Lucha libre

For the comic book series, see Lucha Libre (comics).
Blue Demon Jr. vs. El Hijo Del Santo.

Lucha libre (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlutʃa ˈliβɾe], meaning "Free fight") is a term used in Mexico for a form of professional wrestling developed in the country. Although the term nowadays refers exclusively to professional wrestling, it was originally used in the same style as the American and English term "freestyle wrestling",[1] referring to an amateur wrestling style without the restrictions of Greco-Roman wrestling.

Mexican wrestling is characterized by colorful masks, rapid sequences of holds and maneuvers, as well as "high-flying" maneuvers, some of which have been adopted in the United States. The wearing of masks has developed special significance, and matches are sometimes contested in which the loser must permanently remove his mask, which is a wager with a high degree of weight attached. Tag team wrestling is especially prevalent in lucha libre, particularly matches with three-member teams, called trios.

Lucha libre wrestlers are known as luchadores (singular luchador) ("wrestler(s)"). They usually come from extended wrestling families who form their own stables. One such line integrated to the United States professional wrestling scene is Los Guerreros.

Lucha libre has also transcended the language barrier to some extent as evidenced by works such as Los Luchadores, ¡Mucha Lucha!, and Nacho Libre. It also appears in other pop culture such as mainstream advertising: In Canada Telus' Koodo Mobile Post Paid cell service uses a cartoon lucha libre wrestler as its spokesperson/mascot.

Rules

Luchador Místico

The rules of lucha libre are similar to American singles matches. Matches can be won by pinning the opponent to the mat for the count of three, making him submit, knocking him out of the ring for a predetermined count (generally twenty) or by disqualification. Using the ropes for leverage is illegal, and once a luchador is on the ropes, his opponent must release any holds and he will not be able to pin him.

Disqualifications occur when an opponent uses an illegal hold, move (such as the piledriver, which is an illegal move in lucha libre and grounds for immediate disqualification, though some variations are legal in certain promotions), or weapon, hits his opponent in the groin (faul), uses outside interference, attacks the referee, or rips his opponent's mask completely off. Most matches are two out of three falls (de dos a tres caídas), which had been abandoned for title bouts in North America and Japan in the 1970s.

A rule unique to lucha libre applies during tag team matches, which is when the legal wrestler of a team touches the floor outside the ring, a teammate may enter the ring to take his place as the legal competitor. As the legal wrestler can step to the floor willingly, there is essentially no need for an actual tag to a teammate to bring him into a match. This often allows for much more frenetic action to take place in the ring than would otherwise not be possible under standard tag rules.

History

Publicity still of Salvador Lutteroth Gonzáles
Arena Mexico on Dr. Lavista Street in Colonia Doctores in Mexico City

The history of Mexican wrestling dating back to 1863, during the French Intervention in Mexico, Enrique Ugartechea, the first Mexican wrestler, developed and invented the Mexican lucha libre from the Greco-Roman wrestling.[2][3]

In the early 1900s, professional wrestling was mostly a regional phenomenon in Mexico until Salvador Lutteroth founded the Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (Mexican Wrestling Enterprise) in 1933, giving the sport a national foothold for the first time. The promotion company flourished and quickly became the premier spot for wrestlers. As television surfaced as a viable entertainment medium during the 1950s, Lutteroth was then able to broadcast his wrestling across the nation, subsequently yielding a popularity explosion for the sport. Moreover, it was the emergence of television that allowed Lutteroth to promote lucha libre’s first breakout superstar into a national pop-culture phenomenon.[4]

In 1942, lucha libre would be forever changed when a silver-masked wrestler, known simply as El Santo (The Saint), first stepped into the ring. He made his debut in Mexico City by winning an 8-man battle royal. The public became enamored by the mystique and secrecy of Santo's personality, and he quickly became the most popular luchador in Mexico. His wrestling career spanned nearly five decades, during which he became a folk hero and a symbol of justice for the common man through his appearances in comic books and movies, while the sport received an unparalleled degree of mainstream attention.[5]

Other legendary luchadores who helped popularize the sport include Gory Guerrero, who is credited with developing moves and holds which are now commonplace in professional wrestling; Blue Demon, a contemporary of Santo and possibly his greatest rival; and Mil Máscaras (Man of A Thousand Masks) who is credited with introducing the high flying moves of lucha libre to audiences around the world. He achieved international fame as one of the first high-flyers, something he was not considered in Mexico, where he fell under the mat-power category.[6][7][8]

Style of wrestling

Rey Mysterio Jr. hitting the "619" on Eddie Guerrero

Luchadores are traditionally more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers than professional wrestlers in the United States, who more often rely on power and hard strikes to subdue their opponents. The difference in styles is due to the independent evolution of the sport in Mexico beginning in the 1930s and the fact that luchadores in the cruiserweight division (peso semicompleto) are often the most popular wrestlers in Mexican lucha libre.[9] Luchadores execute characteristic high flying attacks by using the wrestling ring's ropes to catapult themselves towards their opponents, using intricate combinations in rapid-fire succession, and applying complex submission holds. Rings used in lucha libre generally lack the spring supports added to U.S. and Japanese rings; as a result, lucha libre does not emphasize the "flat back" bumping style of other professional wrestling styles. For this same reason, aerial maneuvers are almost always performed to opponents outside the ring, allowing the luchador to break his fall with an acrobatic tumble.

A lucha libre tag team match

Lucha libre has several different weight classes, many catered to smaller agile fighters, who often make their debuts in their mid-teens. This system enables dynamic high-flying luchadores such as Rey Mysterio, Jr., Juventud Guerrera, Super Crazy and Místico, to develop years of experience by their mid-twenties.[10] A number of prominent Japanese wrestlers also started their careers training in Mexican lucha libre before becoming stars in Japan. These include Gran Hamada, Satoru Sayama, Jushin Thunder Liger, and Último Dragón.

Lucha libre is also known for its tag team wrestling matches. The teams are often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the United States. These three man teams participate in what are called trios matches, for tag team championship belts. Of these three members, one member is designated the captain. A successful fall in a trios match can be achieved by either pinning the captain of the opposing team or by pinning both of the other members. A referee can also stop the match because of "excessive punishment". He can then award the match to the aggressors. Falls often occur simultaneously, which adds to the extremely stylized nature of the action. In addition, a wrestler can opt to roll out of the ring in lieu of tagging a partner or simply be knocked out of the ring, at which point one of his partners may enter. As a result, the tag team formula and pacing which has developed in U.S. tag matches is different from lucha libre because the race to tag is not a priority. There are also two-man tag matches (parejas), as well as "four on four" matches (atomicos).[11]

Masks

An unknown wrestler wearing a Blue Demon mask
The mask of El Santo
The mask of Blue Demon

Masks (máscaras) have been used dating back to the beginnings of lucha libre in the early part of the 20th century, and have a historical significance to Mexico in general, dating to the days of the Aztecs.[12] Early masks were very simple with basic colors to distinguish the wrestler. In modern lucha libre, masks are colorfully designed to evoke the images of animals, gods, ancient heroes and other archetypes, whose identity the luchador takes on during a performance. Virtually all wrestlers in Mexico will start their careers wearing masks, but over the span of their careers, a large number of them will be unmasked. Sometimes, a wrestler slated for retirement will be unmasked in his final bout or at the beginning of a final tour, signifying loss of identity as that character. Sometimes, losing the mask signifies the end of a gimmick with the wrestler moving on to a new gimmick and mask. The mask is considered sacred to a degree, so much so that fully removing an opponent's mask during a match is grounds for disqualification.[13]

During their careers, masked luchadores will often be seen in public wearing their masks and keeping up the culture of Lucha Libre, while other masked wrestlers will interact with the public and press normally. However, they will still go to great lengths to conceal their true identities; in effect, the mask is synonymous with the luchador. El Santo continued wearing his mask after retirement, revealed his face briefly only in old age, and was buried wearing his silver mask.

More recently, the masks luchadores wear have become iconic symbols of Mexican culture. Contemporary artists like Francisco Delgado and Xavier Garza incorporate wrestler masks in their paintings.[14]

Although masks are a feature of lucha libre, it is a misconception that every Mexican wrestler uses one. There have been several maskless wrestlers who have been successful, particularly Tarzán López, Gory Guerrero, Perro Aguayo and Negro Casas. Formerly masked wrestlers who lost their masks, such as Satánico, Cien Caras, Cibernético and others, have had continued success despite losing their masks.

Luchas de Apuestas

Luchador masks on display as souvenirs in a shop at Playa del Carmen

With the importance placed on masks in lucha libre, losing the mask to an opponent is seen as the ultimate insult, and can at times seriously hurt the career of the unmasked wrestler. Putting one's mask on the line against a hated opponent is a tradition in lucha libre as a means to settle a heated feud between two or more wrestlers. In these battles, called luchas de apuestas ("matches with wagers"), the wrestlers "wager" either their mask or their hair.[15]

"In a lucha de apuesta (betting match), wrestlers make a public bet on the outcome of the match. The most common forms are the mask-against-mask, hair-against-hair, or mask-against-hair matches. A wrestler who loses his or her mask has to remove the mask after the match. A wrestler who loses their hair is shaved immediately afterward."[16] If the true identity of a person losing his mask is previously unknown, it is customary for that person to reveal his real name, hometown and years as a professional upon unmasking.

The first lucha de apuestas was presented on July 14, 1940 at Arena México. The defending champion Murciélago (Velásquez) was so much lighter than his challenger (Octavio Gaona), he requested a further condition before he would sign the contract: Octavio Gaona would have to put his hair on the line. Octavio Gaona won the match and Murciélago unmasked, giving birth to a tradition in lucha libre.[17]

Variants

El Oriental's elaborate mask was lost in a lucha de apuesta.

Weight classes

A wrestling mask graffiti in Madrid, Spain

Since Lucha Libre has its roots more in Latin American professional wrestling than North American professional wrestling it retains some of the basics of the Latin American version such as more weight classes than professional wrestling in North America post World War II. Like "old school" European (especially British) wrestling, some Japanese wrestling and early 20th century American wrestling,[18] Lucha Libre has a detailed weight class system patterned after boxing. Each weight class has an official upper limit, but examples of wrestlers who are technically too heavy to hold their title can be found. The following weight classes exist in Lucha Libre, as defined by the "Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F." (the Mexico City Boxing and Wrestling Commission), the main regulatory body in Mexico:[19]

Name (English) Name (Spanish) Weight Limit Titles in division
Flyweight Mosca 52 kg (115 lb) None
Bantamweight Gallo 57 kg (126 lb) None
Featherweight Pluma 63 kg (139 lb) Mexican National, UWA
Lightweight Ligero 70 kg (150 lb) Mexican National, UWA, WWA, IWRG
Super Lightweight Super Ligero 73 kg (161 lb) CMLL
Welterweight Welter 77 kg (170 lb) Mexican National, NWA, CMLL, UWA, WWA, IWRG
Super Welterweight Super welter 82 kg (181 lb) IWRG
Middleweight Medio 87 kg (192 lb) Mexican National, NWA, CMLL, UWA, WWA, IWRG
Super Middleweight / Junior Light Heavyweight Super medio / Semicompleto Junior 92 kg (203 lb) UWA, WWA
Light Heavyweight Semi completo 97 kg (214 lb) Mexican National, NWA, CMLL, UWA, WWA
Junior Heavyweight / Cruiserweight Completo junior / Crucero 105 kg (231 lb) UWA, AAA
Heavyweight Completo 105 kg (231 lb) (Minimum) Mexican National, CMLL, UWA, WWA, IWRG, AAA

Other characteristics

Luchador Rey Mysterio

Luchadores are traditionally divided into two categories, rudos (lit. "tough guys", who are "bad guys", or "heels"), who bend or break the rules, and técnicos (the "good guys", or "faces", literally "technicians"), who play by the rules and their moves are much more complex and spectacular. Técnicos tend to have very formal combat styles, close to Greco-Roman wrestling and martial arts techniques, whereas rudos tend to be brawlers. Técnicos playing the "good guy" role, and rudos playing the "bad guy" role is very characteristic of Mexican lucha libre, which differs from U.S. professional wrestling, where many technical wrestlers play the role of heels (e.g., Kurt Angle & Randy Orton), and many brawlers play as "faces" (e.g., Stone Cold Steve Austin & The Rock).[20] Although rudos often resort to using underhanded tactics, they are still expected to live up to a luchador code of honor. For instance, a luchador who has lost a wager match would prefer to endure the humiliation of being unmasked or having his head shaved rather than live with the shame that would come from not honoring his bet. Rudos have also been known to make the transition into técnicos after a career defining moment, as was the case with Blue Demon, who decided to become a técnico after his wrestling partner, Black Shadow, was unmasked by the legendary Santo. Tag teams are sometimes composed of both rudos and técnicos in what are called parejas increibles (incredible pairings). Parejas increibles highlight the conflict between a luchador's desire to win and his contempt for his partner.[21]

A staple gimmick present in lucha libre since the 1950s is exótico, basically a gay character in drag. It is argued that the gimmick has recently attained a more flamboyant outlook.[22]

Luchadores, like their foreign counterparts, seek to obtain a campeonato (championship) through winning key wrestling matches. Since many feuds and shows are built around luchas de apuestas (matches with wagers), title matches play a less prominent role in Mexico than in the U.S. Titles can be defended as few as one time per year.[23]

Lucha libre uses a more specific weight class system to classify titles. Popular weight classes include: heavyweight, light-heavyweight, welterweight and middleweight. Lightweight and super-lightweight titles are also used. The cruiserweight division is often associated with the lucha libre style of wrestling, even though in Mexico, the term light-heavyweight (peso semicompleto) is used due to a different weight class system. In recent years, weight classes have been mostly nominal and there are occasions when a wrestler will have titles in two different weight classes, for example Máscara Dorada holding both the CMLL World Super Lightweight Championship and the CMLL World Welterweight Championship at the same time.[24]

The two biggest lucha libre promotions in Mexico are Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), which was founded in 1933, and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA).[25]

Female professional wrestlers

Female wrestlers or luchadoras also compete in Mexican lucha libre. The CMLL World Women's Championship is the top title for CMLL's women's division, while the AAA Reina de Reinas Championship is a championship defended in an annual tournament by female wrestlers in AAA. AAA also recognizes a World Mixed Tag Team Championship, contested by tag teams composed of a luchador and luchadora respectively. In 2000, the all female promotion company Lucha Libre Femenil (LLF) was founded.[26]

Mini-Estrellas

Main article: Mini-Estrella
Cuije, an example of Mini-Estrella

Lucha Libre has a division called the "Mini-Estrella" or "Minis" division, which unlike North American midget professional wrestling is not just for dwarfs but also for luchadores that are short. The maximum allowable height to participate in the Mini division was originally 5 feet, but in recent years wrestlers such as Pequeño Olímpico have worked the Minis division despite being 1.69 m (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) tall.[27] The Minis division was first popularized in the 1970s with wrestlers like Pequeño Luke and Arturito (a wrestler with an R2-D2 gimmick) becoming noticed for their high flying abilities. In the late 1980s/early 1990s CMLL created the first actual "Minis" division, the brainchild of then-CMLL booker Antonio Peña. CMLL created the CMLL World Mini-Estrella Championship in 1992, making it the oldest Minis championship still in existence today.[28] Minis are often patterned after "regular-sized" wrestlers and are sometimes called "mascotas" ("mascots") if they team with the regular-sized version.[27]

Luchadors in the United States

In 1994, AAA promoted the When Worlds Collide pay-per-view in conjunction with the U.S. promotion company World Championship Wrestling (WCW). When Worlds Collide introduced U.S. audiences to many of the top luchadores in Mexico at the time.

In recent years, several luchadores have found success in the United States. Notable luchadores who achieved success in the U.S. are Eddie Guerrero, Rey Mysterio, Jr., Juventud Guerrera, La Parka, Super Crazy, Alberto Del Rio, Psicosis, Sin Cara and Kalisto.

Lucha libre shows are broadcast weekly in the U.S. on the Galavisión and LA TV Spanish language cable networks.

Lucha Underground is a professional wrestling franchise produced by the United Artists Media Group. The weekly television series airs in English on the El Rey Network and in Spanish on UniMás, featuring wrestlers from the American independent circuit and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), one of the biggest wrestling promotions in Mexico.[29] AAA also owns a percentage of Lucha Underground.[30] The series, which is taped live in Boyle Heights, California, is now (May 2016) in its second season and has been renewed for a third season.

In 2012, the Arizona Diamondbacks Major League Baseball team started doing promotions involving Lucha Libre. A luchador mask in Diamondback colors was a popular giveaway at one game. In 2013 a Diamondbacks Luchador was made an official mascot, joining D. Baxter Bobcat. The first 20,000 fans at the July 27 game against the San Diego Padres were to receive a luchador mask.

National variants

In Peru the term "cachascán" (from "catch as can") is used. Wrestlers are called cachascanistas. In Argentina, in addition to lucha libre, professional wrestling is also referred to as "catch" (as in many non English speaking countries in Europe) or catch as catch can.[31] In Bolivian Lucha Libre, wrestling Cholitas – female wrestlers dressed up as indigenous Aymara – are popular,[32][33] and have even inspired comic books comic books.

Promotions using lucha libre rules

Mexico

Japan

United Kingdom

United States

Puerto Rico

In popular culture

Lucha libre has crossed over into popular culture, especially in Mexico where it is the fourth most popular sport after football.[34] Outside of Mexico Lucha Libre has also crossed over into popular culture, especially in movies and television. Depictions of luchadores are often used as symbols of Mexico and Mexican culture in non-Spanish speaking cultures.

Movies and television

See also: Lucha film

The motion picture Nacho Libre, starring Jack Black as a priest-turned-luchador was inspired by the story of Father Sergio Gutiérrez Benítez, a real-life Catholic priest who wrestled as Fray Tormenta to make money for his church.

Rob Zombie's animated film The Haunted World of El Superbeasto stars a Mexican luchador named El Superbeasto.

Television shows have also been inspired by Lucha Libre, especially animated series such as ¡Mucha Lucha!, Cartoon Network also produced an animated mini-series based on luchador El Santo.[35]

The WB television series Angel episode entitled "The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco" told the story of a family of luchadores called "Los Hermanos Números" who also fought evil. Angel must help the remaining brother, Numero Cinco, defeat the Aztec warrior-demon that killed his four brothers.

In the British TV show Justin Lee Collins: The Wrestler, Colins competes as the rudo El Glorioso, or The Glorious One, against the exótico Cassandro in The Roundhouse, London, ultimately losing and being unmasked.[36]

The book and television series The Strain by Guillermo del Toro and Chuck Hogan, features a retired luchador character called Angel de la Plata (The Silver Angel), played by Joaquin Cosio. In the storyline, Angel de la Plata (probably based on El Santo) was a major masked wrestling star in Mexico, appearing both in the ring and in a series of movies in which his character battled all manner of foes including vampires. A knee injury ended his career but he is called upon to use his fighting skills against a real-life vampire invasion of New York. [37]

Lucha libre inspirations

Nike has designed a line of lucha libre-inspired athletic shoes.[38] Coca-Cola developed a Blue Demon Full Throttle energy drink named after the luchador Blue Demon, Jr. who is also the spokesperson for the drink in Mexico.[39] Coca-Cola also introduced "Gladiator" in Mexico, an energy drink that sponsored CMLL events and who featured CMLL wrestlers such as Místico and Último Guerrero.[40]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Dave Meltzer (October 1, 2008). ".". Wrestling Observer Newsletter.
  2. ↑ Reseñas Deportivas (breve historia) (Spanish)
  3. ↑ El hijo del Santo (February 9, 2012). "Los personajes en la historia de la lucha libre mexicana (Spanish)". Record.com.mx. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  4. ↑ "The History of Lucha Libre". Bongo.net. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  5. ↑ "El Santo". Wrestling Museum. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  6. ↑ "Lucha Legends: Gory Guerrero". Lethalwrestling.com. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  7. ↑ "Blue Demon". Internationalhero.co.uk. April 24, 1922. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  8. ↑ "Interview: Mil Mascaras and Satoru Sayama". Puroresudojo.com. August 3, 1995. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  9. ↑ Madigan, Dan (2007). "Okay... what is Lucha Libre?". Mondo Lucha Libre: the bizarre and honorable world of wild Mexican wrestling. HarperColins Publisher. pp. 29–40. ISBN 978-0-06-085583-3.
  10. ↑ "CANOE - SLAM! Sports - Wrestling - Lucha Libre 101". Slam.canoe.ca. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  11. ↑ Stas Bekman: stas (at) stason.org. "8.6. Lucha Libre confuses me, what are the rules?". Stason.org. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  12. ↑ Madigan, Dan (2007). "What is Lucha Libre". Mondo Lucha Libre: the bizarre & honorable world of wild Mexican wrestling. HarperColins Publisher. pp. 2–15. ISBN 978-0-06-085583-3.
  13. ↑ Brandt, Stacy (5 December 2002). "Who Was That Masked Man?". The Daily Aztec. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009.
  14. ↑ "Xavier Garza". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011.
  15. ↑ "CANOE - SLAM! Sports - Wrestling - Viva la lucha libre!". Slam.canoe.ca. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  16. ↑ Heather Levi (2008). The World of Lucha Libre: Secrets, Revelations, and Mexican National Identity. Duke University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-8223-4232-8.
  17. ↑ Lourdes Grobet, Alfonso Morales, Gustavo Fuentes, and Jose Manuel Aurrecoechea (2005). Lucha Libre: Masked Superstars of Mexican Wrestling. Trilce. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-933045-05-4.
  18. ↑ http://www.wrestling-titles.com/weights.html
  19. ↑ Arturo Montiel Rojas (August 30, 2001). "Reglamento de box y lucha libre profesional del estado de mexico" (PDF). Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2009. CAPITULO XXVI> DEL PESO DE LOS LUCHADORES
  20. ↑ "Wrestling Encyclopedia". Wrestling Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Lucha Libre Moves". Surf-mexico.com. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  22. ↑ Bajko, Matthew S. (December 5, 2008). "Meet Lucha Libre’s New Superstar: The Openly Gay ’Queen of the Ring’". Edgeboston.com. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  23. ↑ Madigan, Dan (2007). "A family affair". Mondo Lucha Libre: the bizarre & honorable world of wild Mexican wrestling. HarperColins Publisher. pp. 128–132. ISBN 978-0-06-085583-3.
  24. ↑ "Máscara Dorada tretacampeón, un luchador de oro puro" (in Spanish). SuperLuchas Magazine. September 9, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  25. ↑ Madigan, Dan (2007). "A family affair". Mondo Lucha Libre: the bizarre & honorable world of wild Mexican wrestling. HarperColins Publisher. pp. 128–132. ISBN 978-0-06-085583-3.
  26. ↑ Among the new group of notable female luchadoras is El Gato de Plata (believed to be Ella Brown)CANOE - SLAM! Sports - Wrestling - LLF promoter loves his luchadoras
  27. 1 2 Madigan, Dan (2007). "You ain't seen nothing yet: the minis". Mondo Lucha Libre: the bizarre & honorable world of wild Mexican wrestling. HarperColins Publisher. pp. 209–212. ISBN 978-0-06-085583-3.
  28. ↑ Royal Duncan & Gary Will (2000). "Mexico: EMLL CMLL Midget (miniestrella) Title". Wrestling Title Histories. Archeus Communications. p. 396. ISBN 0-9698161-5-4.
  29. ↑ "Los Angeles, CA (September 25, 2015) – Lucha Underground, the Lucha Libre wrestling franchise from United Artists Media Group and FactoryMade Ventures".
  30. ↑ Johnson, Mike (7 February 2016). "More on issues with Konnan, AAA and others in recent weeks". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  31. ↑ Rocky Rolando. "Federacion Argentina De Catch". Facatch.com.ar. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  32. ↑ Crooker, Patricio. "The Wrestling cholitas of El Alto, Bolivia". American Ethnography Quasimonthly. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
  33. ↑ Guillermoprieto, Alma (September 2008). "Bolivia's Wrestlers". National Geographic. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
  34. ↑ Yoav (October 22, 2007). "ENCUESTA DE MITOFSKY REVELA QUE LA LUCHA NO ES EL SEGUNDO DEPORTE MÁS POPULAR EN MÉXICO" (in Spanish). SuperLuchas Magazine. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
  35. ↑ "Cartoon Network Announces Five New Series for 2007". Movieweb.com. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  36. ↑ Teeman, Tim (August 14, 2009). "Dolce Vito; Justin Lee Collins: Wrestler; How Clean Is Your House? - Last Night's TV". Home Arts & Entertainment TV & Radio (London: The Times). Retrieved August 14, 2009.
  37. ↑ . hitfix.com. January 13, 2015 http://www.hitfix.com/the-fien-print/exclusive-fxs-the-strain-finds-its-vampire-fighting-silver-angel#bHAG18UjoWIEczb1.99. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  38. ↑ Halfhill, Matt (April 29, 2008). "Lucha Libre Air Force Ones". NiceKicks.com. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  39. ↑ "Coca-Cola Introduces New Full Throttle Blue Demon Energy Drink". BevNET.com. November 9, 2006. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  40. ↑ Ocampo, Jorge (January 30, 2008). "Coca Cola México lanza Gladiator" (in Spanish). SuperLuchas Magazine. Retrieved September 5, 2009.

References

External links

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