Madarosis

Madarosis
Classification and external resources
Specialty ophthalmology
ICD-10 H02.6
ICD-9-CM 374.55

Madarosis is a condition that results in the loss of eyelashes, sometimes eyebrows. The term "madarosis" is Greek for the word "madao" which means "to fall off." [1] It originally was a disease of only losing eyelashes but it currently is the loss of both eyelashes and eyebrows. Eyebrows and eyelashes are both important in the prevention of bacteria and other foreign objects from entering the eye. A majority of patients with madarosis have leprosy, and it was reported that 76% of patients with varying types of leprosy had madarosis.[2]

Symptoms

Madarosis is not a critical or severe condition. The main symptom and sign of madarosis is the loss of hair from the eyelids, eyebrows, or eyelashes. Many symptoms are from other diseases involved.[3]

Causes and prevention

There are various causes of madarosis.[4]

There only prevention method is determining the underlying condition before treatment options are too late.

Mechanism

Classifications

There are two major types of classifications of madarosis.The first is labeled as "non-scarring." Non-scarring the hair has the ability to regrowth after treatment of the primary disorder. Scarring madarosis is when the hair loss is permanent and can only regrow after cosmetic treatments.[5]

Pathophysiology

There are two major pathways. In the non-scarring pathway, the hair follicles remain intact which could potentially be reversed with the proper diagnosis and treatments.[6] In the Scaring pathway, the follicles are permanently lost due to tissue damage, autrophy, or inflammation.[7]

The severity of the pre-existing condition determines which type of madarosis occurs.

Diagnosis

The main diagnosis technique is observing the area. Then blood tests can be done to determine if there is a pre-existing condition. Family history can be considered because some of the related causes/conditions can be inherited.

Treatments

Madarosis has different possible treatments and can be reversed if treated early enough. The treatments for madarosis are completely dependent upon the pre-existing condition. When suffering from blepheritis, antibiotics are used to combat the bacterial infection. People who are suffering from trichotillomania need to seek behavioral and psychological help.[8] Many people look to hair transplant surgeries, especially in non-scarring cases. These surgeries are mainly used as a cosmetic reason rather than a medical one. There are also other treatments that can be used for cosmetic purposes.

Surgical treatments

There are restoration surgeries for the eyebrows in severe cases. Many surgeons opt for nylon implants, but have been banned in some countries due to infections. Follicular transplantation is now the procedure of choice. In this surgery, hair samples are individually taken for a donor area and transplanted into the thinning area. Small incisions are made and grafts are placed individually according to the amount of hair in each follicle, eyebrows single. In this procedure, there are no scars or stitches and hair begins to grow after a few months post surgery.[9]

Medications

Minoxidil is a common topical treatment of eyebrow hair loss due to alopecia areata. There are other topical treatments (latanprost or bimatroprost) that are mainly used to treat glaucoma that can also be used to lengthen, thicken, and change the pigments of the lashes.[10]

Cosmetic treatments

Many people use cosmetic treatments to cover the loss of the hair, such as applying artificial eyelashes, tattooing eyebrows/eyelashes, penciling in the eyebrows or using mascara to make the existing eyelashes look longer. Some people even use eyeliner to make the eye stand out when lacking eyelashes.[11]

Recent research

There is currently researching being done to find more treatments dependent on the different pre-existing conditions.

Studies are being conducted in which madarosis can be related to malignancy. A study by Groehler and Rose found that there was a statistical significance between these two. They concluded that patients malignancy lesions on the eyelid have a higher chance of having madarosis than a patient with a benign lesion. They stated that despite the fact that it is significant, the absence of madarosis does not mean the lesion cannot be malignant.[12]

In many leprosy cases, madarosis is a symptom or a quality after diagnosis. However, in India, leprosy is common and researchers report a case of madarosis before diagnosis of leprosy with no skin lesions, only madarosis. This allowed for quicker treatment.[13]

A main reason many people have madarosis is due to the chemotherapy drugs. There was a clinical trial in 2011 that tested an eyelash gel called bimatoprost. This gel enhanced the eyelashes in quantity and thickness. They tested this on 20 breast cancer patients who were undergoing chemotherapy. Results seemed positive, in that the group of people who used the gel had growth of eyelashes after the chemotherapy drugs.[14]

References

  1. "Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)". www.bioline.org.br. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  2. Krishnan, Ajay; Kar, Sumit (2012-01-01). "Bilateral Madarosis as the Solitary Presenting Feature of Multibacillary Leprosy". International Journal of Trichology 4 (3): 179–180. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.100092. ISSN 0974-7753. PMC 3500062. PMID 23180932.
  3. "Causes Of Madarosis: Symptoms & Remedies For Loss Of Eyelashes". www.healthiro.com. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  4. Kumar, Annapurna; Karthikeyan, Kaliaperumal (2012-01-01). "Madarosis: A Marker of Many Maladies". International Journal of Trichology 4 (1): 3–18. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.96079. ISSN 0974-7753. PMC 3358936. PMID 22628984.
  5. Faheem, Mahmood Syed. "Madarosis - Loss of eyelashes - Loss of eyebrows | the dynamic natural skin care". Madarosis - Loss of eyelashes - Loss of eyebrows | the dynamic natural skin care. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  6. Khong, J. J.; Casson, R. J.; Huilgol, S. C.; Selva, D. (2006-11-01). "Madarosis". Survey of Ophthalmology 51 (6): 550–560. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.08.004.
  7. Faheem, Mahmood Syed. "Madarosis - Loss of eyelashes - Loss of eyebrows | the dynamic natural skin care". Madarosis - Loss of eyelashes - Loss of eyebrows | the dynamic natural skin care. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  8. "What Is Madarosis? Its Causes, Associated Symptoms And Treatments". www.tandurust.com. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  9. "Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) Hair Transplant | Bosley". www.bosley.com. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  10. Kumar, Annapurna; Karthikeyan, Kaliaperumal (2012-01-01). "Madarosis: A Marker of Many Maladies". International Journal of Trichology 4 (1): 3–18. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.96079. ISSN 0974-7753. PMC 3358936. PMID 22628984.
  11. "Madarosis (Eyelash Loss)". www.paulaschoice.com. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  12. Groehler, Jennifer M.; Rose, John G. (2012-03-01). "Madarosis as an indicator for malignancy in eyelid margin lesions". Optometry and Vision Science: Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry 89 (3): 350–352. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31824352b6. ISSN 1538-9235. PMID 22246332.
  13. Krishnan, Ajay; Kar, Sumit (2012-01-01). "Bilateral Madarosis as the Solitary Presenting Feature of Multibacillary Leprosy". International Journal of Trichology 4 (3): 179–180. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.100092. ISSN 0974-7753. PMC 3500062. PMID 23180932.
  14. Morris, Carrie L; Stinnett, SS; Woodward, JA (2011-01-01). "The Role of Bimatoprost Eyelash Gel in Chemotherapy-induced Madarosis: An Analysis of Efficacy and Safety". International Journal of Trichology 3 (2): 84–91. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.90809. ISSN 0974-7753. PMC 3250027. PMID 22223967.
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