Photophobia

This article is about the human medical symptom. For the biological or botanical behavioral property, see Photophobia (biology). For the morbid fear of light, see Heliophobia.
Photophobia
Classification and external resources
Specialty Neurology
ICD-10 H53.1
ICD-9-CM 368.13
DiseasesDB 24599
MedlinePlus 003041
MeSH D020795

Photophobia is a symptom of abnormal intolerance to visual perception of light.[1] As a medical symptom, photophobia is not a morbid fear or phobia, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure or by presence of actual physical sensitivity of the eyes,[2] though the term is sometimes additionally applied to abnormal or irrational fear of light such as heliophobia.[3] The term photophobia comes from the Greek φῶς (phōs), meaning "light", and φόβος (phobos), meaning "fear".[4][5]

Causes

Patients may develop photophobia as a result of several different medical conditions, related to the eye or the nervous system. Photophobia can be caused by an increased response to light starting at any step in the visual system, such as:

Common causes of photophobia include migraine headaches, TMJ,cataracts, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI), or severe ophthalmologic diseases such as uveitis or corneal abrasion.[7] A more extensive list follows:

Eye-related

Causes of photophobia relating directly to the eye itself include:

Nervous-system-related

Neurological causes for photophobia include:

Other causes

Treatment

The best treatment for light sensitivity is to address the underlying cause. Once the triggering factor is treated, photophobia disappears in many but not all cases.[32]

People with photophobia will avert their eyes from direct light, such as sunlight and room lights. They may seek the shelter of a dark room. They may wear sunglasses designed to filter peripheral light and wide-brimmed sun hats.

A paper by Stringham and Hammond, published in the Journal of Food Science, reviews studies of effects of consuming Lutein and Zeaxanthin on visual performance, and notes a decrease in sensitivity to glare.[33]

Effects

Photophobia may also affect patients' socioeconomic status by limiting their career choices, since many workplaces require bright lights for safety or to accommodate the work being done. Sufferers may be shut out of a wide range of both skilled and unskilled jobs, such as in warehouses, offices, workshops, classrooms, supermarkets and storage spaces.[34] Some photophobes are only able to work night shifts, which reduces their prospects for finding work.[35]

See also

References

  1. thefreedictionary.com/photophobia citing:
  2. thefreedictionary.com/photophobia citing:
    • Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Copyright 2008
    • Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009
    • McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. 2002
  3. thefreedictionary.com/photophobia citing:
    • The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007
    • Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. 2009
  4. φῶς, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  5. φόβος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  6. J Pain Res. 2014; 7: 99–115. Published online 2014 Feb 21.Orofacial pain management: current perspectives; Marcela Romero-Reyes and James M Uyanik
  7. Hazin R, Abuzetun JY, Daoud YJ, Abu-Khalaf MM (July 2009). "Ocular complications of cancer therapy: a primer for the ophthalmologist treating cancer patients". Curr Opin Ophthalmol 20 (4): 308–17. doi:10.1097/ICU.0b013e32832c9007. PMID 19491683.
  8. "Achromotopsoa". Scottish Sensory Centre. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Day, Susan (January 15, 1997). "P9: Photophobia". In Taylor, David. Paediatric Ophthalmology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1034–6. ISBN 978-0-86542-831-7.
  10. 1 2 "Photophobia". Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  11. "Conjunctivitis". Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  12. "Corneal ulcer". Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  13. Fan X, Miles JH, Takahashi N, Yao G (November 2009). "Abnormal transient pupillary light reflex in individuals with autism spectrum disorders". J Autism Dev Disord 39 (11): 1499–508. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0767-7. PMID 19499319.
  14. "Light sensitivity — photophobia". Royal National Institute of Blind People. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  15. "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". University of Virginia Health System. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  16. J Pain Res. 2014; 7: 99–115. Published online 2014 Feb 21.Orofacial pain management: current perspectives;Marcela Romero-Reyes and James M Uyanik
  17. "Photophobia — Glossary Entry". Genetics Home Reference. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  18. "Ankylosing spondylitis". United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  19. "Albinism". MedicinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  20. Harris, Robert S.; Kenneth V. Thimann (February 11, 1943). Vitamins & Hormones, Volume 1. Academic Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-12-709801-2.
  21. Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004). "Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 75 (3): 506–7. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869. PMC 1738986. PMID 14966178.
  22. Pelissolo A; Bisserbe JC (Mar–Apr 1994). "[Dependence on benzodiazepines. Clinical and biological aspects]". Encephale 20 (2): 147–57. PMID 7914165.
  23. Mahesh, G; Giridhar, A; Shedbele, A; Kumar, R; Saikumar, SJ (2009). "A case of bilateral presumed chikungunya neuroretinitis". Indian journal of ophthalmology (Indian Journal of Ophthalmology) 57 (2): 148–50. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.45508. PMC 2684432. PMID 19237792.
  24. Dr. Diana Driscoll, Ehlers-Danlos Eye Dr PDF
  25. A.D.A.M,
  26. Gauthier-Smith, P.C. (December 22, 2004). "Neurological complications of glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)". Brain (Oxford University Press) 88 (2): 323–334. doi:10.1093/brain/88.2.323. PMID 5828906.
  27. Hunt, Dr. Margaret. "Influenza Virus (Orthomyxovirus)". University of South Carolina School of Medicine. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  28. Durlach, Jean; Hirotoshi Morii; Yoshiki Nishizawa (March 6, 2007). "10: Clinical forms of Magnesium Depletion by Photosensitization and Treatment with Scototherapy". New Perspectives in Magnesium Research. Springer London. pp. 117–126. doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-483-0_10. ISBN 978-1-84628-388-8.
  29. "Elemental mercury poisoning in a household—Ohio, 1989". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 39 (25): 424–5. June 1990. PMID 2113168.
  30. Drummond PD (October 1986). "A quantitative assessment of photophobia in migraine and tension headache". Headache 26 (9): 465–9. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1986.hed2609465.x. PMID 3781834.
  31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (28 October 1994). "Human Rabies — Miami, 1994". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 43 (42): 773–5. PMID 7935313.
  32. Bailey, Gretchyn. "Photophobia (Light Sensitivity)". AllAboutVision.com. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  33. Stringham JM, Bovier ER, Wong JC, Hammond BR (2010). "The influence of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on visual performance". J. Food Sci. 75 (1): R24–9. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01447.x. PMID 20492192.
  34. Practitioner - Volume 232. 1988. p. 219.
  35. "The West Indian Medical Journal, Volume 11". University of the West Indies: 6. 1962.

External links

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