Luc Larivée

Luc Larivée (January 17, 1927 – July 30, 2007) was a physician and politician in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He chaired the Montreal Catholic School Commission (MCSC) from 1976 to 1983 and served for many years on the Montreal city council.

Early life and career

Born in Montreal, Larivée received a medical degree from the Université de Montréal in 1954. For many years, he ran a general practice from his home.^[1] He spoke French, English, and Italian.^[2]

Chair of the Montreal Catholic School Commission

Larivée was first elected to the Catholic School Commission in the 1973 school board election, winning in the eighth district with an endorsement from the conservative and confessional Mouvement scolaire confessionnel (MSC). He became commission chair in 1976, succeeding Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, who had been elected to the National Assembly of Quebec.

As chair of Montreal's largest school commission, Larivée was a prominent critic of René Lévesque's Parti Québécois (PQ), which governed Quebec from 1976 to 1985. At one stage, he charged that anglophones would “more or less eventually disappear” from Quebec as a result of the PQ's language legislation.^[2] In 1977, he openly defied the government's language policy to permit more than 800 children of immigrants to continue attending English classes until the end of the school year.^[3]

He was re-elected without difficulty in the 1977 school board election, in which the primary issue was the confessional status of the commission's schools. Larivée and his MSC-supported allies favoured retention of the Roman Catholic system, while rival candidates from the Regroupement scolaire progressiste (RSP) were open to the prospect of secularization. Candidates endorsed by the MSC won all but one of the available seats, and Larivée continued to serve as chair in the term that followed.

Larivée campaigned for the Canadian federalist option in Quebec's 1980 referendum on sovereignty, chairing the "Non" committee in Hochelaga—Maisonneuve. He later acknowledged that this was a mistake, saying that he should have remained neutral in light of his position as school commission chair.^[4]

The provincial government briefly put the commission under trusteeship in 1980, criticizing Larivée's handling of a teachers' strike.^[5] Larivée was required to face the electorate in the 1980 board election while the strike was still taking place and was re-elected by only twelve votes against a candidate endorsed by the teachers' union.

In 1981, the PQ government distributed materials critical of Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau's constitutional proposals to high school history teachers across the province. Larivée described the materials as "very political" and led the MCSC in ordering its history teachers not to teach them in class.^[6]

Larivée subsequently opposed the PQ government's prohibition against teaching English as a second language to children in French schools before the fourth grade. He charged that several PQ ministers believed teaching second languages to young children would have detrimental effects, adding that he himself was entirely opposed to this viewpoint. "I believe the whole problem is related to political problems," he said. "I've been all over the world and I've seen students studying many, many languages and they have no problems."^[7]

He stood down as commission chair in 1983 and was not a candidate in that year's board election.

City councillor

Drapeau administration

Larivée was first elected to city council in the 1978 municipal election, winning in the Longue-Pointe ward as a candidate of Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau's Civic Party. The Civic Party won a landslide majority, and Larivée served as a backbench supporter of the Drapeau administration. When Drapeau considered retirement in 1982, Larivée said that he would consider running to succeed him; some believe this speculation was premature and adversely affected his leadership prospects in later years.^[8]

Drapeau chose not to retire in 1982 and instead led the Civic Party to another victory in that year's municipal election. Larivée was re-elected without difficulty in Longue-Pointe. When Drapeau finally announced his retirement four years later, Larivée became a candidate to succeed him as party leader. He said at one stage that he was prepared to withdraw in favour of Yvon Lamarre, but Lamarre chose not to run and Larivée continued his candidacy.^[9] A Montreal Gazette editorial from this time described him as an unknown quality in municipal politics, noting that he seldom said anything in caucus or the council chambers. For his part, Larivée commented that he had not joined Drapeau's executive committee (i.e., the municipal cabinet) as doing so would have left him unable to handle his responsibilities as commission chair.^[10] His supporters included executive committee member Michel Morin.^[1] He ultimately finished second against Claude Dupras, who led the party into the 1986 municipal election.^[11]

The 1986 election was a disaster for the Civic Party, which was reduced to only one seat on council. Larivée was personally defeated by Nicole Boudreau of the Montreal Citizens' Movement (MCM).

Bourque administration

Larivée was re-elected to council in the 1994 municipal election as a candidate of Pierre Bourque's newly formed Vision Montreal, defeating incumbent MCM councillor Diane Barbeau in Hochelaga.^[12] Vision Montreal won a council majority, and Larivée was subsequently chosen as council speaker.^[13]

In October 1995, councillor Jeremy Searle attempted to introduce a motion to permit Montrealers to vote in referendum on remaining in Canada in the event of a sovereigntist victory in the 1995 Quebec referendum on sovereignty. Larivée rejected the motion, declaring that it was based on a hypothetical scenario and further indicating that the city's legal department considered Montreal's status within Canada to be a matter outside municipal jurisdiction. This decision was strongly opposed by Searle and some other councillors.^[14]

Larivée was not a prominent figure in Vision Montreal's internal crisis of 1997, though he later became known as a prominent supporter of Bourque's leadership.^[15]

In February 1998, Larivée ruled that Bourque had not violated Montreal's conflict-of-interest rules by accepting a paid trip to China the previous month; his conclusion was that Bourque had been invited as a botanical expert and not in a political capacity. Opposition councillors argued that this ruling violated the neutrality of the speaker's office, a charge that Larivée rejected.^[16] After continued opposition requests, Bourque's trip was later reviewed by Montreal's ethics committee, which Larivée also chaired.^[17]

Vision Montreal was returned to another majority government in the 1998 municipal election, and Larivée was personally re-elected in Hochelaga. Despite opposition concerns, he was re-appointed by Bourque for another term as council speaker.^[18] He faced criticism in early 2000 after using Montreal police officers to escort opposition leader Michel Prescott from the council chamber, after Prescott allegedly used unparliamentary language in a debate against Bourque. Twelve opposition councillors demanded Larivée's removal from office, a request that Bourque rejected.^[19]

As speaker, Larivée was technically responsible for overseeing the presence of a Christian crucifix in the council chambers. He defended the cross's presence, saying "a cross with Christ in a public room is a part of the general culture of the Western world. It is not part of religion for me. It is mostly part of the general culture."^[20]

Tremblay administration

Larivée was re-elected to a fifth term in the 2001 municipal election, in which Vision Montreal was defeated by Gérald Tremblay's Montreal Island Citizens Union (MICU). Following the election, Larivée initially served in opposition as chair of the Vision Montreal caucus.

He resigned from Vision to sit as an independent councillor in October 2002, charging that the party was being torn apart through internal jockeying over nominations for the provincial Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ) party in the buildup to the 2003 provincial election.^[21] He joined MICU in December 2003, over the objections of some within Tremblay's party.^[22]

By virtue of holding his council seat, Larivée also served on the Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve borough council from 2001 to 2005. He was defeated by Vision Montreal candidate Laurent Blanchard in the 2005 municipal election.

Death

Larivée died at age 80 on June 30, 2007.

Electoral record

City Council

Montreal municipal election, 2005: Councillor, Hochelaga
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	∆%
	Vision Montreal	Laurent Blanchard	2,877	46.46	−17.62
	Citizens Union	Luc Larivée (incumbent)	2,230	36.01	+10.48
	Projet Montréal	José Feliciano Arias	1,086	17.54	–
Total valid votes			6,193	–	–
Source: Election results, 1833-2005 (in French), City of Montreal.

2001 Montreal municipal election results: Councillor, Hochelaga Party Candidate Total votes % of total votes Vision Montreal Luc Larivée (incumbent) 4,418 66.58 Montreal Island Citizens Union Jean-François Moisan 1,760 26.52 White Elephant Party Danielle Giasson 458 6.90 Total valid votes 6,636 100 Source: Election results, 1833-2005 (in French), City of Montreal.

1998 Montreal municipal election results: Councillor, Hochelaga Party Candidate Total votes % of total votes Vision Montreal Luc Larivée (incumbent) 1,879 42.96 New Montreal Danielle Brazeau 1,122 25.65 Montreal Citizens' Movement Marc Lamarche 655 14.97 Team Montreal Jacques Beaudoin 610 13.95 Democratic Coalition Clément Bouchard 108 2.47 Total valid votes 4,374 100.00 Source: Municipal Election Results (1998), City of Montreal

1994 Montreal municipal election results: Councillor, Hochelaga Party Candidate Total votes % of total votes Vision Montreal Luc Larivée 2,040 49.20 Montreal Citizens' Movement Diane Barbeau (incumbent) 1,654 39.89 Montrealers' Party Martin Baller 329 7.94 Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal Clément Schreiber 123 2.97 Total valid votes 4,146 100 Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

1986 Montreal municipal election results: Councillor, Longue-Pointe Party Candidate Total votes % of total votes Montreal Citizens' Movement Nicole Boudreau 4,260 69.40 Civic Party of Montreal Luc Larivée (incumbent) 1,878 30.60 Total valid votes 6,138 100 Source: Election results, 1833-2005 (in French), City of Montreal.

1982 Montreal municipal election results: Councillor, Longue-Pointe Party Candidate Total votes % of total votes Civic Party of Montreal Luc Larivée (incumbent) 3,463 51.27 Montreal Citizens' Movement Nicole Boudreau 2,793 41.35 Municipal Action Group Nola Poirier 498 7.37 Total valid votes 6,754 100 Source: Election results, 1833-2005 (in French), City of Montreal.

1978 Montreal municipal election results: Councillor, Longue-Pointe Party Candidate Total votes % of total votes Civic Party of Montreal Luc Larivée 4,100 57.80 Municipal Action Group Gérard Nadeau 1,565 22.06 Montreal Citizens' Movement Marius Minier 1,429 20.14 Total valid votes 7,094 100 Source: Election results, 1833-2005 (in French), City of Montreal. Party identifications are taken from Le Devoir, 11 November 1978.

School trustee

1980 Montreal Catholic School Commission election results, District Eight Party Candidate Total votes % of total votes Mouvement scolaire confessionnel Luc Larivée (incumbent) 1,597 50.19 Supported by the Association provincial des enseignants catholiques Lise Leblanc 1,585 49.81 Total valid votes 3,182 100 Sources: Le Devoir, 6 June 1980, p. 2; Le Devoir, 10 June 1980, p. 1; Montreal Gazette, 11 June 1980, p. 118.

1977 Montreal Catholic School Commission election results, District Eight Party Candidate Total votes % of total votes Mouvement scolaire confessionnel Luc Larivée (incumbent) elected Regroupement scolaire progressiste Andre LeBlanc Independent Robert Aubin Sources: Le Devoir, 7 June 1977, p. 3; Montreal Star, 14 June 1977, A10. See also the Montreal Gazette, 14 June 1977, p. 4, which indicates that Larivée was re-elected without difficulty.

1973 Montreal Catholic School Commission election results, District Eight Party Candidate Total votes % of total votes Mouvement scolaire confessionnel Luc Larivée 1,916 35.93 Les parents solidaires André Lorange 1,735 32.54 Mouvement pour la démocratisation scolaire Fernand Daoust (incumbent) 1,431 26.84 Independent Léonard Chevalier 124 2.33 Independent Edner Berlus 78 1.46 Independent Gérard Cabana 48 0.90 Total valid votes 5,332 100.00 Sources: Le Devoir, 19 June 1973, p. 6.

References

1. Lewis Harris, "Civic Party will pick Drapeau's successor today," Montreal Gazette, 18 July 1986, A4.
2. Former city councillor Larivee dead at 80, Montreal Gazette, 30 July 2007, accessed 19 July 2013.
3. "Montreal schools compromise ignores intent of language act," Globe and Mail, 14 January 1977, p. 9.
4. Irwin Block, "Bittersweet memories, regrets for some," Montreal Gazette, 20 May 2000, B3.
5. Margot Gibb-Clark, "PQ usurps board to deal with strike," Globe and Mail, 2 June 1980, p. 10.
6. The materials in question consisted of a brochure entitled Minute Ottawa and the text of a speech by Lévesque in response to a recent decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the proposed constitution. Larivée said of the mailout, "It's a very, very bad move, bypassing the school board. It's one of the most dangerous moves a civil servant could make.
7. Victor Malarek, "Quebec school problem grows," Globe and Mail, 1 November 1982, p. 9.
8. Victor Malarek, "No Drapeau? Montreal thinks the unthinkable," Globe and Mail, 18 August 1982, p. 1.
9. Ingrid Peritz, "Civic Party gets growing field of mayoral hopefuls," Montreal Gazette, 9 July 1986, A1; Lewis Harris, "Lorange, Dupras seek leadership," Montreal Gazette, 12 July, A1.
10. "Bumps on the log" [editorial], Montreal Gazette, 12 July 1986, B2.
11. Nicole Gagnon-Larocque and Justine Sentenne were also candidates for the party leadership. See Lewis Harris, "Civic Party will pick Drapeau's successor today," Montreal Gazette, 18 July 1986, A4.
12. After the election, Larivée made the unusually congenial remark that the outgoing MCM government "didn't have a bad administration," though adding "it was time for a change." See Andy Riga, "Bourque breezes in; New mayor leads party to victory," Montreal Gazette, 7 November 1994, A1.
13. "City council is becoming a farce," Montreal Gazette, 18 September 1995, B2.
14. Michelle Lalonde, "Referendum too hot to handle for Montreal's city council," Montreal Gazette, 25 October 1995, A10.
15. Aaron Derfel, "Stability takes top priority," Montreal Gazette, 3 November 1998, A1.
16. Larivée said that he had acted in his capacity as syndic, or municipal magistrate. See Aaron Derfel, "No conflict in China trip, council speaker decides," Montreal Gazette, 17 February 1998, A3.
17. Michelle Lalonde, "China syndrome: Probe of mayor's trip being sabotaged, opposition claims," Montreal Gazette, 17 July 1998, A4.
18. Linda Gyulai, "Bourque gives and takes: He stands firm on appointment but recants on question period," Montreal Gazette, 24 November 1998, A10.
19. Michael Mainville, "Bourque still backs garbage depot: Mayor says he will try to persuade Quebec to allow St. Henri project to go ahead," Montreal Gazette, 22 April 2000, A3; "Quebec dumps depot plans," Montreal Gazette, 25 April 2000, B6. See also Nicolas Von Praet, "Prescott clashes again with speaker: Rules on expulsion may be amended," Montreal Gazette, 14 May 2000, A4.
20. Harvey Shepherd, "`Freedom of belief' is the issue: Complaints lead human-rights commission to suggest cutting prayers at council meetings," Montreal Gazette, 12 February 2000, J7.
21. "Councillors eye ADQ," Montreal Gazette, 29 October 2002, A26.
22. Linda Gyulai, "Clamor grows over recruits for Mayor Tremblay's party," Montreal Gazette, 21 October 2003, A7; Sue Montgomery, "Tremblay gets six new councillors," Montreal Gazette, 13 December 2003, A8.