Macquarie River

For the river in Tasmania, see Macquarie River (Tasmania).
Macquarie
River
Macquarie River flowing under the Evans Bridge in Bathurst (taken in October 2006)
Name origin: Named in honour of Lachlan Macquarie[1][2]
Country Australia
State New South Wales
Region Central West, New South Wales
Part of Murray-Darling basin
Tributaries
 - left Fish River, Bell River, Little River
 - right Turon River, Cudgegong River, Talbragar River
City Bathurst, Wellington, Dubbo, Narromine, and Warren
Primary source Campbells River
 - location near Oberon
 - elevation 671 m (2,201 ft)
Secondary source Davy's Creek
 - location White Rock, near Oberon
Mouth Barwon River
 - location Macquarie Marshes
 - coordinates 30°55′55″S 147°37′44″E / 30.93194°S 147.62889°E / -30.93194; 147.62889Coordinates: 30°55′55″S 147°37′44″E / 30.93194°S 147.62889°E / -30.93194; 147.62889
Length 960 km (597 mi)
Basin 74,000 km2 (28,572 sq mi)
Reservoir Lake Burrendong

Macquarie River a watercourse that is part of the Macquarie–Barwon catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is one of the main inland rivers in New South Wales, Australia.

The river rises in the central highlands of New South Wales near the town of Oberon and travels generally northwest past the towns of Bathurst, Wellington, Dubbo, Narromine, and Warren to the Macquarie Marshes. The Macquarie Marshes then drain into the Darling River via the lower Barwon River.

Lake Burrendong is a large reservoir with capacity of 1,190,000 megalitres (42,000×10^6 cu ft) located near Wellington which impounds the waters of the Macquarie River and its tributaries the Cudgegong River and the Turon River for flood control and irrigation.[3]

The river was first discovered near Bathurst by European explorer, George Evans in 1812 and named in honour of Lieutenant-Colonel Lachlan Macquarie,[1][2] who served as the last autocratic Governor of the Colony of New South Wales, from 1810 to 1821.

Geography

The Macquarie River, not far from its source, near Bathurst

From its origin the Macquarie River flows for 960 kilometres (600 mi) and drops around 517 metres (1,696 ft) over its length.[4] Lake Burrendong at 346 metres (1,135 ft) is the only dam along the length of the river.

Sources

The Macquarie River starts below the locality of White Rock near Bathurst at an elevation of 671 metres (2,201 ft).[4] It is a combination of three water systems which are Davy's Creek, the overflow from Chifley Dam which fed by the Campbells River, and the Fish River which flows into and out of the Oberon Dam.

Tributaries

A number of rivers and creeks flow into the Macquarie River, with descending elevation as follows:[4]

Type Tributary Elevation at junction
RiversFish River670 metres (2,200 ft)
Turon River406 metres (1,332 ft)
Cudgegong River342 metres (1,122 ft)
Bell River285 metres (935 ft)
Little River271 metres (889 ft)
Talbragar River257 metres (843 ft)
Type Tributary Elevation at junction
CreeksWinburndale Rivulet484 metres (1,588 ft)
Tambaroora Creek398 metres (1,306 ft)
Pyramul Creek360 metres (1,180 ft)
Curragurra Creek351 metres (1,152 ft)
Triamble Creek342 metres (1,122 ft)
Wuuluman Creek302 metres (991 ft)
Wambangalong Creek265 metres (869 ft)
Cumboogle Creek263 metres (863 ft)
Mogriguy Creek257 metres (843 ft)
Whylandra Creek255 metres (837 ft)
Type Tributary Elevation at junction
CreeksCoolbaggie Creek246 metres (807 ft)
Brummagen Creek239 metres (784 ft)
Gin Gin Creek217 metres (712 ft)
Greenhide Creek209 metres (686 ft)
Bulla Bulla Creek202 metres (663 ft)
Five Mile Cowal187 metres (614 ft)
Marebone Break184 metres (604 ft)
Bulgeraga Creek179 metres (587 ft)
Oxley Break171 metres (561 ft)

Communities and bridge crossings along the river

Location Bridge name Comments/use Image
BathurstRailway bridge, Main Western RailwayThis bridge serves the Main Western and Broken Hill railway lines. The wrought iron lattice girder bridge was constructed in 1876 to the design of John Whitton, the Chief Engineer of the New South Wales Railways, and is listed on the New South Wales Heritage Register.[5] The railway bridges at Wellington and Dubbo (see below) are to the same design.
Evans Bridge, Great Western HwyA road and pedestrian crossing for the Great Western Highway/Sydney Road. The Evans Bridge is Bathurst's main traffic thoroughfare across the Macquarie River, linking the central business district with Kelso, and hence, Sydney.
Denison Bridge Constructed between 1869 and 1870, this bridge replaced a bridge at the same location that was washed away by floods in 1867. It is the second oldest metal truss bridge remaining in New South Wales[6] and now serves pedestrian traffic only.
Gordon Edgell BridgeA low level road and pedestrian bridge, north of George Street, this bridge is often subject to localised flooding.[7][8]
Rankens Bridge, EglintonConstructed circa 1856 to serve road traffic, to a design by Mr George Ranken and funded with his support.[9][10] It was damaged in the floods of 1867,[6] but subsequently restored. It is now subject to a weight restriction.
WellingtonRoad bridge, Mitchell Hwy[11] One span of the previous bridge collapsed in February 1989 due to a truck damaging a truss. A temporary pontoon bridge was installed about 500 metres (1,600 ft) downstream by engineers from the Army's 17th Construction Squadron, and used until the current bridge was completed in 1991.[12]
Temporary pontoon bridge, Mitchell HighwayLight Assault Floating Bridge (LAFB) constructed in 1989 by Sappers from 9 Troop, 17 Construction Squadron at Wellington NSW; Troop Commander Lieutenant Andrew Stanner.
Railway bridge, Main Western RailwayOpened in 1881 and built to the same design by John Whitton as the Bathurst and Dubbo railway bridges.
GeurieScabbing Flat BridgeA Dare type timber truss bridge, it was completed in 1911 and serves road traffic only.[13]
DubboRawsonville BridgeA Dare type timber truss bridge that was completed in 1916, the bridge serves road traffic only.[14]
Dundullimal Railway Bridge[15]Opened in 1925 as part of the loop railway from Molong to Dubbo.
LH Ford Bridge, Mitchell HwyThis bridge was completed in 1970 and replaced the Albert Bridge that originally operated as a toll bridge, was constructed of timber, and featured three arches.[16] The L H Ford Bridge is Dubbo's main traffic thoroughfare across the Macquarie River, linking the central business district with West Dubbo.[17] It provides both road and pedestrian access.
Emile Serisier Bridge, Newell HwyA low level bridge built for the Newell Highway to bypass Dubbo city centre.
Railway bridge, Main Western RailwayCompleted in 1882 to a standard design by Chief Railway Engineer John Whitton. The same design was used for the Bathurst and Wellington railway bridges over the Macquarie (see above).
Troy Bridge[18] Located north of Dubbo
TrangieGin Gin BridgeA standard Callendar-Hamilton truss bridge, prefabricated in England for the then-Department of Main Roads. The 101-metre (331 ft) long bridge was opened in February 1963.|
WarrenSturt Bridge[19]
Bells Bridge

Catchment

The Macquarie system covers an area of more than 74,000 square kilometres (29,000 sq mi). Over 72% of land is flat, with an additional 17% undulating to hilly. The remainder is steep to mountainous, rising progressively to elevations above 900 metres (3,000 ft). To the east the boundary is formed by the Great Dividing Range. This boundary extends from near Oberon in the south to Coolah in the north. A well defined ridge extends north-west from the Great Dividing Range for around 400 kilometres (250 mi), then the boundary turns north.[20]

From Bathurst, near the formation of the river, it passes through the following geographic areas:

Rainfall

Rainfall varies across the catchment of the Macquarie River. Generally the peaks and tablelands receive higher rainfall due to the shadowing effects of the surrounding ranges. The Great Dividing Range area receives between 750 millimetres (30 in) and 900 millimetres (35 in) annual median rainfall. This is distributed relatively uniformly throughout the year. Where breaks in the Dividing Range allow the intrusion of moist easterly air streams inland, annual median rainfall of 750 millimetres (30 in) or more is experienced further westward. Further north-west in the Castlereagh and middle portions of the Macquarie valleys the annual median rainfall is 300 millimetres (12 in) to 400 millimetres (16 in).[20]

Rainfall can vary dramatically over several years. For example, records show a variation from >200% to <50% of the average annual figure. Evaporation varies from less than 1,000 millimetres (39 in) south-east of Bathurst up to more than 2,000 millimetres (79 in) at Bourke.[20]

Statistics

River Catchment Statistics (May 2009)[20]
Area Total 12,300 square kilometres (4,700 sq mi)
Total storage volume 1,559,620 megalitres (55,077×10^6 cu ft)
Total surface water use 406,840 ML/yr
Development Category overdeveloped
Mean annual run-off 0 ML/yr

History

Aboriginal history

The Wiradjuri people are the original inhabitants of the area that includes the Macquarie River catchment.[21] The Wiradjuri knew the river as the Wambool.[22] The noted Wiradjuri warrior Windradyne came from the upper Macquarie River region, and was fatally wounded in a tribal battle alongside the river in 1829.[23] Near Carinda, between the Macquarie River and Marra Creek, the oldest evidence of bread making in the world (approximately 30,000 years old) was found at an ancient lake known as Cuddie Springs.[24]

European history

The upper reaches of the Macquarie River were first sighted by Europeans in 1813 and the river was named in honour of the then Governor of the Colony of New South Wales, Lieutenant-Colonel (later Major-General) Lachlan Macquarie. In 1813 Deputy Surveyor of Lands and explorer, George Evans wrote in his journal:[2]

30 November 1813: I have at length reached the Ridge I so much wished to do after walking about 2 Miles, where I had a prospect to the North for a great distance; A Mist arises from a part I suppose to be a River or a large Lagoon about 20 Miles Off; and on 9 December 1813: I have called the Main Stream "Macquarie River".

Two years later Governor Macquarie inspected the country surrounding Bathurst and the Macquarie River and wrote on 10 June 1815, on his return to Government House in Sydney:[25]

At the distance of seven miles from the bridge over the Campbell River, Bathurst Plains open to the view, presenting a rich tract of campaign country of 11 miles in length, bounded on both sides by gently rising and very beautiful hills, thinly wooded. The Macquarie River, which is constituted by the junction of the Fish and Campbell River, takes a winding course through the plains, which can be easily traced from the high lands adjoining by the particular verdure of the trees on its bank, which are likewise the only trees throughout the extent of the plains. The level and clear surface of these plains gives them at first view very much the appearance of lands in a state of cultivation. It is impossible to behold this grand scene without a feeling of admiration and surprise, whilst the silence and solitude, which reign 'm a space of such extent and beauty as seems designed by nature for the occupancy and comfort of man, create a degree of melancholy in the mind which may be more easily imagined than described.

During 1817 and 1818, explorer John Oxley was commissioned to explore the course of the Lachlan and Macquarie rivers respectively. Writing in his journal, published in 1820, Oxley described the junction of the two rivers:[26]

The river in Wellington Valley had been swelled by the late rains, insomuch that the water below its junction with the Macquarie was quite discoloured. From the fineness of the soil, the rain had made the ground very soft, rendering it difficult for the horses to travel..... Our day's journey lay generally over an open forest country, with rich flats on either side of the river .... The river had many fine reaches, extending in straight lines from one to three miles, and of a corresponding breadth. The rapids, although frequent, offered no material obstruction to the boats. The current in the long reaches was scarcely perceptible .... The river expanded into beautiful reaches, having great depth of water, and from two to three hundred feet broad, literally covered with water-fowl of different kinds: the richest flats bordered the river, apparently more extensive on the south side. The vast body of water which this river must contain in times of flood is confined within exterior banks, and its inundations are thus deprived of mischief..... The trees were of the eucalyptus (apple tree), and on the hills a few of the callitris macrocarpa [Note: Callitr. Vent decad.] were seen.... The main bed of the river was much contracted, but very deep, the waters spreading to the depth of a foot or eighteen inches over the banks, but all running on the same point of bearing. After going about twenty miles, we lost the land and trees: the channel of the river, which lay through reeds, and was from one to three feet deep, ran northerly. This continued for three or four miles farther, when although there had been no previous change in the breadth, depth, and rapidity of the stream for several miles, and I was sanguine in my expectations of soon entering the long sought for Australian sea, it all at once eluded our farther pursuit by spreading on every point from north-west to north-east, among the ocean of reeds which surrounded us, still running with the same rapidity as before. There, was no channel whatever among those reeds, and the depth varied from three to five feet. This astonishing change (for I cannot call it a termination of the river), of course left me no alternative but to endeavour to return to some spot, on which we could effect a landing before dark.... To assert positively that we were on the margin of the lake or sea into which this great body of water is discharged, might reasonably be deemed a conclusion which has nothing but conjecture for its basis; but if an opinion may be permitted to be hazarded from actual appearances, mine is decidedly in favour of our being in the immediate vicinity of an inland sea, or lake, most probably a shoal one, and gradually filling up by immense depositions from the higher lands, left by the waters which flow into it. It is most singular, that the high-lands on this continent seem to be confined to the sea-coast, or not to extend to any great distance from it.

By 1828, explorer Charles Sturt was commissioned to ascertain "the limits of the Colony" by following the Macquarie River "for the express purpose of ascertaining the nature and extent of that basin into which the Macquarie was supposed to fall, and whether any connection existed between it and the streams falling westerly".[27] Navigating the marshes (later named in honour of Lachlan Macquarie), Sturt was the first European to discover the Darling River, named in honour of General Ralph Darling.

Water management

Flood debris on the Gordon Edgell Bridge, Bathurst in January 2011

Irrigation

The Macquarie River catchment is a regulated Water Management Area and includes private irrigation as well as several public irrigation schemes[28] located at Narromine - Trangie, Buddah Lakes, Tenandra, Trangie – Nevertire, Nevertire, and Marthaguy.

Flooding

The Macquarie River has a history of flooding. Some significant events are listed below. After major floods, water can flow past the Macquarie Marshes and into the Barwon-Darling river system upstream of Brewarrina.[29]

Recreation

Recreational activities are popular along the length of the river particularly in the communities it passes by.

References

  1. 1 2 "Beyond That Blue Horizon". The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954) (National Library of Australia). 14 November 1953. p. 7. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 Evans, George (2002). "II. Evans's Journal of his journey to the Bathurst Plains". In Scott, Ernest. Australian Discovery (Electronic book). Book 2. Discovery by land. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  3. ↑ "GLake Burrendong". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Map of Macquarie River, NSW". Bonzle.com. Digital Atlas Pty Limited. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  5. ↑ "Bathurst rail bridge over Macquarie River". NSW Heritage Resiter. Government of New South Wales: Office of Heritage and Environment. 5 September 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 "Denison Bridge". Heritage Council of New South Wales. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  7. ↑ Eddy, Louise (3 December 2010). "Traffic chaos reigns in rain". Western Advocate. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  8. ↑ "Flood waters rushing past Bathurst". Western Advocate. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  9. ↑ Long, Gavin (1967). "George Ranken (1793-1860)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  10. ↑ "Sydney News: The Eglinton Bridge". The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser (NSW: 1843 - 1893) (NSW: National Library of Australia). 31 March 1857. p. 4. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  11. ↑ "Flood Warning - MacQuarie River". The Australian. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  12. ↑ McAlister, Holly (7 January 2011). "Bridge to past: Remembering collapse that split town". Wellington Times. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  13. ↑ "Scabbing Flat Bridge over Macquarie River". Heritage and conservation register. Government of New South Wales: Roads & Maritime Services. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  14. ↑ "Rawsonville Bridge over Macquarie River". Heritage and conservation register. Government of New South Wales: Roads & Maritime Services. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  15. ↑ Seselja, Loui (9 June 2005). "Dundullimal Railway Bridge over the Macquarie River, Dubbo, New South Wales". Catalogue: E.A. Crome aviation project. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  16. ↑ "Dubbo area". Cobb & Co Heritage Trail. Bathurst Regional Council. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  17. ↑ Dunkley, Andrew (14 April 2008). "LH Ford Bridge to close". ABC News (Western Plains, Australia). Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  18. ↑ "Troy Bridge Rd, Dubbo Map". Leadingedge. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  19. 1 2 "Warren". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 February 2004. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "Surface Water Management Area: Macquarie River - Regulated". Water resources - Overview - New South Wales. Australian Natural Resources Atlas. 13 May 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  21. ↑ "Indigenous Nations". Murray Lower Darling Indigenous Nations. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  22. ↑ "Indigenous People". Bathurst Regional Council. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  23. ↑ Roberts, David Andrew (2005). "Windradyne (c. 1800 - 1829)". Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
  24. ↑ Korff, Jeff. "Australian Aboriginal history timeline: Ancient history". Aboriginal Culture. Creative Spirits. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  25. ↑ Macquarie, Lachlan (2002). "III. Governor Macquarie's Report on the Country Beyond the Mountains". In Scott, Ernest. Australian Discovery (Electronic book). Book 2. Discovery by land. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  26. ↑ Oxley, John (2002). "VI. Oxley's Exploration of the Macquarie". In Scott, Ernest. Australian Discovery (Electronic book). Book 2. Discovery by land. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  27. ↑ Sturt, Charles (2002). "XI. Sturt's Discovery of the Darling". In Scott, Ernest. Australian Discovery (Electronic book). Book 2. Discovery by land. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  28. ↑ "Macquarie River - Regulated". Regional Water Resource Assessment – Surface Water Management Area. National Water Commission, Commonwealth of Australia. 5 June 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  29. ↑ "Macquarie River Flood Watch". Macquarie River Food & Fibre. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  30. ↑ http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-vn1724028
  31. 1 2 3 "Flood History". Bathurst Regional Council. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  32. ↑ Huntsdale, Justin (2 December 2010). "Macquarie River flood gallery". ABC News (Western Plains, Australia). Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  33. ↑ "Road closures and diversions alert" (Press release). Dubbo City Council. 6 December 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2012.

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