Mackinac Island

This article is about the island in Michigan. For the city of the same name, see Mackinac Island, Michigan. For the state park, see Mackinac Island State Park. For history of the general area, see Michilimackinac.

Mackinac
Native name: <span class="nickname" ">Michilimackinac[1]

A map of Mackinac Island's topography.

Topographic map of Mackinac island
Mackinac Island
Location of Mackinac Island in Michigan
Geography
Location Lake Huron
Coordinates 45°51′40″N 84°37′50″W / 45.86111°N 84.63056°W / 45.86111; -84.63056Coordinates: 45°51′40″N 84°37′50″W / 45.86111°N 84.63056°W / 45.86111; -84.63056
Total islands Three
Major islands Mackinac, Bois Blanc, Round
Area 3.776 sq mi (9.78 km2)
Coastline 8 mi (13 km)
Highest elevation 890 ft (271 m)
Highest point Fort Holmes
Administration
United States
State Michigan
Largest settlement Mackinac Island (pop. 492)
County Mackinac County
Demographics
Population 492 residents and as many as 15,000 tourists per day during peak season (as of 2010)
Density 50.31 /km2 (130.3 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups
Mackinac Island

Bicyclists on a road. Houses can be seen at left.

Cyclists on M-185 (Main Street) at mile marker 0 in downtown Mackinac Island
Location Mackinac Island, Michigan
NRHP Reference # 66000397[2]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP October 15, 1966
Designated NHLD October 9, 1960[3]
Designated MSHS July 19, 1956[4]

Mackinac Island (/ˈmækᵻnɔː/ MAK-in-aw) is an island and resort area, covering 3.8 square miles (9.8 km2) in land area, in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located in Lake Huron, at the eastern end of the Straits of Mackinac, between the state's Upper and Lower Peninsulas.[5] The island was home to an Odawa settlement before European exploration began in the 17th century. It served a strategic position as a center on the commerce of the Great Lakes fur trade. This led to the establishment of Fort Mackinac on the island by the British during the American Revolutionary War. It was the site of two battles during the War of 1812.[6]

In the late 19th century, Mackinac Island became a popular tourist attraction and summer colony. Much of the island has undergone extensive historical preservation and restoration; as a result, the entire island is listed as a National Historic Landmark. It is well known for its numerous cultural events; its wide variety of architectural styles, including the famous Victorian Grand Hotel; its fudge; and its ban on almost all motor vehicles. More than 80 percent of the island is preserved as Mackinac Island State Park.[7]

Etymology

Like many historic places in the Great Lakes region, Mackinac Island's name derives from a Native American language. Native Americans in the Straits of Mackinac region likened the shape of the island to that of a turtle. Therefore, they named it "Mitchimakinak" (Ojibwe mishi-mikinaak)[8] meaning "big turtle". Andrew Blackbird, an Odawa historian, said it was named after a tribe that had lived there.[9] The French spelled it with their version of the original pronunciation: Michilimackinac. The British shortened it to the present name: "Mackinac."[10][11] Michillimackinac is also spelled as Mishinimakinago, Mǐshǐma‛kǐnung, Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go, Missilimakinak, Teiodondoraghie.

The Menominee traditionally lived in a large territory of 10 million acres extending from Wisconsin to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Historic references include one by Father Frederic Baraga, a Slovenian missionary priest in Michigan, who in his 1878 dictionary wrote:

Mishinimakinago; pl.-g.—This name is given to some strange Indians (according to the sayings of the Otchipwes [Ojibwe]), who are rowing through the woods, and who are sometimes heard shooting, but never seen. And from this word, the name of the village of Mackinac, or Michillimackinac, is derived.[12]

Maehkaenah is the Menominee word for turtle. In his 1952 The Indian Tribes of North America, John Reed Swanton recorded under the "Wisconsin" section: "Menominee," a band named "Misi'nimäk Kimiko Wini'niwuk, 'Michilimackinac People,' near the old fort at Mackinac, Mich."[13]

In an early written history of Mackinac Island (1887) by Andrew Blackbird, an official interpreter for the U.S. government and an Ottawa chief's son, he describes that a small independent tribe called "Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go" once occupied Mackinac Island. They became confederated with the Ottawa from Ottawa Island (now Manitoulin Island) situated north of Lake Huron. One winter the Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go on Mackinac Island were almost entirely annihilated by the Seneca people from New York, who were part of the Iroquois Confederacy. Only two of the local natives escaped by hiding in one of the natural caves at the island. To commemorate the losses of this allied tribe, the Ottawa named what is now Mackinac Island, as "Mi-shi-ne-macki-nong."[14] In 1895 Fort Mackinac's John R. Bailey, M. D. published his history, entitled Mackinac formerly Michilimackinac, describing some of the first recorded presence on Mackinac of French traders. They arrived in 1654 with a large party of Huron and Ottawa heading to Three Rivers; another visitor was an adventurer making a canoe voyage in 1665.[1]

History

Prehistoric

A historical plaque at British Landing, mounted atop wooden poles. Bikes are chained to the poles.
Historical Marker at British Landing

Archaeologists have excavated prehistoric fishing camps on Mackinac Island and in the surrounding areas. Fishhooks, pottery, and other artifacts establish a Native American presence at least 700 years before European exploration, around AD 900. The island is a sacred place in the tradition of some of its earliest known inhabitants, the Anishinaabe (Ojibwa) tribes, who consider it to be home to the Gitche Manitou, or the "Great Spirit". According to legend, Mackinac Island was created by the Great Hare, Michabou and was the first land to appear after the recession of the Great Flood.[15] The island was a gathering place for the local tribes where their offerings were made to Gitche Manitou, and it was the burial place of tribal chiefs.[16]

17th through 18th centuries

The first European likely to have seen Mackinac Island is Jean Nicolet, a French-Canadian coureur de bois, during his 1634 explorations. The Jesuit priest Claude Dablon founded a mission for the Native Americans on Mackinac Island in 1670, and stayed over the winter of 1670–71. Dablon's fall 1671 successor, the missionary and explorer Jacques Marquette, moved the mission to St. Ignace soon after his arrival.[17][18] With the mission as a focus, the Straits of Mackinac quickly became an important French fur trading location. The British took control of the Straits of Mackinac after the French and Indian War and Major Patrick Sinclair chose the bluffs of the island for Fort Mackinac in 1780.[6][16]

The Jesuit Relations (1671) contains a long description of Mackinac Island:

its fisheries, its phenomena of wind and tide, and the tribes who, now and in the past, have made it their abode. A favorite resort for all the Algonkin tribes, many are returning to it since the peace with the Iroquois. On this account, the Jesuits have begun a new mission, opposite Mackinac, called St. Ignace. Thither have fled the Hurons, driven from Chequamegon Bay by fear of the Sioux, “the Iroquois of the West."[19]
A white, flat-roofed gazebo over a spring, with a plaque located on a rock next to the spring. A short, wide wooden walkway leads from the road to the gazebo.
Dwightwood Spring, on Mackinac Island's eastern shore

The Relations also indicate the tremendous strategic importance of Michillimackinac/Mackinac Island as "the central point for all travel on the upper Great Lakes, and for a vast extent of wilderness and half-settled country beyond" to First Nations and Europeans (prior to the arrival of railroads). The tribes who had inhabited Mackinac Island had been driven away by the Iroquois, leaving the island practically deserted until 1670. The Huron people from Lake Superior, in fear of the Sioux, retreated to the shore north of Mackinac Island. Here Marquette continued his missionary labors with them, at the site of the present St. Ignace. Denonville’s memoir of 1688 claimed that the French had inhabited the area since 1648. A small French garrison was sent there some time between 1679 and 1683.[20]

The name of Michillimackinac (later abbreviated to Mackinac) was applied generally to the entire vicinity, as well as specifically to the post at St. Ignace. Later it was applied to the fort and mission established on the south side of the Strait of Mackinac.[1][19][21][22]

Although the British built Fort Mackinac to protect their settlement from attack by French-Canadians and native tribes, the fort was never attacked during the American Revolutionary War. The entire Straits area was officially acquired by the United States through the Treaty of Paris in 1783. However, much of the British forces did not leave the Great Lakes area until after 1794, when Jay's Treaty established U.S. sovereignty over the Northwest Territory.[23]

19th century to present

A gray steel statue of Père Jacques Marquette, atop a marble pedestal
The statue of Père Jacques Marquette, Jesuit Priest and Great Lakes explorer, in front of Fort Mackinac

During the War of 1812, the British captured the fort in the first battle of the conflict because the Americans had not yet heard that war had been declared. The victorious British attempted to protect their prize by building Fort George on the high ground behind Fort Mackinac. In 1814, the Americans and British fought a second battle on the north side of the island. The American second-in-command, Major Andrew Hunter Holmes, was killed and the Americans failed to recapture the island.

Despite this outcome, the Treaty of Ghent of 1815 forced the British to return the island and surrounding mainland to the U.S. The United States reoccupied Fort Mackinac, and renamed Fort George as Fort Holmes, after Major Holmes.[6][24] Fort Mackinac remained under the control of the United States government until 1895 and provided volunteers to defend the Union during the American Civil War. The fort was used as a prison for three Confederate sympathizers.[16]

John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company was centered on Mackinac Island after the War of 1812 and exported beaver pelts for thirty years. By the middle of the 19th century, commercial fishing for whitefish and lake trout began to replace the fur trade as the island's primary industry. As sport fishing became more popular in the 1880s, hotels and restaurants accommodated tourists coming by train or lake boat from Detroit.[6]

Following the Civil War, the island became a popular tourist destination for residents of cities on the Great Lakes. Much of the federal land on Mackinac Island was designated as the second national park, Mackinac National Park, in 1875, just three years after Yellowstone was named as the first national park. To accommodate an influx of tourists in the 1880s, the boat and railroad companies built hotels, including the Grand Hotel. Souvenir shops began to spring up as a way for island residents to profit from the tourists. Many wealthy industrialists built summer "cottages" along the island's bluffs for extended stays. When the federal government left the island in 1895, all of the federal land, including Fort Mackinac, was given to the state of Michigan and became Michigan's first state park. The Mackinac Island State Park Commission appointed to oversee the island has limited private development in the park and requires leaseholders to maintain the island's distinctive Victorian architecture.[7][25]

Motor vehicles were restricted at the end of the 19th century because of concerns for the health and safety of the island's residents and horses after local carriage drivers complained that automobiles startled their horses. This ban continues to the present with exceptions only for emergency and construction vehicles.[16][26]

Geography

An arch-shaped rock. The opening in the rock is sizable, and part of a road, trees, and a lake can be seen through the rock.
A view of M-185 through Arch Rock
A forest with tall, thin trees. One of the trees is fallen.
One of the many extensive forests of Mackinac Island

Mackinac Island is about 8 miles (13 km) in circumference and 3.8 square miles (9.8 km2) in total area.[5] The highest point of the island is the historic Fort Holmes (originally called Fort George by the British before 1815), which is 320 feet (98 m) above lake level and 890 feet (271 m) above sea level.[24] According to the 2010 United States Census, the island has a year-round population of 492.[27] The population grows considerably during the summer as hotels, restaurants, bars and retail shops, open only during the summer season, hire short-term employees to accommodate as many as 15,000 visitors per day.[28][29]

Geology

Mackinac Island was formed as the glaciers of the last ice age began to melt around 13,000 BC. The bedrock strata that underlie the island are much older, dating to Late Silurian and Early Devonian time, about 400 to 420 million years ago. Subsurface deposits of halite (rock salt) dissolved, allowing the collapse of overlying limestones; these once-broken but now solidified rocks comprise the Mackinac Breccia. The melting glaciers formed the Great Lakes, and the receding lakewaters eroded the limestone bedrock, forming the island's steep cliffs and rock formations. At least three previous lake levels are known, two of them higher than the present shore: Algonquin level lakeshores date to about 13,000 years ago, and the Nipissing level shorelines formed 4,000 to 6,000 years ago.[30] During an intermediate period of low water between these two high-water stages, the Straits of Mackinac shrank to a narrow gorge which discharged its water over Mackinac Falls, located just east of the island (beyond Arch Rock), into Lake Huron.[31]

As the Great Lakes assumed their present levels, the waterfall was inundated and Mackinac Island took on its current size.[5] The steep cliffs were one of the primary reasons for the British army's choice of the island for a fortification; their decision differed from that of the French army, which had built Fort Michilimackinac about 1715 near present-day Mackinaw City. The limestone formations are still part of the island's appeal. However, tourists are attracted by the natural beauty rather than the strategic value. One of the most popular geologic formations is Arch Rock, a natural limestone arch, 146 feet (45 m) above the ground.[6] Other popular geologic formations include Devil's Kitchen, Skull Cave, and Sugar Loaf.[7]

Nature

A blue jay, a small bird with blue feathers.
A blue jay, one of Mackinac Island's resident birds

Mackinac Island contains a wide variety of terrain, including fields, marshes, bogs, coastline, boreal forest, and limestone formations. The environment is legally preserved on the island by the State Historic Park designation. About half of the shoreline and adjacent waters off Mackinac Island, including the harbor (Haldimand Bay) and the southern and western shore from Mission Point to Pointe aux Pins, is protected as part of the Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve, a state marine park.[32] As it is separated from the mainland by 3 miles (4.8 km) of water, few large mammals inhabit the island, except those that traverse the ice during the winter months. Rabbits, fox, raccoons, otters, mink, gray and red squirrels, and chipmunks are all common as is the occasional beaver and coyote.[33] Bats are the most abundant migratory mammals as crossing the water is no obstacle for them. There are many limestone caves serving as homes for the bats and many insects on the island for the bat to prey on. The island is frequented by migratory birds on their trips between their summer and winter habitats. Eagles and hawks are abundant in April and May, while smaller birds such as yellow warblers, American redstart, and indigo bunting are more common in early summer. Near the shoreline, gulls, herons, geese, and loons are common. Owls, including snowy owls and great grey owls, come to the island from the Arctic to hunt in the warmer climate. Other birds, such as chickadees, cardinals, blue jays, and woodpeckers, live on the island year-round. Toads have also been found.[34]

Mackinac Island contains over 600 species of vascular plants. Flowering plants and wildflowers are abundant, including trillium, lady slippers, forget-me-nots, violets, trout lily, spring beauty, hepatica, buttercups, and hawkweeds in the forests and orchids, fringed gentian, butter-and-eggs, and jack-in-the-pulpit along the shoreline. The island's forests are home to many varieties of trees, such as maple, birch, elm, cedar, pine, and spruce.[34]

A panoramic view of a park. To the left is a rocky cliff. A wide green space, named Marquette Park, can be seen in the foreground. Ships are docked in a harbor in the background, and another island is visible in the distance.
Marquette Park on Mackinac Island

Media

The island's newspaper is the Mackinac Island Town Crier, It has been owned and operated by Wesley H. Maurer Sr. and his family since 1957 as training for journalism.[35] It is published weekly from May through September and bimonthly during the rest of the year.[36]

Transportation

A medium-sized watercraft with two hulls.
An Arnold Line high-speed catamaran used to transport people to and from the island
A street, surrounded on both sides by two- and three-story buildings. One person is riding on horseback in the middle of the street, while others are walking on the sidewalk. Bikes are parked at the curb.
Mackinac Island's main street, looking west. Transportation on the island is by horse, bike, or foot.

The island can be reached by private boat, by ferry, by small aircraft, and in the winter, by snowmobile over an ice bridge. The airport has a 3,500-foot (1,070 m) paved runway, and daily charter air service from the mainland is available.[37] In the summer tourist season, ferry service is available from Arnold Transit Company, Shepler's Ferry, and Star Line Ferry to shuttle visitors to the island from St. Ignace and Mackinaw City.[38]

Motorized vehicles have been prohibited on the island since 1898,[39] with the exception of snowmobiles during winter, emergency vehicles, and service vehicles. Travel on the island is either by foot, bicycle, or horse-drawn carriage. Roller skates and roller blades are also allowed, except in the downtown area. Bicycles, roller skates/roller blades, carriages, and saddle horses are available for rent. An 8-mile (13 km) road follows the island's perimeter, and numerous roads, trails and paths cover the interior.[40] M-185, the United States' only state highway without motorized vehicles, makes a circular loop around the island, closely hugging the shoreline.[41]

The island is the location of Mackinac Island State Park, which covers approximately 80 percent of the island and includes Fort Mackinac as well as portions of the island's historic downtown and harbor. No camping is allowed on the island, but numerous hotels and bed and breakfasts are available.[38][42]

The downtown streets are lined with many retail stores, candy shops, and restaurants. A popular item at the candy shops is the locally produced and nationally known Mackinac Island fudge, leading to tourists sometimes being referred to as "fudgies". Many shops sell a variety of fudge, and some of the confectioners have been operating for more than a century. The popularity of the fudge has led to the sales and marketing of Mackinac Island fudge not only throughout Michigan but outside the state as well.[43][44][45]

Architecture

The Grand Hotel is a wide five-story hotel, with an enclosed fifth story supported by three-story-high columns over the first story. The second through fourth stories are set back from the façade.
The Grand Hotel

Most of the buildings on Mackinac Island are built of wood, a few are of stone, and most have clapboard siding.[5] The architectural styles on the island span 300 years, from the earliest Native American structures to the styles of the 19th century. The earliest structures were built by the Anishinaabe and Ojibwe (Chippewa) tribes before European exploration. At least two buildings still exist from the original French settlement in the late 18th century. Mackinac Island has the only example of northern French rustic architecture in the United States, and one of few survivors in North America.

Mackinac Island also contains examples of Federalist, Colonial, and Greek Revival styles. Much of the island is built in the later style of the Victorian era which includes Gothic Revival, Stick style, Italianate, Second Empire, Richardson Romanesque and Queen Anne styles. The most recent styles used on the island date from the late 19th century to the 1930s and include the Colonial and Tudor revival styles.[46]

Points of interest

A medium-sized four-story house with wooden siding and a covered porch on the first floor.
The Governors House on Mackinac Island. The Governor of Michigan, while in office, can use this residence as a vacation home.
A white church steeple, with a black pointed roof.
St. Anne's Catholic Church on Mackinac Island

All of Mackinac Island was listed as a National Historic Landmark in October 1960. In addition, because of the island's long history and preservation efforts starting in the 1890s, eight separate locations on the island, and a ninth site on adjacent Round Island, are listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places.[16]

Culture

Ships docked in a harbor
Harbor, as seen from the village
A historic fort, with a wooden fence over a white stone wall that encircles the fort.Fort Mackinac in 2004

Events

Mackinac Island is home to many cultural events, including an annual show of American art from the Masco collection of 19th-century works at the Grand Hotel. There are at least five art galleries on the island.[66]

Since 1949, the island's residents have been celebrating the island's native lilacs with an annual 10-day festival, culminating in a horse-drawn parade that has been recognized as a local legacy event by the Library of Congress.[67][68][69][70][71][72]

Scout Service Camp

Every summer, Mackinac Island accommodates up to 54 Michigan Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts and their leaders over alternate weeks. These scouts serve the state park as the Mackinac Island Governor's Honor Guard. The program began in 1929, when the State Park Commission invited eight Eagle Scouts, including young Gerald Ford, to serve as honor guards for the Michigan governor.

A downhill view of houses. A harbor is visible at left.
A view of the island from atop Fort Mackinac

In 1974, the program was expanded to include Girl Scouts. The program is popular, selective, and a long-standing tradition. Scouts raise and lower twenty-six flags on the island, serve as guides, and complete volunteer service projects during their stay. These scouts live in the Scout Barracks behind Fort Mackinac.[73][74][75]

Sailing

Mackinac Island is the destination for two sailing races. The island has a sailing club, the Mackinac Island Yacht Club. It serves as the finish line for both the Port Huron to Mackinac Race and the Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac. The races run a week apart, in July. They are both among the longest freshwater sailing races in the world[76] and attract over 500 boats and 3,500 sailors combined.[77][78] Both races are historical events, having been run every year since the 1920s.[79][80]

Filming location

The swimming pool at the Grand Hotel is named for Esther Williams, who starred in the 1947 film This Time for Keeps which featured many of its scenes on Mackinac Island.[81][82]

The majority of the 1980 film Somewhere in Time was filmed at Mission Point on Mackinac Island.[54] Several landmarks are visible in the film, including the Grand Hotel and the lighthouse on nearby Round Island. The film's director said he needed to "find a place that looked like it hadn't changed in eighty years."[83]

Mackinac Island was featured on two episodes of the mid-2000s TV series Dirty Jobs, with host Mike Rowe as a Mackinac Bridge maintenance worker, and a horse manure and garbage removal/composting collector.[84][85]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Bailey, John R (1896). Mackinac formerly Michilimackinac. Lansing, Michigan: Darius D. Thorp & Son.
  2. ↑ Staff (2008-04-15). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  3. ↑ "Mackinac Island". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  4. ↑ State of Michigan (2009). "Mackinac Island". Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Mackinac Island" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Petersen, Eugene T. "High Cliffs". Mackinac.com. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
  7. 1 2 3 Petersen, Eugene T. "A Historic Treasure Preserved". Mackinac.com. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
  8. ↑ Nichols, John D.; Nyholm, Earl (1995). A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  9. ↑ Andrew J. Blackbird, "Earliest Possible Known History of Mackinac Island," History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan (Ypsilanti, MI: Ypsilanti Auxiliary of the Woman's National Indian Association, 1887) pp. 19-20
  10. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Mackinaw". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  11. ↑ Ferjutz, Kelly. "Broadcloth, Brocade and Buckskin—Return to the past on Mackinac Island". FrugalFun.com. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  12. ↑ Baraga, Frederic (1878). A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language 2. Montreal: Beauchemin & Valois. p. 248.
  13. ↑ Swanton, John R. (1952). Indian Tribes of North America. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 250–256.
  14. ↑ Blackbird (Mack-e-te-be-nessy), Andrew J. (1887). History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan: Earliest Possible Known History of Mackinac Island. Ypsilanti, Michigan: Ypsilanti Auxiliary of the Woman's National Indian Association. pp. 19–20.
  15. ↑ Zacharias, Pat. "The breathtaking Mackinac Bridge". Detroit News. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Slevin, Mary McGuire. "History". MackinacIsland.org. Archived from the original on January 23, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  17. ↑ Hamilton, Raphael N., S.J. Father Marquette. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans. p. 43.
  18. ↑ Boynton, James, S.J. (1996). Fishers of Men: The Jesuit Mission at Mackinac, 1670–1765. Mackinac Island: Ste. Anne's Church. pp. 14–15.
  19. 1 2 Jesuit Relations (Report). 1671. p. 12.
  20. ↑ O'Callaghan, E.B., ed. (1855). Documents relative to the colonial history of the state of New York 9. Albany, New York: Weed, Parsons, and Co. p. 383. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  21. ↑ Thwaites, Reuben Gold (1898). The Story of Mackinac. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. pp. 1–16.
  22. ↑ Cook, Samuel F. (1895). Mackinaw in History. Lansing, Michigan: Robert Smith and Co.
  23. ↑ Brinkley, Alan (2003). American History: A Survey (11 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 141, 173. ISBN 0-07-242436-2.
  24. 1 2 Brennan, James. "Fort Holmes". The Michigan Historical Marker Web Site. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
  25. ↑ Petersen, Eugene T. "The Victorian Era: A Resort Meca". Mackinac.com. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
  26. ↑ Slevin, Mary McGuire. "Mackinac Island Fact Sheet" (PDF). Mackinac Island Tourism Bureau. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
  27. ↑ "Population of Michigan Cities and Villages: 2000 and 2010". michigan.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  28. ↑ "Eselco Inc · 10-K405 · For 12/31/96 · EX-13". SEC Info. March 31, 1997. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  29. ↑ "Welcome to Mackinac Island". Superior Sights. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  30. ↑ William L. Blewett. "Understanding Ancient Shorelines in the National Parklands of the Great Lakes" (PDF). Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  31. ↑ "Ancient Waterfall Discovered Off Mackinac Island's Shoreline". Mackinac Island Town Crier. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
  32. ↑ Bailey, Dan Holden (September 1999). "Mackinac Straits". Diver Magazine. Archived from the original on June 20, 2006. Retrieved May 23, 2007.
  33. ↑ "Coyote Population Begins To Cause Concern on Mackinac Island". St. Ignace News. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
  34. 1 2 Slevin, Mary McGuire. "Ecosystem". MackinacIsland.org. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
  35. ↑ "St. Ignace". Hunts' Guide to Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Midwestern Guides. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  36. ↑ "Contact Us". Mackinac Island Town Crier. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  37. ↑ "By Air". Mackinac.com. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  38. 1 2 "Mackinac Island FAQs". Mackinac State Historic Parks. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  39. ↑ "What happened to a place in Michigan when cars were banned for 115 years?". Bike Delaware. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  40. ↑ Dearle, Brian. "Mackinac Island". The New Colonist. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  41. ↑ "Mackinac Island State Park: Points of Interest". Mackinac State Historic Parks. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  42. ↑ "Accommodations". Mackinac.com. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  43. ↑ Porter, Phil (2001). Fudge: Mackinac's Sweet Souvenir. Mackinac Island, Mich.: Mackinac State Historic Parks. ISBN 0-911872-78-7.
  44. ↑ Straus, Frank (February 11, 2006). "The Sweet Surrender of Mackinac Island Fudge". Mackinac Island Town Crier. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  45. ↑ Slevin, Mary McGuire. "Shopping". Mackinac Island Tourism Bureau. Archived from the original on May 6, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
  46. ↑ Slevin, Mary McGuire. "Architecture". Mackinacisland.org. Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
  47. 1 2 "Michigan: Mackinac County". Nationalregisterofhistoricalplaces.com. Retrieved March 9, 2007.
  48. ↑ "Fort Mackinac". Hunts' Guide to Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Midwestern Guides. Retrieved May 23, 2007.
  49. ↑ "A Brief History of Fort Mackinac". Mackinac Island State Park Commission. Retrieved May 23, 2007.
  50. 1 2 "Historic Buildings". Mackinac State Historic Parks. Retrieved February 4, 2010.
  51. ↑ "Biddle House". michmarkers.com. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
  52. ↑ "Market Street, 1820s fur trade center". Hunts' Guide to Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Midwestern Guides. Retrieved May 23, 2007.
  53. ↑ "Mission House". MI State Historic Preservation Objects. Retrieved May 23, 2007.
  54. 1 2 Mission Point historical museum Retrieved June 11, 2014
  55. ↑ "Your Wedding at Mission Church". Mackinac Island State Park Commission. Retrieved May 23, 2007.
  56. ↑ Petersen, Eugene. "Indian Dormitory". History of Mackinac Island. Mackinac.com. Retrieved May 23, 2007.
  57. ↑ "Richard and Jane Manoogian Mackinac Art Museum". Mackinac State Historic Parks. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
  58. ↑ "Geary House Rental". Mackinac Island State Park Commission. Retrieved May 23, 2007.
  59. ↑ "St. Anne, Mackinac Island". Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
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  62. ↑ "Wawashkamo Golf Club". michmarkers.com. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  63. ↑ "Governor's Summer Residence Tours". Mackinac Island State Park Commission. Retrieved May 23, 2007.
  64. ↑ "Traverse Classics: The Secret of Anne's Tablet on Mackinac Island". mynorth.com. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  65. ↑ "Mackinac Island State Parks". mackinacparks.com. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  66. ↑ Slevin, Mary McGuire. "The Arts". Mackinacisland.org. Archived from the original on December 9, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
  67. ↑ "History". Mackinac Island Lilac Festival. Retrieved March 11, 2007.
  68. ↑ "Tocqueville's Mackinac". Tocqueville's America. University of Virginia. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
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  70. ↑ "Preservation of Thoreau Country". The Thoreau Society. 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
  71. ↑ Havranek, Carrie (May 19, 2005). "Lose Yourself on the Tiny, Exclusive, Still-Affordable Mackinac Island". Frommer's. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
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  73. ↑ "Mackinac Island Honor Scouts". Girl Scouts – Michigan Trails. Archived from the original on June 24, 2006. Retrieved March 11, 2007.
  74. ↑ Wilson, Suzanne (May–June 2005). "A 75-Year Tradition of Summer Service". Scouting Magazine. Retrieved March 11, 2007.
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  77. ↑ "350 boats start Chicago-Mackinac race on Lake Michigan". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  78. ↑ "Bayview Yacht Club Retains Jonathan Witz & Associates to Manage Sponsorship, Marketing & Public Relations for Bell’s Beer Bayview Mackinac Race" (Press release). Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  79. ↑ "FAQ Race to Mackinac". Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  80. ↑ "Bayview Yacht Club Retains Jonathan Witz & Associates to Manage Sponsorship, Marketing & Public Relations for Bell’s Beer Bayview Mackinac Race" (Press release). Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  81. ↑ Keith Stokes. "Mackinac Island Michigan photographs". Mightymac.org. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
  82. ↑ http://www.grandhotel.com/activities/esther-williams-pool
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  84. ↑ ""Dirty Jobs" airs Mackinac Island episode August 28.". Michigan Film Office. Archived from the original on December 20, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  85. ↑ Gould, Karen (June 7, 2007). "Island Work Featured on 'Dirty Jobs': Discovery Channel Show Gets the Dirt on Toughest Island Jobs". Mackinac Island Town Crier. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  86. ↑ Prisoners of War in 1812
  87. ↑ Battle of Mackinac Island, 17 July 1812

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