Loyola University Maryland

For other places with the same name, see Loyola University (disambiguation).
Loyola University Maryland
Latin: Universitas Loyolaae Marylandia
Former names
 Loyola College in Maryland (1852–2009)
Motto Strong Truths Well Lived
Type Private Nonprofit
Research Coeducational
Established 1852[1]
Religious affiliation
 Roman Catholic (Jesuit)
Academic affiliation
 AJCU ACCU
NAICU CIC
Endowment $206.3 million (2015)[2]
President Rev. Brian F. Linnane
Academic staff
 591[3]
Students 6,050 (Fall 2015)[3]
Undergraduates 4,068 (Fall 2015)[3]
Postgraduates 1,982 (Fall 2015)[3]
Location Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
39°20′46″N 76°37′08″W / 39.34611°N 76.61889°W / 39.34611; -76.61889Coordinates: 39°20′46″N 76°37′08″W / 39.34611°N 76.61889°W / 39.34611; -76.61889
Campus Suburban - 99 acres (40.1 ha)
Fight Song "Howl for the Hounds"
Colors Green & Gray
         
Athletics NCAA Division I
Patriot League
Sports 17 varsity sports teams[4]
(8 men's and 9 women's)
Nickname Greyhounds
Mascot Greyhound
Website www.loyola.edu

Loyola University Maryland is a Roman Catholic, Jesuit private university located within the Archdiocese of Baltimore in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Established as Loyola College in Maryland by John Early and eight other members of the Society of Jesus in 1852, it is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities,[1] the ninth-oldest Jesuit college in the United States, and the first college in the United States to bear the name of St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus.[5]

Loyola's main campus is in Baltimore and features Collegiate Gothic architecture, as well as a pedestrian bridge across Charles Street. Academically, the university is divided into three schools: the Loyola College of Arts and Sciences, the Loyola School of Education, and the Sellinger School of Business and Management. It operates a Clinical Center at Belvedere Square in Baltimore and has graduate centers in Timonium and Columbia, Maryland.

The student body is composed of approximately 4,000 undergraduate and 1,900 graduate students, representing 34 states and 20 countries, and 84% of undergraduates reside on campus. The average class size is 25, with a student-to-faculty ratio of 12:1. Approximately 73% of the student body receives some form of financial aid. Campus groups include the Association of Latin American & Spanish students (ALAS) and the college newspaper, The Greyhound.

Notable alumni include Tom Clancy, author of The Hunt for Red October, and Mark Bowden, author of Black Hawk Down. Loyola's sports teams are nicknamed the Greyhounds and are best known for the perennially ranked men's and women's lacrosse teams. The men's lacrosse team's biggest rival is nearby Johns Hopkins University. The annual lacrosse games played between these two institutions is known as the "Battle of Charles Street",[6] The school colors are green and grey.[7]

History

Founding

John Early, founder of Loyola.

Loyola College in Maryland was founded in 1852 by John Early and eight other members of the Society of Jesus, ("Jesuits"), and was the first college in the United States to bear the name of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Loyola College in Maryland is the ninth-oldest among the nation's 28 Jesuit colleges and universities.

Chemistry lab, Loyola Notre Dame Library Archives and Special Collections
Student library, Loyola Notre Dame Library Archives and Special Collections

The college's first campus was in two large townhouses on Holliday Street between East Lexington Street (then called Orange Alley) and East Fayette Street, in downtown Baltimore. After only three years, in 1855, Loyola relocated to a newly built structure on North Calvert Street, between East Monument Street and East Madison Street, adjacent to and just south of newly established St. Ignatius Roman Catholic Church in the city's historic Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood, and moved to its present "Evergreen" campus in north Baltimore on North Charles Street during 1922. Evening classes commenced in 1942.

Expansion

During the early 1930s, the high school section moved to nearby Towson, north of Baltimore. In 1949, the college established a graduate division in education, adding a graduate degree program in business management in 1968, a graduate program in speech pathology in 1971, and finance in 1973. Today, the college's list of graduate programs has grown to include psychology, modern studies, pastoral counseling, computer science, and software engineering.

Loyola became coeducational in 1971, following its joining with Mount Saint Agnes College, a neighboring women's college that was experiencing financial difficulties and closed following the joining. That same year, the college's Board of Trustees elected its first lay chairperson.

Working from these foundations, Loyola has transformed itself from a small, commuter college into a residential college with an undergraduate population of more than 3,000 students. In 1981, Loyola established a separate business school: The Rev. Joseph A. Sellinger, Jr., School of Business and Management. The school would expand geographically with two graduate centers in Timonium and Columbia, Maryland.

Designation change

The Executive Committee of the college's Board of Trustees announced on August 20, 2008 its decision to change the institution's name to Loyola University Maryland.[8] Its request was approved on March 25, 2009 by the Maryland Higher Education Commission, with the change officially taking effect five months later on August 19.[9] The Reverend Brian F. Linnane, the university's president, stated that the "college" designation no longer fit the school and that its comprehensive array of academic fields, some with graduate programs, was better reflected in its new name. Some alumni were disappointed because they felt the change made the institution less distinct from Loyola University Chicago, Loyola University New Orleans and Loyola Marymount University.[10]

Jesuit tradition

Ignatius of Loyola

Loyola University Maryland was founded by the Society of Jesus in the tradition of Ignatius of Loyola.[11] The Society of Jesus, and therefore Loyola University Maryland, operate according to the mandate Ad maiorem Dei gloriam (AMDG), directing their ends toward that which brings forth the "greater glory of God". This cornerstone of the Jesuit philosophy functions to remind students that their education is meant to be applied toward the betterment of humanity and the worship of God, in particular. Loyola's focus on cura personalis, or the education of the whole person, functions to attain that end. A broad base of knowledge, supported by a strong liberal arts core, prepares Jesuit students to undertake the goal of AMDG.

In keeping with this overarching principle, Loyola undergraduates must complete the core curriculum which includes courses in English, philosophy, theology, ethics, history, fine arts, foreign language, mathematics, natural science, and social sciences.[11] Though Loyola encourages plurality, its religious heritage is preserved and cultured by encouraging all of its students and faculty to cultivate and live by the core values of the Society of Jesus.

In 1950, Loyola was awarded the Sidney Hollander Award for its contribution to the establishment of civil and political rights for African Americans in Maryland.[12]

Endowment

Loyola's endowment operates under the umbrella of "Preparing Tomorrow: The Campaign for Loyola College Maryland."[13] The endowment mainly supports academic programs and scholarships.[14] Major contributions include a $1 million grant from the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation to increase enrollment of low income students.[15] By June 2005, the campaign reached $93 million.[16]

Academic programs

The foundation of a Loyola education is a broad core program that covers basic knowledge and concepts in the humanities, math and science, and the social sciences. The purpose is to balance general education and specialized study in the major. Undergraduate degrees are awarded in three schools, Loyola College, the School of Education, and the Joseph A. Sellinger, S.J. School of Business and Management. The university operates on a semester system.[17]

Loyola College

Coinciding with the university's transition to its new name, the College of Arts and Sciences became Loyola College on August 19, 2009.[9] It offers degrees in biology, chemistry, classics, communication, comparative cultures and literary studies, computer science, economics, education, engineering science, English, fine arts, French, German, global studies, history, an honors program, interdisciplinary studies (including American, Asian, Catholic, film, gender, Latin American/Latino and medieval studies), law, mathematical science, military career, modern languages and literatures, nursing, philosophy, physics, political science, pre-health curriculum/programs (including medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and optometry/podiatry), psychology, sociology, Spanish, speech-language pathology/audiology, theology, and writing.

Sellinger School of Business and Management

The Sellinger School.

The Sellinger School of Business and Management offers degrees in accounting, business economics, finance, general business, international business, management, management information systems, marketing, and the Sellinger scholars program. In 1984 the business school was formally named the Joseph A. Sellinger, S.J. School of Business and Management in honor of the late Reverend Joseph A. Sellinger, earning accreditation in all programs by AACSB (The International Association for Management Education) in 1988. Loyola is the only private institution in the state of Maryland with a nationally accredited business school. In 1990, the accounting department earned specialized national accreditation from AACSB.[18]

School of Education

Since 1946 the department of education has been one of the stronger academic pillars at Loyola. With the 2009 name designation change, President Linnane announced the opening of The School of Education which was to be led by Peter C. Murell, Jr. as the first dean. The School was officially opened on October 14, 2009.[19] The School now offers undergraduate majors in Elementary Education and minors in Secondary Education and Special Education. Its graduate department offers Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT), Master of Education (M.Ed.), the Certificate of Advanced Study in School Management (C.S.M.), and the Certificate of Advanced Study in Education (CASE).

Admission

[20] More than 10,000 students apply for admission as freshmen for approximately 1,000 spaces. The class of 2013 was the last applicant class that was required to submit SAT scores. The admission office has now begun a four-year pilot program that does not require standardized test scores, deeming them optional.[21]

Rankings

Campus

Humanities Center

Loyola's Evergreen campus spans 79 acres (320,000 m2) along Charles Street in northern Baltimore. In addition, Loyola has two satellite campuses in Timonium and Columbia for graduate classes. The college also owns 20 acres (81,000 m2) in the mountains of western Maryland, used for the Rising Phoenix Retreat Center. The Loyola Clinical Centers are located just a short drive from the college’s main campus, in Belvedere Square. The Clinical Centers offer individuals in the community a broad range of services addressing educational, language, and psychological issues.

At the western side of the Quad on the Evergreen campus lies the Alumni Memorial Chapel. Formally dedicated on September 15, 1952, the chapel features Gothic architectural influences with large stained-glass windows and a long, narrow nave situated along the east-west axis. A statue of Our Lady of Evergreen, Queen of Peace, is situated above the front façade.

On the eastern side of the Quad, and in the center of campus, is the Tudor-style Humanities Center, originally built by the Garrett family in 1895 as a wedding gift for one of their children. Unfortunately, the child died during a trip to England, and the residence became a rehabilitation center for men blinded during the war. In 1921, Loyola's Jesuits purchased the Evergreen property from the Garretts and gradually moved the college from its location on Calvert Street. The mansion was originally used for classes, but then became the Jesuit residence. In 1955, it suffered severe fire damage and was converted to offices following the restoration. Today, the Humanities Center houses 16 departments, including Admissions, Alumni Relations, Financial Aid and the Philosophy, Theology, and History departments.

In the northern side of the Quad lies the Sellinger School of Business and Management, which opened in January 2000. The 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m2) facility features a more contemporary style, with Spanish influences, including a soaring, five-story glass façade, open atrium, a four-story glass tower, and three seminar rooms.

On the southern side of the Quad lies Beatty Hall, Jenkins Hall, and Xavier Hall. Each of these buildings, used to house classrooms and various departments, is heavily influenced by Gothic and Edwardian architectural styles.

On the south west side of the Quad is the Donnelly Science Center. The Donnelly Science Center was originally designed by J. Prentiss Browne, a prominent Baltimore architect, and built in 1978. The academic building received an expansion in 2011 that included new laboratories.

The dormitories housing students are located west of the main campus, and are connected by Loyola's pedestrian bridge (or USF&G Pedestrian Bridge), spanning Charles Street. Loyola's dormitories, in most cases purchased apartment buildings, include Newman Towers, Campion Tower, and Seton Court. Further up North Charles Street is the Fitness and Aquatic Center, which opened in fall 2000, featuring a 6,000-square-foot (560 m2) fitness center with treadmills, bikes, ellipticals, stair climbers, free weights, selectorized weight circuit and stretching area. The Mangione Aquatic Center features an eight-lane, 25-yard (23 m) swim course; a shallow lane and diving well; as well as an on-deck sauna and hot tub. The 30-foot (9.1 m) indoor rock climbing wall and bouldering area is designed for all levels.

The FAC also has a two-court gymnasium used for club sports, intramural sports, and informal recreation. The Multi-Activity Court features a sport court surface ideal for indoor soccer, volleyball, and inline sports. The FAC also features an elevated walking/jogging track, two group exercise studios, an Outdoor Adventure Center, classroom and conference room, an equipment room, locker rooms, four racquetball and two squash courts, and an outdoor grass field.

Loyola shares with the Notre Dame of Maryland University (formerly College of Notre Dame of Maryland) the Loyola Notre Dame Library, located between the two schools, and features a 100,000-square-foot (9,300 m2) interior; interactive study and instructional spaces; an exhibition area and curatorial space for special collections; expanded stack areas for humanities print collection; a café fully wired for voice, data, and video; five high-tech seminar rooms; digital studio for collaborative student and faculty projects; a media center with 96-seat auditorium; and a 24-seat, fully wired bibliographic classroom.[32]

Sustainability

The University employs a half-time program assistant for sustainability who supervises several student staff members to advance sustainability on campus.[33] Two roof-top solar panels were installed during the summer of 2008, and a green residence hall features recycled metal beams, a green roof, and geothermal heating and cooling. The student Environmental Action Club works to promote environmental stewardship and sustainability on campus. Loyola also partners with a hybrid-only taxi service to provide additional transportation resources.

Student life

Loyola's undergraduate body is composed of 3,580 students as of 2008. The racial diversity of the undergraduate student body was 85.0% white, 2.7% Asian, 5.1% black, and 3.4% Hispanic. Ninety-eight percent of freshmen and 81% of all undergraduate students live in college housing.[34]

Loyola has more than 150 clubs and organizations, catering to a range of interests. The college operates a television station, WLOY TV; and a radio station, WLOY on 1620 kHz AM. The Greyhound is Loyola's student-run newspaper. Loyola is also host to an annual Relay for Life event, raising $150,000 in 2007. ALANA (African, Latino, Asian and Native American) Student Services provides an array of activities to foster the academic, cultural, personal, spiritual, and leadership development of ALANA students, as well as create and maintain an environment of respect and awareness.

Loyola's ROTC is an elective course taken along with a student’s required college courses. Students take one class and one lab each week, plus physical fitness training three times per week. Courses cover everything from the structure of the Army to military operations and tactics. Upon completion of the program, cadets are commissioned as officers in the U.S. Army and must complete a period of service in either the Active Duty, Army Reserve or Army National Guard. Since its inception in 1952, the ROTC program has commissioned more than 1,100 cadets. Loyola's Army ROTC program has a partnership with Towson University, the College of Notre Dame of Maryland, and Goucher College.

More than half of the student population has participated in some community service activity during their time at Loyola. The Center for Community Service and Justice engages students by developing service opportunities in a wide variety of areas. The center offers nearly 40 ongoing community service programs, more than 15 one-time service opportunities throughout the year, and several immersion programs. Students also have an opportunity to become involved through service learning, which pairs community service with academic coursework.

Sixty-five percent of Loyola's undergraduate students studied abroad during their junior year.[35] Students can choose from 21 different programs, exchanges, and affiliations in 16 countries.

Traditions

Activism

Students at Loyola are very involved with advocacy and fundraising at a small and large level. The largest annually held event is called Relay For Life which is a nationwide fundraising program for cancer research. As a university, Loyola has donated the most money in both 2006 and 2007.[45]

Athletics

Main article: Loyola Greyhounds
The Ridley Athletic Complex

Loyola fields 17 varsity teams and 22 club teams.[46] The varsity teams participate in the NCAA's Division I. All became members of the Patriot League on July 1, 2013. Previously all but two competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) from 1989 to 2013. The exceptions were the lacrosse teams – the men in the ECAC Lacrosse League and the women in the Big East Conference. The transition to a new conference was announced on August 29, 2012.[47] Loyola has a student success rate for graduation of over 90% of its student athletes.[48]

The school's mascot is a Greyhound, and field sports are played at the Ridley Athletic Complex, located a few minutes from the Evergreen Campus on Cold Spring Lane. Loyola's men's and women's lacrosse teams are particularly noteworthy as both have appeared in numerous NCAA tournaments, and are highly ranked most years. The men's lacrosse team won the NCAA Division I National Championship in 2012.

Reitz Arena

The men's soccer team has also enjoyed a great deal of success over time, winning the NCAA Division II National Championship in 1976, appearing various times in the NCAA Division I Tournament, and garnering several national rankings since its ascension into Division I in 1982.[49]±

Philip Scholz, a Paralympian, is an alumnus of the varsity men's swimming team. Scholz is blind and holds various records for Paralympic swimming.[50] Joe Wise, a paralympian, is a current student and member of the Loyola University Men's Swim Team. Wise is a resident of Menlo Park, California. Wise swam in the 2008 Beijing Paralympics and the 2012 London Paralympic Games. He holds several records for swimming in the United States. Katie Hoff, an Olympic medal winner, coached swimming at Loyola and attended classes at the school before leaving Baltimore to live in Fullerton, California.[51][52] Brennan Morris, a member of the US National Team, is also a record-setting member of the swim team.[53]

Notable faculty

Alumni

Loyola has approximately 30,000 living alumni worldwide. Notable Loyola alumni include: Mark Bowden, 1999 National Book Award finalist for Black Hawk Down; Tom Clancy, best selling author of the Jack Ryan series of novels; Michael D. Griffin, former Administrator (highest-ranked official) of NASA; Harry Markopolos, financial investigator who sounded the alarm about the Bernie Madoff ponzi scheme; Jim McKay, former twelve time Emmy-Award winning host of ABC's Wide World of Sports; Jerry Parr, former Special Agent in Charge Head of the White House Detail for the US Secret Service; and Herbert O'Conor, 51st Governor of Maryland.

See also

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 Steiner, Bernard Christian (2004). The History of University Education in Maryland. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 9781419166457.
  2. ↑ As of June 30, 2015. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2014 to FY 2015" (PDF). National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute. 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Common Data Set 2015-2016". Loyola University Maryland.
  4. ↑ "Loyola University Maryland Sports".
  5. ↑ "Loyola College in Maryland: This Jesuit Institution has a strong Liberal Arts Tradition". The Morning Call. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  6. ↑ Preston, Mike (2006-05-03). "Loyola on Bubble as Hopkins Pops In". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  7. ↑ Loyola Men's Basketball 2011–12 Information Guide – Loyola University Maryland Athletics.
  8. ↑ ""Loyola to adopt 'university' designation," Loyola College in Maryland, Wednesday, August 20, 2008". Loyola.edu. 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  9. 1 2 "Designation change to be observed after start of fall semester". loyola.edu. Loyola College in Maryland. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  10. ↑ "Walker, Childs. "Md.'s Loyola to become a university," ''The Baltimore Sun'', Thursday, September 24, 2009". Baltimoresun.com. 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  11. 1 2 "Loyola College in Maryland \\ About Loyola". Loyola.edu. Archived from the original on September 8, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  12. ↑ Maryland Historical Society: Sidney Hollander Collection 1926–1972
  13. ↑ "Preparing Tomorrow. The Campaign for Loyola College in Maryland". Loyola.edu. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  14. ↑ "Agenda of Needs - Endowment". Loyola.edu. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  15. ↑ "Campaign News". Loyola.edu. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  16. ↑ Preparing Tomorrow Capital Campaign Reaches $93 Million
  17. ↑ Loyola University Maryland – U.S. News & World Report.
  18. ↑ "Sellinger History". Loyola.edu. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  19. ↑ "Loyola to start school of education". baltimoresun.com. 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  20. ↑ "Loyola College in Maryland - Best Colleges - Education - US News and World Report". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  21. ↑ "Loyola - Undergraduate Studies". Admissions.loyola.edu. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  22. ↑ "Master's Universities (North) Rankings - Best Colleges - Education - US News and World Report". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  23. ↑ "The Best Undergraduate B-Schools for Business Law". Bwnt.businessweek.com. 2013-07-13. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  24. ↑ "Undergrad - BSchools". Bwnt.businessweek.com. 1998-03-22. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  25. ↑ "The Best Undergraduate B-Schools for Marketing". Bwnt.businessweek.com. 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
  26. ↑ "Test Prep: GMAT, GRE, LSAT, MCAT, SAT, ACT, and More". The Princeton Review. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  27. ↑ http://www.umbc.edu/bestcolleges/us001.PDF
  28. ↑ "Best Colleges - Education - US News and World Report". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  29. ↑ "Loyola College in Maryland: Undergraduate Profile – BusinessWeek". Businessweek.com. 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  30. ↑ "America's Top Wired Colleges, 2008 Edition - Academics - Colleges by PC Magazine". Pcmag.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  31. ↑ "Page expired - MSN Money". News.moneycentral.msn.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  32. ↑ http://www.loyola.edu/about/campusmap/index.html
  33. ↑ "Energy Management Policies and Procedures". Loyola College. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  34. ↑ https://www.collegedata.com/cs/data/college/pdf/full/Loyola_College_in_Maryland_College_Profile.PDF?schoolId=840&page=all
  35. 1 2 "Best Colleges - Education - US News and World Report". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  36. ↑ "The Greyhound". Loyolagreyhound.com. 2002-03-19. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  37. ↑ "The Greyhound". Loyolagreyhound.com. 2007-01-30. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  38. ↑ "The Greyhound". Loyolagreyhound.com. 2005-04-26. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  39. ↑ "The Greyhound". Loyolagreyhound.com. 2004-04-27. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  40. ↑ "The Greyhound". Loyolagreyhound.com. 2008-04-29. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  41. ↑ "The Greyhound". Loyolagreyhound.com. 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  42. ↑ "The Greyhound". Loyolagreyhound.com. 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  43. ↑ "The Greyhound". Loyolagreyhound.com. 2006-10-10. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  44. ↑ "The Greyhound". Loyolagreyhound.com. 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  45. ↑ "Loyola College in Maryland - News". Loyola.edu. 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  46. ↑ http://www.loyola.edu/athletic/index
  47. ↑ http://www.loyolagreyhounds.com/genrel/082912aaa.html "Loyola Accepts Invitation To Join Patriot League In 2013," Loyola University Maryland Athletics, Wednesday, August 29, 2012.
  48. ↑ "Loyola College (Maryland)" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  49. ↑ "The year in American Soccer - 1976". sover.net. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  50. ↑ Loyola athlete charting course for Paralympics - baltimoresun.com, Baltimoresun.com. Retrieved on 2008-11-02
  51. ↑ "The Starting Block: Olympic Qualifier Katie Hoff to coach at Loyola this Fall". Thestartingblock.blogspot.com. 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  52. ↑ "Hoff 'super-motivated' about leaving Baltimore". Baltimoresun.com. 2009-08-20. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  53. ↑ "2009-2010 Roster". Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  54. ↑ "Dr. Kelly DeVries". loyola.edu. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
  55. ↑ "Hillary in Drag". Lewrockwell.com. Retrieved 2008-10-21.

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