Malt house

A malt house (1880) in Lessines, Belgium

A malt house, or maltings, is a building where cereal grain is converted into malt by soaking it in water, allowing it to sprout and then drying it to stop further growth. The malt is used in brewing beer, whisky and in certain foods. The traditional malt house was largely phased out during the twentieth century in favour of more mechanised production. Many malt houses have been converted to other uses, such as Snape Maltings which is now a concert hall.

Production process

The grain was first soaked in a steeping pit or cistern for a day or more. This was constructed of brick or stone, and was sometimes lined with lead. It was rectangular and no more than 40 inches (100 cm) deep. Soon after being covered with water, the grain began to swell and increase its bulk by 25 percent.^[1]

The cistern was then drained and the grain transferred to another vessel called a couch, either a permanent construction, or temporarily formed with wooden boards. Here it was piled 12–16 inches (30–41 cm) deep, and began to generate heat and start to germinate. It spent a day or two here, according to the season and the maltster's practice.^[1]

A malting floor at Highland Park Distillery

It was then spread out on the growing floor, the depth dictated by the temperature, but sufficiently deep to encourage vegetation. It was turned at intervals to achieve even growth and over the next fourteen days or so it is turned and moved towards the kiln. The temperature was also controlled by ventilation. A day or two after the grain was turned out on to the floor, an agreeable smell was given off, and roots soon began to appear. A day or so later the future stem began to swell, and the kernel became friable and sweet-tasting. As the germination proceeded the grain was spread thinner on the floor. The process was halted before the stem burst the husk. At this stage much of the starch in the grain had been converted to maltose and the grain was left on the floor to dry. The art of malting depends on the proper regulation of these changes in the grain. Maltsters varied in their manner of working, and adapted to changes in climatic conditions.^[1][2]

The barley was then moved into the kiln, 4–6 inches (10–15 cm), for between two and four days, depending on whether a light or dark malt was required. A slow fire was used to start, and then gradually raised to suit the purpose of the malt and the desired colour. The barley was then sieved to remove the shoots and stored for a few months to develop flavour.^[1][2]

Malt houses in the United Kingdom

Snape Maltings, 1975, dates from the 19th century

The restored Langley Maltings (1870), a beer brewery, alongside the Titford Canal

Many villages had a malt house in the eighteenth century, supplying the needs of local publicans, estates and home brewers. Malt houses are typically long, low buildings, no more than two storeys high, in a vernacular style. The germination of barley is hindered by high temperatures, so many malt houses only operated in the winter. This provided employment for agricultural workers whose labour was not much in demand during the winter months.^[3]

During the nineteenth century many small breweries disappeared. Improved techniques allowed larger breweries and specialist maltsters to build their own maltings and operate year round. These were often housed in multi-storey buildings. It was also more efficient to transport malt than barley to the brewery, so many large breweries set up their own maltings near railways in the barley growing districts of eastern England.^[3]

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, pneumatic malting was introduced, in which the barley is aerated and the temperature carefully controlled, accelerating the germination. Large malting floors were no longer necessary, but power consumption was high, so floor malting held on well into the twentieth century.^[3] Only a handful of traditional malting floors are still in use.^[4]

Notable malthouses in the UK

• Ye Old Corner Cupboard is a Grade II* listed building in Winchcombe. Formerly a farmhouse, now an inn 1872 with a 19th-century malthouse along one wing.^[5]
• The Malt House is a Grade II* listed building in Alton. House with attached granary, and underground maltkiln and cellars. Late 17th-century. Under the house, a stone barrel vaulted cellar, with inserted floor, 19th-century, forming a maltkiln.^[6]
• Great Cliff Malt House is a Grade II* listed building in Chevet, West Yorkshire. Early-mid 17th-century. Attached kiln house. The malt house is a single vessel with heavy beams and chamfered purlins supporting a lime-ash floor.^[7]
• Tuckers Maltings in Newton Abbot is the only traditional malthouse in the UK open to the public for guided tours.^[8] The malthouse produces malt for over 30 breweries, and enough to brew 15 million pints of beer per annum.
• Great Ryburgh maltings has been producing malt on traditional malting floors for two centuries. The oldest remaining building was built in the 1890s and has three working floors where a staff of three make about 3000 tonnes of malt per year. Modern plant on the site produces some 112,000 tonnes.^[4]
• Dereham Maltings (Crisp Malting Group) on Norwich Road in Dereham is a Grade II* listed building, currently on the buildings at risk register since being declared operations were concentrated at Great Ryburgh.^[9]
• Ditherington Flax Mill, a former Flax mill in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, known as the "Grandfather of the Skyscraper".
• Bass Maltings, Sleaford form an industrial complex in the Lincolnshire market town of Sleaford. Constructed between 1901 and 1907 to Herbert A. Couchman's design for the Bass brewery, the maltings are the largest complex of their kind in England and have been designated Grade II* on the National Heritage List for England, recognising them as "particularly important ... of more than special interest."

Malt tax

The malt tax was introduced in Britain in 1697, and was repealed in 1880.^[10]

The rate for malted barley was 6d. per bushel in 1697 and had risen to 2s. 7d. in 1834.^[1] In 1789 the malt tax raised £ million, 11.5% of all taxes. In 1802 the malt duty rose from 1s. 4¹⁄₄d. a bushel to 2s. 5d., then to 4s. 5³⁄₄d. in 1804, driven upwards by the need to finance the French Wars of 1793–1815.^[11] In 1865 the total revenue was reported to be six million sterling a year.^[12]

There were also numerous regulations in place regarding the malting process. The cistern and the couch-frame had to be constructed in a particular manner, to permit the excise officer to gauge the grain. The maltster had to give notice before wetting any grain; 24 hours in the city or market-town, 48 hours elsewhere. The grain had to be kept covered with water for 48 hours, excepting one hour for changing the water. Grain could only be put in the cistern between 8am and 2pm, and taken out between 7am and 4pm. It had to remain in the couch frame for at least 26 hours. Once thrown out of the cistern, it could not be sprinkled for 12 days. A survey book or ledger had to be kept to record the process and the gauging of the grain in the cistern, the couch, and on the floor.^[1] The volume of the grain was carefully measured, based upon the mean width, length and height, and calculated by mental arithmetic, pen and paper, or slide rule. The duty to be charged was based upon the largest gauge of either the cistern, couch or floor after a multiplying factor of 1.6 was applied to the larger of the cistern or couch gauges.^[13]

See also

• Oast house - Another building used in beer manufacture for drying hops which is topped by a similar cowl structure.
• Leopold Bros. - An American small batch distillery with its own traditional floor malting room and kiln.

References

1. Commissioners of Inquiry into the excise establishment, and into the management and collection of the excise revenue throughout the United Kingdom. Malt. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1835. pp. 1–69.
2. "How Malt is Made". Great Dunmow Maltings. 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
3. Palmer, Marilyn; Neaverson, Peter (1994). Industry in the Landscape: 1700–1900. Routledge. pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-0-415-11206-2.
4. Pollitt, Michael (24 January 2004). "Norfolk's maltsters to the world" (PDF). Hidden Norfolk. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
5. "Ye Old Corner Cupboard, Winchcombe". Historic England. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
6. "The malt house, Alton". Historic England. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
7. "Great Cliff Malt house". Historic England. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
8. "Tuckers Maltings". Torquay. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
9. "Dereham Maltings (Crisp Malting Group) Norwich Road DEREHAM". Norfolk County Council. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
10. "Malt Tax". The History Channel. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
11. Clark, Christine (1998). The British Malting Industry Since 1830. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 24. ISBN 1-85285-170-8.
12. "How they Tax Common Luxuries in England.". The New York Times. 26 February 1865. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
13. Nesbit, Anthony; Little, W. (1822). "IV Malt Gauging". A treatise on practical gauging. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans. pp. 428–448.

Further reading

• Patrick, Amber (2004). Maltings In England. English Heritage.