Lublin

For other uses, see Lublin (disambiguation).
Lublin

Top: panorama of Old Town Lublin, including Crown Tribural Second left: façade buildings in Staego Street. Second right: Lublin Castle. Third left: view of Tynitarska Tower, Cracow Gate and many of historical built from Miasto Square. Third right: Tentement house in Klonawica Street, Bottom: view of Plac po Farze area

Flag
Coat of arms
Lublin
Coordinates: 51°14′53″N 22°34′13″E / 51.24806°N 22.57028°E / 51.24806; 22.57028Coordinates: 51°14′53″N 22°34′13″E / 51.24806°N 22.57028°E / 51.24806; 22.57028
Country Poland
Voivodeship Lublin
County city county
Established before 12th century
Town rights 1317
Government
 • Mayor Krzysztof Żuk
Area
 • City 147 km2 (57 sq mi)
Population (2009)
 • City 349,103
 • Density 2,400/km2 (6,200/sq mi)
 • Metro 664,000
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 20-001 to 20-999
Area code(s) +48 81
Car plates LU
Website http://www.um.lublin.pl/ http://www.lublin.eu/en

Lublin [ˈlublʲin] (Ukrainian: Люблін, Liublin, Yiddish: לובלין‎ Lublin; English pronunciation: /ˈlʌblᵻn/[1]) is the ninth largest city in Poland and the second largest city of Lesser Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship (province) with a population of 349,103 (March 2011). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River, and is located approximately 170 kilometres (106 miles) to the southeast of Warsaw.

Lublin, until the partitions at the end of the 18th century, was a royal city of the Crown Kingdom of Poland. Its delegates and nobles had the right to participate in the Royal Election. In 1578 Lublin was chosen as the seat of the Crown Tribunal, the highest appeal court in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and for centuries the city has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning, together with Kraków, Warsaw and Lviv.

Lublin was spared from any severe destruction during World War II, which resulted in the preservation of its unique and historical Old Town. The district is one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated May 16, 2007, and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.[2]

Cracow Gate in the Old Town is among the most recognisable landmarks of the city.
Another characteristic building in Lublin is the Royal Castle.

History

Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the 6th-7th centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the 6th century were discovered in the center of today's Lublin on Czwartek ("Thursday") Hill. The next period of the early Middle Ages was marked by intensification of habitation, particularly in the areas along river valleys. The settlements at the time were centered around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the main centers of Lendians tribe. When the tribal stronghold was destroyed in the 10th century, the center shifted to the north-east, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley, and after the mid-12th century to Castle Hill. At least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in the early medieval period. One of them was most probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of Casimir the Restorer in the 11th century.[3] The castle became the seat of a Castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.

The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by Mongols, Ruthenians and Lithuanians, which resulted in its destruction.[3] It was also ruled by Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between 1289 and 1302. Lublin was founded as a town by Władysław I the Elbow-high or between 1258 and 1279 during the rule of prince Bolesław V the Chaste.[3] Casimir III the Great, appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls.[4] From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dated to the years 1335-1370 exists to this day.[3]

Jagiellonian Poland

Union of Lublin

In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from king Władysław Jagiełło, and with the coming of the peace between Poland and Lithuania developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the two countries. In 1474 the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship, the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland. During the 15th century and 16th century the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Lublin. During the 16th century the noble parliaments (sejm) were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the Union of Lublin, which united Poland and Lithuania. The Lithuanian name for the city is Liublinas. Lublin as one of the most influential cities of the state enjoyed voting rights during the royal elections in Poland.

Some of the artists and writers of the 16th century Polish renaissance lived and worked in Lublin, including Sebastian Klonowic and Jan Kochanowski, who died in the city in 1584. In 1578 the Crown Tribunal, the highest court of the Lesser Poland region, was established in Lublin.

Since the second half of the 16th century, Protestant Reformation movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of Polish Brethren was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was also established in Lublin around this time. Jews established a widely respected yeshiva, Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery and education centre (kahal) and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the Holocaust, during which they were relocated to the infamous Lublin Ghetto and ultimately murdered.

The yeshiva became a centre of learning of both Talmud and Kabbalah, leading the city to be called "the Jewish Oxford" ; in 1567, the rosh yeshiva (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities.

In the 17th century, the town declined due to a Russo-Ukrainian invasion in 1655 and a Swedish invasion during the Northern Wars. After the third of the Partitions of Poland in 1795 Lublin was located in the Austrian empire, then since 1809 in the Duchy of Warsaw, and then since 1815 in the Congress Poland under Russian rule. At the beginning of the 19th century new squares, streets and public buildings were built. In 1877 a railway connection to Warsaw and Kovel and Lublin Station were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews).[5]

Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918, the first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the Plage i Laśkiewicz works, later nationalised as the LWS factory. The Catholic University of Lublin was founded in 1918.

World War II

After the 1939 German and Soviet invasion of Poland the city found itself in the General Government territory controlled by Nazi Germany. The population became a target of severe Nazi repressions focusing on Polish Jews. An attempt to "Germanise" the city led to an influx of the ethnic Volksdeutsche increasing the number of German minority from 10–15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin, the so-called 'reservation' for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation also known as the "Nisko or Lublin Plan".[6]

The Jewish population was forced into the newly set Lublin Ghetto near Podzamcze. The city served as headquarters for Operation Reinhardt, the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the Majdanek concentration camp established at the outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in Poland. After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the Christian rescuers or returned from the Soviet Union, and reestablished a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most left Poland for Israel and the West.[7]

On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary headquarters of the Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as basis for a puppet government. The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after the Soviet westward offensive.

Maria Curie-Sklodowska University

In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Sklodowska University. A large Automobile Factory FSC was built in the city.

Solidarity years

In July 1980, the workers of Lublin and nearby Świdnik began the first in the wave of mass strikes aimed against the Communist regime, which eventually led to the emergence of the Solidarity movement. The first strike began on 8 July in the WSK factory in Świdnik. It then quickly spread to other factories in Lublin and the surrounding region. The railway network and city transit came to a standstill. Ultimately, 150 factories employing 70,000 workers joined the strike. The strikers used a novel tactic of staying inside their factories and occupying them, instead of marching in the streets where the authorities would have found it easy to use force against them. The workers made demands for their economic situation to be improved. They also made political demands, such as: new elections for the leadership of the trade unions, liquidation of privileges for the Communist Party governing class, and the reduction of the bureaucracy in the factories.

The July strikes lasted two weeks. The Communist authorities eventually managed to bring them to an end peacefully, mainly by granting economic concessions to the workers. However, the momentum generated by the Lublin strikes quickly gave rise to a new wave of strikes in the Gdańsk region in August 1980. The workers there used similar tactics as the Lublin workers used a month before, and this time the Communist authorities had to agree to the strikers' demand to set up an independent trade union, which soon became the Solidarity.

Climate

Lublin has a borderline humid continental climate (Köppen Cfb/Dfb) with cold, damp winters and warm summers.

Climate data for Lublin (1936−2011)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4)		 16.2
(61.2)		 22.0
(71.6)		 27.2
(81)		 35.7
(96.3)		 33.9
(93)		 35.0
(95)		 37.0
(98.6)		 33.2
(91.8)		 25.0
(77)		 18.9
(66)		 15.0
(59)		 37.0
(98.6)
Average high °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7)		 0.4
(32.7)		 5.7
(42.3)		 12.7
(54.9)		 18.4
(65.1)		 21.4
(70.5)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.0
(73.4)		 18.1
(64.6)		 12.3
(54.1)		 5.4
(41.7)		 0.8
(33.4)		 11.8
(53.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 1.6
(34.9)		 7.8
(46)		 13.1
(55.6)		 16.2
(61.2)		 17.9
(64.2)		 17.4
(63.3)		 12.9
(55.2)		 7.9
(46.2)		 2.6
(36.7)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 7.6
(45.7)
Average low °C (°F) −5.9
(21.4)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −2
(28)		 3.0
(37.4)		 7.7
(45.9)		 10.7
(51.3)		 12.5
(54.5)		 12.0
(53.6)		 8.2
(46.8)		 4.0
(39.2)		 0.0
(32)		 −3.9
(25)		 3.5
(38.3)
Record low °C (°F) −32.2
(−26)		 −31.1
(−24)		 −30.9
(−23.6)		 −7.2
(19)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 0.0
(32)		 2.0
(35.6)		 0.0
(32)		 −4
(25)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −17.9
(−0.2)		 −23.9
(−11)		 −32.2
(−26)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 22.7
(0.894)		 25.9
(1.02)		 27.3
(1.075)		 42.4
(1.669)		 51.1
(2.012)		 66.6
(2.622)		 71.5
(2.815)		 64.0
(2.52)		 55.5
(2.185)		 40.6
(1.598)		 36.7
(1.445)		 33.6
(1.323)		 537.9
(21.177)
Average precipitation days 23.3 19.5 18.4 13.1 13.0 11.8 12.3 9.3 11.2 13.3 18.1 20.8 184.1
Average relative humidity (%) 88.7 85.9 79.8 68.9 71.9 73.7 75.1 74.4 79.8 84.0 89.4 90.2 80.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 53 73 115 174 226 237 238 248 165 124 48 37 1,738
Source: Climatebase.ru[8]

Population

The diagram shows population growth over the past 400 years. As of 1999, the population of Lublin was estimated to 359,154, the highest in the city's history.

Asseco building complex near ulica Zana, Lublin.

Economy

DZT Honker produced in Lublin by the DZT Tymińscy factory.
Polish MPs in the PZL Świdnik helicopter factory.

The Lublin region had the lowest per capita GDP in the European Union until Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 (it was 32% of EU average in 2002). It is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe.

Lublin is a regional centre of IT companies. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters there. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A., Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A.) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of cheap, educated specialists.

The large car factory FSC (Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych) seemed to have a brighter future when acquired by the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis, the production at FSC practically collapsed and the factory entered bankruptcy. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy is being reoriented toward the service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS).

The price of land and investing costs are lower than in western Poland. However, the Lublin area is one of main beneficiaries of the EU development funds.[9] Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said:

In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of the EU — every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total, we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country.[10]

In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of “Park Mielec” — the European Economic Development area.[11] At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol and Perła Browary Lubelskie.[12] At the same time, the energy giant Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin.

New shopping centres built in Lublin are Lublin Plaza and Galeria Gala, the largest shopping centre in the city, covering 33,500 square metres. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and a new gallery ("Alchemy") between Świętoduska and Lubartowska Streets.[13]

Media

TVP3 Lublin studio
Radio & TV tower in Lublin

There's a public TV station in the city, called TVP Lublin which owns a 104-meter-tall concrete television tower.[14] The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel and later TVP Info.

The radio stations airing from Lublin include Radio eR - 87.9 FM, Radio Eska Lublin - 103.6 FM, Radio Lublin (regional station of the Polish Radio) - 102.2 FM, [ Radio Centrum (university radio station)] - 98.2 FM, Radio Free (city station of the Polish Radio) - 89,9 FM, and Radio Złote Przeboje (Golden Hits) Lublin - 95.6 FM,

Local newspapers include: Kurier Lubelski daily, regional partner of the national newspaper Dziennik Wschodni daily, Gazeta Wyborcza [ Lublin Edition] daily (regional supplement to the national newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza), [ Metro] (daily, free) and Nasze Miasto Lublin weekly (free).

Transport

Lublin Station

From Lublin Station, ten trains per day run to Warsaw and three to Kraków, as do others to most major cities in Poland. Buses run from near the castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. The express train to Warsaw takes about two and half hours.[15]

Airport

Lublin Airport

Lublin Airport is located in Świdnik, about 10 km (6.2 miles) SE of Lublin. There is a direct train link from the airport to the city centre.

Roads

The first part of a bypass road around Lublin.

As of 2009 no motorways or expressways connect the city with the rest of Poland. In the coming decade the construction of expressways S12, S17 and S19 will improve road access to the city. On 17 December 2009 the bidding process for the construction of S17 expressway around Lublin was started. The construction began in 2010 and was completely finished in 2014. The project included a high capacity bypass road around Lublin, removing most of the through traffic from the city streets and decreasing congestion.

A trolleybus in the centre of the city.

Lublin is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot and Tychy).[16]

Culture and tourism

Lublin is not only the largest city in eastern Poland, but also serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Russian and Belarusian artists, researchers and politicians. The frescos at the Holy Trinity Chapel in Lublin are a mixture of Catholic motifs with eastern Russian-Byzantine styles, reinforcing how the city connects the West with the East.

Museum

The premier museum in the city is the Lublin Museum, one of the oldest and largest museums of Eastern Poland, as well as the Majdanek State Museum with 121,404 visitors in 2011.[17]

Cinema

Lublin is a city with filmmaking past. A few important films were recorded here. e.g., Oscar-winning The Reader was partially filmed at the Nazi Majdanek concentration camp, located near Lublin.[18]

In 2008, Lublin in cooperation with Ukrainian Lviv, filmed promotional materials, to promote them as cinematic cities. Films were handed out between filmmakers present at Cannes Festival.[19] Action, was sponsored by European Union.

In Lublin, there are a number of cinemas including:

Theatres

Juliusz Osterwa Theatre
Hans Christian Andersen Theatre and the Dominican Church as seen from Castle Greens
Old Theatre in Lublin

There are many cultural organisations, both municipal, governmental and non-governmental, in Lublin.

Galleries

A street fair in the Old Town.

There are lots of art galleries in Lublin, some of them are run by private owners, some of them are municipal, government, NGO, or associations property. The Labyrinth Gallery, formerly "BWA", it the Artistic Exhibitions Office (Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych).

Old Town

The Old Town Hall and Tribunal in the Market Square

Lublin, by some tourists called "little Krakow", has historic architecture and a unique ambiance, especially in the Old Town. Catering to students, who account for 35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub scene [20] Lublin has many theatres and museums and a professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic.[21] Old buildings, even ruins, creates magic and unique atmosphere of the city. Lublin’s Old Town has cobbled streets and traditional architecture.

Pubs and restaurants

The Old Town Hall and Tribunal in the Market Square is surrounded by burgher houses and winding lanes.[22]

City of festivals

A folk music concert during the Jagiellonian Fair
Lublin Graffiti Festival
Holy Trinity Chapel and Castle Tower during the Night of Culture
Kozienalia, Lublin Days of Student Culture, beginning with a street parade.

Lublin could be called "The Capital of Festivals" , as every year another new one appears. These are a few of the most significant:

European Capital of Culture

440th anniversary of the Union Of Lublin

In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities as candidates for the title of European Capital of Culture. It was one of two cities from the eastern half of Poland, the other being Białystok. Lublin won through to the second round with Spain in 2016 but ultimately Wrocław was chosen.

"Lublin is the city that symbolises European idea of integration, universal heritage of democracy and tolerance and the idea of dialogue between the cultures of the West and East. Lublin is a unique place where the cultures and religions meet. Here the East meets West, and the European Union meets Belarus and Ukraine. It is the perfect place of cooperation for European artists living within and outside the European Union. Lublin is a city open to artists, a place where unique initiatives and activities take place. Lublin means the experience of hundreds of years of rich history and cultural heritage which constitutes endless source of inspiration for new generations.

European Culture is not only modern museums and enormous festivals, but first of all people and their activities, aims, aspirations, possibilities, potential and the desire for development. The development of culture and being granted the title of European Capital of Culture is a chance for development of one the poorest regions of the European Union."[25] — Adam Wasilewski, President of Lublin

Since 2007, there are special meetings, enter2016, which anyone could take part in. The city's Marketing Office have created a web page: Lublin2016.eu, available in Polish, English, Ukrainian, Spanish and Portuguese.

Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.

Education

John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
WSPA lecture hall

There are six schools of higher education, including Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS) and John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL).

Lublin hosts a number of private higher education establishments.

Sports

Arena Lublin
"Globus" sports hall
Zemborzyce Lake

Notable residents

Politics

Lublin constituency

Joanna Mucha, former sports and tourism minister in the government of Donald Tusk.
Lena Kolarska-Bobińska, a Member of the European Parliament representing the Lublin region.

Current and former Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Lublin constituency:

Members of the European Parliament elected from the Lublin constituency:


International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Lublin is twinned with:[27]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.howtosay.co.in/pronounce/lublin-in-english/
  2. ↑ http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20070860574
  3. 1 2 3 4 Andrzej Rozwałka, Rafał Niedźwiadek, Marek Stasiak. Origines Polonorum: Lublin wczesnośredniowieczny (The medieval urban complex of Lublin. A study of its spatial development). TRIO/FNP. 2006. pp. 199-203. (Summary translated by Philip Earl Steele)
  4. ↑ City Council produced information materials: Tourist Guide to Lublin in English. p. 2.
  5. ↑ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews and the Politics of Nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
  6. ↑ Diemut Majer; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2003). "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. JHU Press. p. 759. ISBN 978-0-8018-6493-3. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  7. ↑ Helena Ziemba neé Herszenborn, Irena Gewerc-Gottlieb (2001). "Ścieżki Pamięci, Żydowskie Miasto w Lublinie – Losy, Miejsca, Historia (Path of Memory. Jewish Town in Lublin - Fate, Places, History)". 1. Mój Lublin Szczęśliwy i Nieszczęśliwy; 2. W Getcie i Kryjówce w Lublinie (PDF file, direct download 4.9 MB) (in Polish). Rishon LeZion, Israel; Lublin, Poland: Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" & Towarzystwo Przyjaźni Polsko-Izraelskiej w Lublinie. pp. 24, 27, 29, 30.
  8. ↑ "Climatological Normals for Lublin, Poland". Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Samorząd Miasta Lublin". Um.lublin.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  10. ↑ internet ART; www.internetart.pl (2007-05-31). "PAIiIZ | News | Inwestycje w Polsce". Paiz.gov.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  11. ↑ Marcin Bielesz (2007-09-27). "Lublin fetuje specjalną strefę ekonomiczną". Miasta.gazeta.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  12. ↑ http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,4527639.html, http://ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona
  13. ↑ opracowali: tn, dil, msa, ms, jb, pr, wa (2007-01-01). "Taki był 2006 rok". Miasta.gazeta.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  14. ↑ "Przegląd obiektów z emisjami". Emi.emitel.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  15. ↑ "Lublin - Rozkład jazdy pociągów PKP, autobusów PKS oraz komunikacji miejskiej dla miasta Lublin". Rozklad.mortin.pl. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  16. ↑ Witamy na stronie Zarządu Transportu Miejskiego w Lublinie
  17. ↑ "Statystyki". Frekwencja zwiedzających. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku. 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
  18. ↑ The Reader was filmed in Lublin
  19. ↑ "Lublin, Lwów | miasto filmowe - Aktualności". Film.lublin.eu. 2008-04-08. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
  20. ↑ "Lublin-Lubelski Serwis Informacyjny-lublin". Lsi.lublin.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  21. ↑ ; [www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm]; ;
  22. ↑ ; ;
  23. ↑ "Theatre Maat". Di.com.pl. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  24. ↑ "TVP o Scenie InVitro". Ww6.tvp.pl. 2010-09-29. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  25. ↑ "Why Lublin?". Kultura.lublin.eu. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  26. ↑ Council of Europe (2011). "Intercultural city: Lublin, Poland". coe.int. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 "Miasta Partnerskie Lublina" [Lublin - Partnership Cities] (in Polish). Urząd Miasta Lublin [City of Lublin]. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-08-07. External link in |publisher= (help)
  28. ↑ Побратимские связи г. Бреста (in Russian). City.brest.by. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  29. ↑ Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська. mvk.if.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  30. ↑ "Portrait of Münster: Die Partnerstädte". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
  31. ↑ "The Municipality of Lublin City". Um.lublin.eu. 1992-10-01. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  32. ↑ Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities. Retrieved July 2, 2009.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lublin.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lublin.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, May 06, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.