Lake Maninjau

Maninjau

Location	West Sumatra, Indonesia
Coordinates	0°19′S 100°12′E / 0.317°S 100.200°E / -0.317; 100.200Coordinates: 0°19′S 100°12′E / 0.317°S 100.200°E / -0.317; 100.200
Type	Caldera lake
Primary outflows	Antokan River
Basin countries	Indonesia

Max. length	16 km
Max. width	7 km
Surface area	99.5 km²
Average depth	105 m
Max. depth	165 m
Water volume	10.4 km³
Shore length¹	52.68 km
Surface elevation	459 m
¹ Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lake Maninjau (Indonesian: 'Danau Maninjau', meaning overlook or observation in the Minangkabau language) is a caldera lake in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located 36 km to the west of Bukittinggi, at 0°19′S 100°12′E / 0.317°S 100.200°E / -0.317; 100.200.

Formation

The Maninjau caldera was formed by a volcanic eruption estimated to have occurred around 52,000 years ago.^[1] Deposits from the eruption have been found in a radial distribution around Maninjau extending up to 50 km to the east, 75 km to the southeast, and west to the present coastline. The deposits are estimated to be distributed over 8500 km² and have a volume of 220–250 km³.^[2] The caldera has a length of 20 km and a width of 8 km.^[1]

Fisherman on Lake Maninjau

The lake

Lake Maninjau has an area of 99.5 km², being approximately 16 km long and 7 km wide. The average depth is 105 m, with a maximum depth of 165 m. The natural outlet for excess water is the Antokan river, located on the west side of the lake. It is the only lake in Sumatra which has a natural outlet to the west coast. Since 1983 this water has been used to generate hydroelectric power for West Sumatra, generated around 68 MW at maximum load.

Most of the people who live around Lake Maninjau are ethnically Minangkabau. Villages on the shores of the lake include Maninjau and Bayur.

Maninjau is a notable tourist destination in the region due to its scenic beauty and mild climate. It is also used as a site for paragliding.

Local fishing and agriculture

Fish embankment in the lake.

Two endemic species collected from the lake for local consumption and for export to markets outside the crater are pensi, a species of small mussel, and palai rinuak, a type of small fish. One method of preparing palai rinuak is to grill a mixture of the fish along with coconut and spices, wrapped in a banana leaf.

The lake is used for aquaculture, using karamba floating net cages. The technique was introduced in 1992, and by 1997 there were over 2,000 cage units with over 600 households engaged. Each cage may have 3-4 production cycles each year. There is evidence of pollution around some karamba area.

On the edge of the lake, the landuse includes rice fields in the swamps and the lower slopes. The villages are bordered uphill by a large belt of forestlike tree gardens, which dissolves into the upper montane forest on the steepest parts of the slopes up to the ridge of the caldera.^[3]

The tree gardens include three typical components:^[3]

Fruit trees including durian, jack fruit, cempedak, rambutan, langsat, golden berries and water apples.
Timber species including Toona sinensis and Pterospermum javanicum.
Spice trees including cinnamon, coffee, nutmeg and cardamum.

Soekarno's pantun

Panorama of Lake Maninjau from the caldera rim

The first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, visited the area in early June 1948. A pantun he wrote about the lake reads:^[4]

Jangan dimakan arai pinang,
Kalau tidak dengan sirih hijau.
Jangan datang ke Ranah Minang,
Kalau tidak singgah ke Maninjau.

Do not eat arai nut,
If not with a green betel.
Do not come to Minang lands,
If you do not stop at Maninjau.

External links

Lake Maninjau travel guide from Wikivoyage

References

1 2 Alloway, Brent V.; Agung Pribadi; John A. Westgate; Michael Bird; L. Keith Fifield; Alan Hogg; Ian Smith (30 October 2004). "Correspondence between glass-FT and 14C ages of silicic pyroclastic flow deposits sourced from Maninjau caldera, west-central Sumatra". Earth and Planetary Science Letters (Elsevier) 227 (1–2): 121. Bibcode:2004E&PSL.227..121A. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.014.
↑ Purbo-Hadiwidjoyo, M.M.; M.L. Sjachrudin; S. Suparka (1979). "The volcano–tectonic history of the Maninjau caldera, western Sumatra, Indonesia". Geol. Mijnb (58): Pages 193–200.
1 2 Michon, Genevieve (2005). Domesticating forests: how farmers manage forest resources. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). ISBN 979-3361-65-4.
↑ Burhanuddin, Jajat (2000). Ulama perempuan Indonesia. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 68–69. ISBN 979-686-644-7.

Tourist attractions in Indonesia

Sumatra	Ampera Bridge Baiturrahman Grand Mosque Barelang Bridge Bintan Island Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Gunongan Historical Park Jam Gadang Kerinci Seblat National Park Krakatoa Lagundri Bay Lake Maninjau Lake Singkarak Lake Toba Lumbini Natural Park Maimun Palace Mentawai Islands Regency Nias Pagaruyung Palace Penyengat Island Sipura Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra

Java	Ancol Dreamland Anyer Arjuno-Welirang Batu City Bogor Palace Borobudur Cukang Taneuh Dieng Volcanic Complex Ceto Temple G-Land Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park Ijen Crater Istiqlal Mosque Karimunjawa National Park Kawah Putih Keraton Kasepuhan Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Malang Mount Bromo Mount Merapi Mount Semeru Mrapen Pangandaran Patenggang Lake Pelabuhan Ratu Penataran Prambanan Puncak Ragunan Zoo Sangiran Suramadu Bridge Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Tangkuban Perahu Thousand Islands Tirto Samodra Beach Tretes Trowulan Yogyakarta City Ujung Kulon National Park

Kalimantan	Betung Kerihun National Park Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park Danau Sentarum National Park Derawan Islands Kakaban Kutai National Park Sabangau National Park Samboja Lestari Tanjung Puting The Equator monument

Sulawesi	Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park Bunaken National Park Kepulauan Togean National Park Lake Tempe Lore Lindu National Park Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park Taka Bone Rate National Park Toraja Trans Studio Makassar Wakatobi National Park

Lesser Sunda Islands	Awang Bay Bedugul Bali Bird Park Bali Safari and Marine Park Canggu Cempi Bay Dreamland Beach Garuda Wisnu Kencana Gili Air Gili Meno Gili Trawangan Goa Gajah Gunung Rinjani National Park Jimbaran Kelimutu Kintamani Komodo National Park Kuta Lake Segara Anak Lovina Beach Mount Rinjani Mount Tambora Moyo Island Nusa Dua Nusa Lembongan Pecatu Rinca Sanur Seminyak Senggigi Tampaksiring Tanah Lot Tanjung Ringgit Tirta Gangga Ubud Ujung Water Palace Uluwatu

Maluku and Papua	Fort Belgica Lorentz National Park Puncak Jaya Raja Ampat Islands Teluk Cenderawasih National Park Wasur National Park

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