Mall of America

Mall of America

The Mall of America logo
Alternative names MoA
General information
Type Shopping mall
Address 60 East Broadway
Bloomington, Minnesota
55425
Coordinates 44°51′15″N 93°14′32″W / 44.85417°N 93.24222°W / 44.85417; -93.24222Coordinates: 44°51′15″N 93°14′32″W / 44.85417°N 93.24222°W / 44.85417; -93.24222
Inaugurated August 11, 1992
Owner Triple Five Group
Technical details
Floor count 4 on East and South Wings
3 on North and West Wings
Floor area 2,500,000 sq ft (230,000 m2) + 5,400,000 sq ft (500,000 m2)
Design and construction
Architecture firm HGA, KKE Architects, Inc., Jerde Partnership[1]
Main contractor Melvin Simon & Associates
Triple Five Group
Other information
Number of stores 520+
Number of anchors 5
Parking 12,287 spaces
(Two 7-story ramps, two overflow surface lots, and one lower level transit station)
Website
mallofamerica.com

The Mall of America (MOA) is a shopping mall owned by the Triple Five Group and is the second largest mall in the United States. It is located in Bloomington, Minnesota (a suburb of the Twin Cities), southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77, north of the Minnesota River and across the interstate from the Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport. Opened in 1992, the mall receives over 40 million visitors annually, the most of any mall in the world. 80 percent of the visitors are from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, the Dakotas, Illinois, Ohio, and Canada.[2] The Triple Five Group, owned by Canada's Ghermezian family, owns and manages the Mall of America, as well as the West Edmonton Mall.

History

One escalator well

The mall's concept was designed by the Triple Five Group, owned by the Ghermezian brothers, who also own the largest shopping mall in North America, the West Edmonton Mall. Mall of America is located on the site of the former Metropolitan Stadium, where the Minnesota Vikings and Minnesota Twins played until the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome opened in 1982. A plaque in the amusement park commemorates the former location of home plate, and one seat from Met Stadium was placed in Mall of America at the exact location it occupied in the stadium, commemorating a 520-foot (160 m) home run hit by hall-of-famer Harmon Killebrew on June 3, 1967.

In 1986, the Bloomington Port Authority signed an agreement with the Ghermezian organization. Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14, 1989. Organizations involved include Melvin Simon and Associates, Teachers Insurance and Annuity (a.k.a. TIAA), the Triple Five Group, and the office of architect Jon Jerde.

In 1987, the Ghermezian brothers also met with Niagara Falls, New York officials in regards to building a similar "mega mall" in that city. Discussions lasted for several months but a suitable economic package could not be put together by New York officials.[3]

Mall of America opened its doors to the public August 11, 1992. Even before opening, the mall had earned several nicknames, including "The Megamall", "Sprawl of America", "Hugedale" (in reference to the four major "dale" shopping malls within the Twin Cities: Rosedale, Southdale, Ridgedale, and (defunct as of 2010) Brookdale), and simply, "The Mall".

Mall of America became the largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened. The Mall of America's 42 million annual visitors equal roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota. The mall employs over 11,000 workers year-round and 13,000 during peak seasons.[4]

During its run as an all-encompassing entertainment and retail venue, certain aspects, particularly its bars, have come under scrutiny. In early-2000 a Mardi Gras-themed bar, Fat Tuesday, shut its doors due to indecent exposure and alcohol-related offenses.[5]

In 2003, after a protracted six-year legal battle between Simon Property Group, the managing general partner of the property, and the Ghermezian brothers/Triple Five Group, over majority ownership of the site, a federal appeals court ruled in favor of the Ghermezians, effectively transferring control and planning authority of the mall back to the creator of the concept.[6] The dispute stemmed from a 1999 purchase of Teacher's Insurance's 27.5% equity stake by Simon Properties, giving them majority ownership. The Ghermezians claimed they were never told of the deal and sued Simon, citing fiduciary responsibility.

On November 3, 2006, the Ghermezians gained full control of Mall of America by spending US$1 billion.[7]

Mall of America Phase II concept

In 2007, there was an expansion plan called "Phase II". It will develop a large empty parcel of land (the site of the former Met Center indoor arena) north of the mall, and integrate an IKEA store built on a portion of the property in 2004. The project will also include a dinner theatre, ice rink, three hotels, and a waterpark, similar in design to the West Edmonton Mall. The cost of expansion was $2.1 billion and will double the mall's size with a 5,200,000-square-foot (480,000 m2) extension.[8] Mall of America has signed contracts to bring in Great Wolf Resorts as the waterpark operator, as well as Bass Pro Shops and a Kimpton Hotel.[8] The expansion section will connect to the mall on all four levels, and the adjacent IKEA store via a second level bridge. There will be fine art exhibits and an NHL-size ice rink for public and private skating. A new parking structure will be included, adding 8,000 spaces to the complex[9] and two upscale department stores.[10] Another considered plan would have seen fashion, architecture, and restaurants based on European styles.[11]

On May 18, 2008, the Minnesota State Legislature passed a bill granting the City of Bloomington the right to use $34 million in tax-increment-financing to pay for public infrastructure to support the MoA expansion. In early 2011, construction began on an expansion of the south side of the mall near Killebrew Drive, where the 506-room Radisson Blu hotel opened in March 2013.

On November 29, 2011 Google announced indoor maps for Mall of America along with several other places like airports, parks and public spaces.[12]

On March 24, 2012, the Triple Five Group announced the start of a $200 million expansion that would build into the north parking lot of the mall. Rather than the long planned Phase II expansion, this would be a step in building this expansion. The plans call for an additional hotel and an additional 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) of retail space.[13] In March 2014, ground was broken on the mall's north side for the $104 million, 14 storey JW Marriott hotel, owned and financed by the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community.[14]

In winter 2012–2013, Mall of America hosted a 40 feet (12 m) tall ice castle made of icicles formed from 4 million gallons of water and then fused together. The castle joined 50 large ice towers together to create a series of shimmering archways, tunnels, walls and caverns.[15]

Architecture

Sign at a Mall of America entrance, removed in 2014 as part of the Phase II expansion
The Mall of America has three levels on its West side, pictured above.

The Mall of America has a gross area of 4,870,000 sq ft (452,000 m2) or 96.4 acres (390,000 m2), enough to fit seven Yankee Stadiums inside,[16] with 2,500,000 sq ft (230,000 m2) available as retail space.[4] The mall is nearly symmetric, with a roughly rectangular floor plan. More than 530 stores are arranged along three levels of pedestrian walkways on the sides of the rectangle, with a fourth level on the east side. Four anchor department stores are located at the corners. The mall is organized into four different zones, each with its own decorative style.

Despite Minnesota's cold winters, only the mall's entrances and some below ground areas are heated. Heat is allowed in through skylights above Nickelodeon Universe. The majority of the heat is produced by lighting fixtures, other electric devices, and people in the mall.[17] In fact, even during the winter, air conditioning systems may still be in use during peak hours to ensure a comfortable shopping environment.[18] Although the common areas are unheated, the individual stores do have heating systems.[19]

Two nearly identical seven-story parking ramps on the east and west sides of the mall provide 12,287 parking spaces. Overflow parking north of the building provides an additional 1,200–1,500 spaces, and 1,407 spaces are provided by IKEA (1,407 spaces) that is part of the Phase II expansion of the mall which is under construction.

Tenants

Level One is the location of Nickelodeon Universe, Sea Life Minnesota (underground), Hard Rock Cafe, Lego, American Girl Doll store, Apple Store and Microsoft store, which are directly across from each other, and first level of general retail.[20] Level Two features restaurants, shopping, memory moments, and the first Verizon Destination Store. Level Three has two food courts with more than 20 eateries, Marshalls, mini-golf, and other places like Bubba Gump Shrimp Co.[21][22] Level Four is the entertainment level with the Hooters restaurant, Cantina #1 restaurant, Rick Bronson's House of Comedy, Dick's Last Resort, Skydeck Sports Grille and Lanes, and The Theatres at Mall of America (formerly run by General Cinemas and then AMC Theatres, now operated by mall management) occupied the fourth floor as of January 2012. For many years the 4th floor was considered a ghost town but has surged in popularity and is 70% occupied. Planet Hollywood, at the height of its success, was once a very popular restaurant on the fourth floor, but closed in 2003. This space is now occupied by Dick's Last Resort.[23]

Skydeck Sports Grille and Lanes, formerly Jillian's, was closed due to low foot traffic and issue running a family friendly restaurant in a space occupied by several bars. The mall was in negotiations with Dave and Buster's for several years, which failed to re-open the location. In 2011, new owners were brought back in and relaunched the restaurant and lanes under the new name.[23] In order to keep the fourth floor from failing as it did in the early 2000s, the mall has strategically leased to several different corporations, rather than leasing several spaces to one corporation. The bankruptcy of Jillian's in 2004 led to the lowest vacancy rate of the 4th floor, at 41%.[23] The original Level Four had a comedy club, Hooters, bowling alley, arcade, and Planet Hollywood. Due to the structure of the building, Level Four only exists on the East and South side of the mall.

The mall has 23 empty stores. Mall of America is 4% vacant while nearby Southdale Center is 29% vacant.

The Mall of America appeared in the 1996 Christmas movie Jingle All the Way.

Anchors

Attractions

Nickelodeon Universe indoor theme park
Amusement park view from third floor

Nickelodeon Universe is an indoor theme park in the center of the mall. The park features roller coasters, among numerous other rides and attractions, and is the largest indoor theme park in the United States. Unlike many indoor amusement parks, Nickelodeon Universe has a great deal of natural foliage in and about the park, and its floor has a wide variance in height – the highest ground level in the park is 15 feet (4.6 m) above the lowest. The rides include the roller coasters SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge and Avatar Airbender, and a thrill ride called BrainSurge. The latter roller coaster bills itself as a "rather peculiar" ride. It also has a miniature golfing section called Moose Mountain. This miniature golf course features eighteen holes and a relatively fast astroturf surface.

At the Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium, guests travel through a 300-foot-long (91 m) curved tunnel through 14 feet (4.3 m) of water to view over 4,500 sea creatures including sharks, turtles, stingrays, and many more.[24] Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium offers special events such as sleepovers, scuba diving, snorkeling, and birthday parties.[25]

MOA has partnered with EMS Entertainment to open a permanent exhibits space on the third floor of the old Bloomingdale's space on the southeast corner of the mall that will host exhibitions of different kinds. There is space for three exhibits at a time with one larger exhibit space and two smaller ones. The first exhibit to open is Barbie: The Dreamhouse Experience, which opened to the public on February 14, 2014[26] and will remain open for two to three years. Visitors tour Barbie's dreamhouse, try on clothes in her virtual closet, make virtual cupcakes in Barbie's kitchen, have their photo taken by "Selfie Stations" located throughout the exhibit, be a star in Entertainment World, which features a make-up studio, fashion runway, pop star stage and more, and participate in numerous other activities. The exhibit is interactive and uses RFID bracelets for a more personal touch. Another exhibition was based on the TV show CSI called CSI: The Experience.[27] Visitors have the opportunity to solve one of three different crimes by visiting the crime scenes, examining the evidence in a variety of labs and putting together their report for Gil Grissom. Visitors are guided by videos featuring cast members from the show and real forensic specialists. The third exhibit is based on the Star Trek television franchise.[28] Star Trek The Exhibition features a mockup of the bridge of the USS Enterprise and has one of the largest collections of authentic Star Trek artifacts and information ever put on public display.[29]

Nostalgic artifacts or memorials

Transit and Mall of America Transit Station

Mall of America Transit Station
Coordinates 44°51′15″N 93°14′32″W / 44.85417°N 93.24222°W / 44.85417; -93.24222
Owned by METRO
Line(s)      METRO Blue Line
     METRO Red Line
Platforms Island platform
Connections Metro Transit routes 5, 54, 415, 515, 540, and 542
MVTA routes 444
Construction
Disabled access Yes
History
Opened December 4, 2004 (Blue Line)
June 22, 2013 (Red Line)
Services
Preceding station   Metro   Following station
toward Target Field
Blue LineTerminus
TerminusRed Line

The Mall of America Transit Station is the busiest transit hub/station in Minnesota, with bus and light rail service linking the mall to many destinations in the Minneapolis – St. Paul metro. Public transit service is provided by Metro Transit and Minnesota Valley Transit Authority. Many area hotels and Mystic Lake Casino offer free shuttles to their establishments. The transit station for local bus/rail service is in the lower level of the eastern parking ramp. From there, the METRO Blue Line light rail connects the mall to the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport and downtown Minneapolis and terminates at Target Field, home of the Minnesota Twins. The mall is not a park and ride facility, and overnight parking is banned to prevent passengers taking the train to the airport. Commuters are encouraged to use the nearby 28th Avenue Station's parking ramp. The mall is the nineteenth and final stop on the Blue Line and is the northern terminus of the Red Line. The Mall of America Transit Station is undergoing a study to increase efficiency and capacities, and to provide a better experience for its users; estimates for the upgrade are approximately $20 million.

Security

The Mall of America's security program is unique and in many ways the first of its kind. Michael Rozin, who used to be employed as the mall's Special Operations Security Captain, developed and implemented a behavior detection unit specifically focused on mitigating the threat of terrorism and enhancing counter-terrorism capabilities.[32] Behavior Detection Officers (BDOs) are trained extensively in Israel, each one going through at least 240 hours of training that includes communication techniques, first aid, defensive tactics, crisis intervention, terrorism awareness, and rapid response.[33] As Doug Reynolds, the Security Director at the mall, noted in a congressional testimony in 2008, BDOs are taught to "look for intent, rather than means. The objective is to focus on suspicious indicators in three categories: People, vehicles and unattended items like backpacks, shopping bags, suitcases.”[34] This methodology has prepared the mall for a variety of threats, both from terrorists and everyday criminals.

The mall's private security personnel were featured in 2010 TLC series Mall Cops: Mall of America.

In 2011, NPR's All Things Considered and Morning Edition and PBS's Newshour both aired programs documenting security abuses by the mall's security personnel.[35][36]

In February 2015, the Al-Shabaab militant group also released a propaganda video calling for attacks on the Mall of America and other Western shopping centers.[37] Although the group had never launched attacks in North America,[38] security at the mall was tightened in response and Homeland Security issued a one-day alert to shoppers to remain vigilant.[37]

Criticism

During the first decade of MOA's existence, demonstrators protested animal cruelty and sweatshop conditions.[39] In 1994, protesters confronted actor Charlton Heston at a mall restaurant over his campaigning efforts on behalf of a Republican U.S. Senate candidate. In 1996, two people were arrested after they locked themselves to Macy’s doors in the spirit of the annual Fur-Free Friday demonstration. The Minnesota Supreme Court decided in 1999 that because the mall is private property, constitutional free speech protections do not apply.[39]

People inside the mall have been questioned or detained for operating video cameras, using notebooks, or other perceived suspicious behaviors. As of 2010, Michael Rozin, the former Special Operations Security Captain and founder of the mall's behavior detection unit instructed its members that "suspicious behavior" constitutes "photographing such things as air-conditioning ducts or signs that a shopper might have something to hide".[40] Commander Jim Ryan of the Bloomington Police Department commented that the mall's security methods may "infringe on some freedoms, unfortunately."[41]

On December 31, 2013, members from the First Nations protest movement Idle No More attempted to repeat a successful Native-American round dance held at the mall in 2012,[42] but failed after being stopped by mall security, who refused to allow Idle No More to hold their dance. Organizers of the dance, Patricia Shepard and Reyna Crow from Duluth were arrested on site for trespassing.[43]

On December 21, 2014, thousands of protesters attended an unauthorized demonstration organized by Black Lives Matter in the mall's rotunda. The demonstration was in response to the Michael Brown fatal shooting in Ferguson, Missouri, and the then recent jury decision not to prosecute the white officer in that case, as well as the death of Eric Garner of New York. In response to the demonstration, the Mall of America closed the areas of the mall around the rotunda.[44] Police arrested 25 demonstrators.[45] The Bloomington City Attorney, Sandra Johnson, is pursuing charges against the organizers, ranging "from disorderly conduct and trespassing to inciting a riot".[39] The city is seeking thousands of dollars in compensatory damages from some of the organizers for out-of-pocket costs the city incurred while paying overtime for additional security. In response to these charges, demonstrators have called for a boycott of the mall.[46]

Plans for another Black Lives Matter demonstration at the Mall of America on December 23, 2015 prompted Mall officials to file a restraining order against the movement's activists.[47] Eight individual activists were sued in Hennepin County District Court.[48] The mall's lawsuit would prohibit the defendants from demonstrating and require them to delete all of their posts to social media pertaining to the demonstration. The lawsuit additionally asked that the court jail Black Lives Matter activists unless they publicly announce that the demonstration is cancelled on their social media accounts. The American Civil Liberties Union of Minnesota called the mall's lawsuit an "improper prior restraint on speech" and an unconstitutional overreach.[49] Leaders of the demonstration indicated that the demonstration would go ahead as scheduled.[50]

Addition/expansion

Word of Mall of America's expansion has been stirring since the mid 1990s, however the first confirmation of an expansion occurred in 2005 when Triple 5 announces Mall of America Phase 2, a project that would expand the Mall of America to the north, crossing Lindau Lane and occupying the former site of Met Center.[51]

However, this expansion was delayed due to the tightening of the credit market. Eventually this was broken into four major projects: 1b, 1c, 2b, 2c.[52]

Status of Phase 2 completion:

Complete:

1B: Radisson Blu
South expansion complete 2013

1C: luxury retail, restaurant, office and J.W. Marriott
North expansion complete 2016

Planned:
2B: 2-3 story luxury retail expansion including connection over Lindau Lane, luxury hotel, addition parking ramp.
North Expansion on site of Met Center, Plan submitted to Bloomington Fall 2016, Construction 2017, Open 2018-2019

Concepts:
2C: 3 story retail plus additional hotel, entertainment venue located north of 2B with connections to Ikea and American Blvd
Shown on approved PDP from 2015 submission for 2B, but schedule dependent on 2B completion.

Amusement park and other features

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Mall of America". Translucency.com. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  2. ↑ Sandra Larriva and Gabe Weisert (April 25, 2007). "Most Visited Tourist Attractions". Forbes Traveler. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012.
  3. ↑ Special To The New York Times (1987-04-12). "Aid Offer Rescinded for Niagara Falls Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  4. 1 2 "Facts - Mall of America". Mall of America. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  5. ↑ "STATE OF MINNESOTA OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS FOR THE BLOOMINGTON CITY COUNCIL" (PDF). July 14, 2000.
  6. ↑ "Brothers win back control of megamall; Simon Property will contest a ruling that transfers majority ownership". Star Tribune. September 12, 2003.
  7. ↑ Sam Black (November 3, 2006). "Ghermezians take sole control of Mall of America in $1B deal". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal.
  8. 1 2 Carissa Wyant, MOA signs Great Wolf water park for Phase 2, Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal, July 26, 2007.
  9. ↑ Mall of America Web site listing planned additions in Phase II expansion project. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  10. ↑ "Ghermezians Betting on Mall of America Expansion". Retailtrafficmag.com. February 17, 2005. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  11. ↑ "Minnesota’s Mall of America is expanding to include – you betcha – a casino". Specialtyretail.net. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  12. ↑ "A new frontier for Google Maps". Google. 2011.
  13. ↑ Webbtwebb, Tom. "Mall of America plans $200 million expansion". TwinCities.com. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  14. ↑ 'Ground' broken on $325 million Mall of America expansion. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Mall of America | Pressroom". Press.mallofamerica.com. October 25, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
  16. ↑ Citation of fitting "seven Yankee Stadiums" inside the retail space of MOA, listed in the City of Bloomington, MN Web site. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  17. ↑ Faiza Elmasry (October 10, 2006). "America's Largest Mall Offers More than Shopping". Voice of America.
  18. ↑ Schapiro, Rose (November 29, 2007). "Road Trip to the Mall of America". Chicago Weekly. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  19. ↑ WCCO – TV (January 25, 2008). "Heating Costs".
  20. ↑ "MALL OF AMERICA® DIRECTORY MAP". Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  21. ↑ Location for The Bubba Gump Shrimp Company at the Mall Of America http://www.bubbagump.com/locations/mall-of-america/
  22. ↑ Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. Restaurant Reviews, Bloomington http://www.tripadvisor.in/Restaurant_Review-g42881-d444793-Reviews-Bubba_Gump_Shrimp_Co-Bloomington_Minnesota.html
  23. 1 2 3 Vomhof Jr, John (October 11, 2009). "MOA's 4th floor filling up again".
  24. ↑ "*Official* SEA LIFE Minnesota". Sharky.tv. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  25. ↑ "*Official* SEA LIFE Minnesota". Sharky.tv. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Barbie Dreamhouse Experience". Mall of America. n.d. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  27. ↑ "CSI: The Experience". Mall of America. n.d. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Star Trek exhibit coming to Mall of America". Bizjournals.com. March 2014.
  29. ↑ "STAR TREK™ THE EXHIBITION". Mall of America.
  30. 1 2 "Baseball at the Mall". Dusty Lens. March 11, 2008.
  31. ↑ Roland Merullo (May 13, 2006). "Who Financed 9/11?". Reader's Digest Australia.
  32. ↑ "RSC Team - Security Subject Matter Experts". Retrieved 2015-10-04.
  33. ↑ "Inside the Anti-Terror Task Force at the Mall of America". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
  34. ↑ Committee on Homeland Security House of Representatives One Hundred Tenth Congress (July 9, 2008). "The Challenge of Protecting Mass Gatherings in a Post-9/11 World". US Government Printing Office. Committee on Homeland Security. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  35. ↑ "Under Suspicion at the Mall of America". NPR. September 7, 2011.
  36. ↑ PBS (September 2011). "Attention Mall Shoppers: Are You Engaging in Suspicious Activity?". PBS.
  37. 1 2 "'Be particularly careful' today, U.S. homeland security chief tells MOA visitors". Star Truibune. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  38. ↑ "No "imminent threat" to West Edmonton Mall visitors, RCMP says". Edmonton Journal. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  39. 1 2 3 LIBOR JANY (December 24, 2014). "Bloomington seeks charges against Mall of America protesters". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  40. ↑ G.W. SCHULZ, DANIEL ZWERDLING and ANDREW BECKER (September 11, 2011). "They're watching at the Mall of America". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  41. ↑ "The shadow of suspicion falls in the Mall of America". Salon. September 7, 2011.
  42. ↑ Rupar, Aaron. "Idle No More flash dance brings more than 1,000 protesters to Mall of America". CityPages. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  43. ↑ KBJR News. ""Idle No More" Round Dance attempt ends in arrests at Mall of America". Northland Newsletter. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  44. ↑ The Associated Press. "Chanting ‘Black Lives Matter,’ Protesters Shut Down Part of Mall of America". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  45. ↑ Ben Brumfield (December 21, 2014). "'Black Lives Matter' protesters storm mall". CNN. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  46. ↑ Brandt Williams (March 10, 2015). "Mall of America demonstrators plead not guilty to charges". MPR News. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  47. ↑ Moyer, Justin Wm. (December 22, 2015). "Mall of America sues to stop planned Dec. 23 protest by Black Lives Matter". The Washington Post.
  48. ↑ "Black Lives Matter Minneapolis: 8 Activists Sued By MOA". CBS Minnesota. December 21, 2015.
  49. ↑ Rietmulder, Michael (December 22, 2015). "Mall of America wants restraining order against Black Lives Matter protest". City Pages.
  50. ↑ Feshir, Riham; Collins, Jon; Cox, Peter (December 21, 2015). "Black Lives Matter vows MOA protest; judge weighs restraining order". MPR News.
  51. ↑ http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-plans-for-the-1-billion-phase-ii-expansion-at-mall-of-america-features-high-end-retail-and-a-world-class-casino-54073837.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  52. ↑ "MOA Phase 2 Renderings" (PDF).

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