1): 13–6. PMID 20386632. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
6. Van den Berg, et. al (Nov 2003). "The spectrum of lower motor neuron syndromes". J. Neurol. 250 (11): 1279–92. doi:10.1007/s00415-003-0235-9. PMID 14648143. Retrieved 8 November 2013.

Motor system