2010 Pichilemu earthquake

2010 Pichilemu earthquake
Terremoto de Pichilemu de 2010

House damaged by the Pichilemu earthquake, in the epicentre town, as seen on 16 April 2011.

Above: House damaged by the Pichilemu earthquake, in the epicentre town, as seen on 16 April 2011. Below: Pichilemu earthquake shakemap produced by the United States Geological Survey
Date 11 March 2010 (2010-03-11)
Origin time 11:39:41 UTC-3
Magnitude 6.9 Mw[1][2]
6.3 ML[2]
Depth 33.1 kilometres (20.6 mi)[2]
Epicenter Pichilemu, Chile
34°18′04″S 72°07′48″W / 34.301°S 72.13°W / -34.301; -72.13Coordinates: 34°18′04″S 72°07′48″W / 34.301°S 72.13°W / -34.301; -72.13[2]
Areas affected Chile
Argentina
Max. intensity MM X
Peak acceleration 0.086g (Curicó, Maule)[3]
Tsunami Yes
Casualties 1 killed

The 2010 Pichilemu earthquake (Spanish: Terremoto de Pichilemu de 2010), also known as the Libertador O'Higgins earthquake, was a 6.9 MW intraplate earthquake that struck Chile's O'Higgins Region on 11 March 2010. The earthquake was centred 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of the city of Pichilemu, according to the University of Chile Seismological Service.

The earthquake was caused by increased regional stress arising from an earthquake on 27 February, centered offshore Maule Region, which was felt throughout central Chile. The 11 March earthquake was at first thought to be an aftershock from the 27 February event, but University of Chile Seismologist Jaime Campos identified it as an "independent earthquake". The Hawaii-based Pacific Tsunami Warning Center pointed out the possibility of local tsunamis within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the epicentre, although small, but violent waves were seen in the Pichilemu and Bucalemu area. One person was reported dead. At least eleven aftershocks immediately followed, causing panic throughout coastal towns between the Coquimbo and Los Lagos regions.

The earthquake was specially destructive in the epicentre town, Pichilemu, capital of Cardenal Caro Province. The city hosts five National Monuments of Chile, of which two, the Agustín Ross Park and the Agustín Ross Cultural Centre, were seriously damaged by the earthquake. It also damaged the villages of La Aguada and Cardonal de Panilonco. Rancagua, the capital of O'Higgins Region, was also damaged, leading President Sebastián Piñera to declare a catastrophe state in O'Higgins Region.

Background

The city of Pichilemu was "devastated" by the 27 February 2010 earthquake and tsunami.

Nearly all of the territory of Chile is subject to earthquakes, arising from strains in the subducting Nazca and South American Plates or shallow strike-slip faults. The subduction zone along the Chilean coast produced the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.[4] Some earthquakes which occurred near the epicentre of the 11 March 2010 event are the 1985 Algarrobo and Pichilemu (or Lago Rapel) earthquakes.[5]

On 27 February 2010, a strong earthquake, which reached a magnitude of 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale, hit central Chile. The earthquake occurred in the region of the plate boundary between the Nazca and South American plates, offshore Maule Region. The earthquake produced a tsunami which caused great damage in cities and towns along the Chilean coast;[6] Pichilemu was "devastated" after the earthquake and tsunami struck.[7]

The 6.9 earthquake of 11 March 2010 occurred two weeks after the 27 February event.[8] Chilean seismologists, including Sergio Barrientos from the University of Chile Seismological Service, were worried about the "absence of an earthquake around magnitude 7 following the February 27 quake."[9] Two foreshocks of the 11 March event occurred on 5 March: one reached magnitude 5.7, and the other magnitude 5.2; both were felt between the Valparaíso and Maule regions.[10]

Geology

The Pichilemu earthquake was caused by the change in regional stress from the 27 February earthquake. Preliminary analyses by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) of the 11 March earthquake locations and seismic-wave radiation patterns suggested that the event resulted from normal faulting within the subducting Nazca plate or the overriding South America plate, unlike the 27 February earthquake, which occurred as thrust faulting on the interface between the two plates.[1] Later in 2010, University of Chile Seismologist Sergio Barrientos stated that the earthquake was produced inside the South American plate.[11] While news media reported the earthquake as an aftershock of the February earthquake in Chile,[8][12] a preliminary geological summary issued by the USGS considered it to be an independent earthquake,[1] a conclusion which seismologist Jaime Campos of the University of Chile also reached.[13][14]

Seismic hazard near the epicentre of the earthquake.

The earthquake has been given three different locations: the University of Chile Seismological Service (Servicio Sismológico de la Universidad de Chile) stated that the event occurred 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of Pichilemu, at a depth of 33.1 kilometres (20.6 mi);[2][15][16] the United States Geological Service reported the earthquake occurred 105 kilometres (65 mi) west of Rancagua, capital of O'Higgins Region, at a depth of 11 kilometres (6.8 mi); and local online newspaper Pichilemu News reported the earthquake occurred 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Pichilemu, between the villages of Panilonco and La Aguada, and reached a moment magnitude of 7.2.[17]

On 15 March 2010, seismologist Mario Pardo from the University of Chile Seismological Service ruled out that Pichilemu was experiencing a seismic swarm, after public concerns about the continued aftershocks in the area;[18] as of that date, more than 50 aftershocks had occurred in the area, the strongest of them measuring 6.7 in the moment magnitude scale, minutes after the initial quake.[19] From the pattern of aftershocks, it has been suggested that this earthquake originated from rupture along a previously unknown geological fault, the Pichilemu Fault, between Pichilemu and the commune of Vichuquén in Maule Region, at 15 km depth, 40 km in length and 20 km wide.[20][21] At first it was not known whether this fault was formed during the earthquake or if it was just reactivated,[21][22] however geologist José Cembrano from the University of Chile affirmed that "[the fault] corresponds to a long life fault, in a million years time, whose activity had not been detected before."[21][23]

In a 2012 publication titled Aftershock Seismicity of the 27 February 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Earthquake Rupture Zone, it was stated that, in total, 10,000 aftershocks were located in the Pichilemu area for the first six months after the mainshock; this pronounced crustal aftershock activity with mainly normal faulting mechanisms found in approximately a 30 kilometres (19 mi) wide region, with sharp inclined borders and oriented oblique to the trench.[21]

Reaction

The earthquake took place just minutes before President Sebastián Piñera was sworn in at the National Congress of Chile.

The earthquake took place minutes before the new President of Chile, Sebastián Piñera, was sworn in, at about 12:15 local time, at the Chilean congress in Valparaíso, where the shaking was clearly felt.[24] Piñera was at the Palace of Cerro Castillo at the time of the earthquake, and as he left the place, he was seen "looking worried"; Michelle Bachelet, the outgoing president, was also seen "worried" by the earthquake as she entered the Congress.[25] La Nación newspaper reported some journalists attempted to flee the Congress building.[25] According to Spanish newspaper El Mundo, there was "nervousness" at the ceremony, and the ceremony narrator called for calm, adding that the Congress building could even stand stronger earthquakes.[26][27]

President Piñera's visit to Rancagua on the earthquake day

Presidents Néstor Kirchner of Argentina, Evo Morales of Bolivia, Álvaro Uribe of Colombia, Rafael Correa of Ecuador, and Fernando Lugo of Paraguay were present at the ceremony, but television footage showed that the inauguration was not interrupted, even though there was a tsunami warning in place;[25][28] however, it was reported the ceremony was "speeded."[17]

President Piñera cancelled the ceremonial lunch with his visitors and traveled to Rancagua, one of the cities most affected by the earthquake;[17] Piñera subsequently declared a catastrophe state in O'Higgins Region as a result of the earthquake, and appointed Army General Antonio Yackcich as Area Commander in Chief (Jefe de Plaza) for the region, while he was visiting Rancagua that day.[29][30] The declaration meant that "the military would occupy the area to keep order and prevent the kind of looting that occurred in Concepción during the first two to three days after last month's quake", according to The New York Times.[31]

Tsunami

Travel time map of the tsunami triggered by the 11 March 2010 Pichilemu earthquake.
Army personnel at La Cruz Hill, Pichilemu, shortly after the earthquake occurred.

A Pacific-wide tsunami warning was not issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, although the organization pointed out the possibility of local tsunamis within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the epicentre, roughly the area between La Serena and Concepción.[32] Half an hour after the earthquake, the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada, SHOA) issued a tsunami warning for the area between Coquimbo and Los Lagos regions, as a way of "keeping people protected" against the possible occurrence of new tsunamis.[17][33][34] President Piñera urged coastal residents to move to higher ground in case of a tsunami.[34] Following the tsunami alert, thousands of residents of central Pichilemu fled to La Cruz Hill, with some of them staying them for several days,[35][36] and received advice from members of the Army.[37] People from the village of Cáhuil stayed at Cordón.[38] The tsunami warning emitted by SHOA was lifted that same day at around 15:50 local time.[39]

According to a preliminary report by the National Office of Emergency of the Interior Ministry (Oficina Nacional de Emergencias del Ministerio del Interior, ONEMI) on 11 March 2010, only 'small waves, without any [special] kind of characteristics' were seen in the area surrounding Pichilemu,[40] while the USGS reported a small tsunami, with sea wave heights of 16 centimetres (0.525 ft) at Valparaíso, and 29 centimetres (0.951 ft) at San Antonio.[1] Interior Minister Rodrigo Hinzpeter reported violent waves in Pichilemu[41] and Bucalemu.[42][43]

Damage and casualties

Locals set an improvised camp at the La Cruz Hill in Pichilemu, shortly after the tsunami warning was decreed
The Pichilemu post-office building was severely damaged by the February and March earthquakes.

At Pichilemu, the epicentre town, the earthquake destroyed the balustres surrounding Agustín Ross Park, damaged severely the recently re-inaugurated Agustín Ross Cultural Centre, and the Espinillo, and Rodeillo villages.[38][44] The earthquake was accompanied by "great noise," according to witnesses from the Pichilemu villages of Cardonal de Panilonco and La Aguada;[17] most of the already damaged buildings in La Aguada fell down, including the local church. The road to Cardonal de Panilonco was damaged, and many houses built with adobe did not resist the shaking.[45]

Outside Pichilemu, in Rancagua, local mayor Eduardo Soto reported severe damage to homes in the town.[46] The Santa Julia highway overpass located between Rancagua and Graneros collapsed,[31][40] and part of the Pan-American highway was damaged.[42] A power outage affected Pichilemu for two days, beginning right after the earthquake struck,[47] and there were partial power outages in Mostazal, San Fernando and Peumo.[40] In Santiago, "windows rattled, buildings trembled and cellphone service failed", according to a The New York Times article.[31] The old Basílica del Salvador in Santiago, which was damaged during the 1985 Algarrobo earthquake and was never repaired, suffered additional damage.[48] In Nilahue Barahona, a village near the town of Pumanque, electric cables fell to the ground during the earthquake, causing a fire that burned 65 hectares (160 acres) of a pine, eucalyptus and grassland forest.[49] The earthquake was also reported to have been felt in Mendoza,[50] Bariloche, Córdoba, San Rafael, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Asunción.[51][52]

One person died of a heart attack during the earthquake in Talca, Maule Region.[53] A United States Geological Survey summary of the earthquake reported damage at Rancagua,[1] 177 kilometers northeast of Pichilemu.[54] Relief efforts for the 27 February earthquake stalled for about six hours because of the constant aftershocks.[42]

According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Geophysical Data Center, the damage provoked by the earthquake and its accompanying small tsunami was "limited", adding that "a rough estimate of the dollar amount of damage" was "roughly corresponding to less than one million".[55]

Aftershocks

Several buildings in Pichilemu were damaged after the earthquake and its aftershocks.

Following the main shock, there were two aftershocks of magnitude 6 or greater. The first of them occurred at 11:55 local time, fifteen minutes after the initial quake, and was centered in the commune of La Estrella, Cardenal Caro Province, at a depth of 18.0 kilometres (11.2 mi), reaching a magnitude of 6.7; another aftershock, of magnitude 6.0, took place eleven minutes later, at 12:06 local time, this time centered in Pichilemu, at a depth of 29.3 kilometres (18.2 mi).[52] In total, there were ten aftershocks within the six hours after the 6.9 magnitude earthquake, two of magnitude 6 or greater, and seven between 5 and 6.[56]

Almost two months later, on 2 May 2010, an aftershock of magnitude 5.8 MW struck the Chilean O'Higgins Region, at 10:52 local time. The aftershock was centered 44 kilometres (27 mi) southwest of Navidad, and occurred at a depth of 32.9 kilometres (20 mi), according to the University of Chile Seismological Service.[57] The National Emergencies Office (ONEMI) reported that the aftershock was felt most strongly in Talca, 258 kilometres (160 mi) south of Santiago, and that there were no casualties, only some telephone lines had collapsed.[58] Six other aftershocks subsequently hit the Pichilemu area that day.[59] The United States Geological Survey measured the aftershock with a magnitude of 5.9.[60]

A further aftershock of the Pichilemu earthquake occurred on 29 September 2010 at 12:29 local time.[61] It reached magnitude 5.6, and its epicentre was centered 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) southwest of Lolol,[61] 43 kilometres (27 mi) southwest of Santa Cruz,[62][63] at a depth of 50 kilometres (31 mi).[61][62] Telephone lines collapsed in O'Higgins Region. No infrastructural damage or casualties was reported. The aftershock was felt between the Valparaíso and Maule regions. The event reached Mercalli V intensity in Rancagua, Navidad, Talca, Curicó, amid other cities and towns.[61]

As of February 2013, there have been about 8,500 aftershocks of the Chilean February and March 2010 earthquakes according to the University of Chile Seismological Service, with most taking place in the proximities of Pichilemu. Seismologist Sergio Ruiz said that "a significant number of aftershocks" will take place at least until 2015.[64]

Media coverage

One of the headlines of nationally-distributed newspaper El Mercurio of 12 March 2010 was about the Pichilemu earthquake, along with the oath ceremony of President Piñera on the day before.

The earthquake was reported by local, national and international news media. Locally, online newspaper Pichilemu News published an article named "First signs of change?: Shaken handover ceremony in Chile because of new earthquake aftershocks" ("¿Los primeros signos del cambio?: Movido cambio de mando se vivió en el país ante nuevas réplicas del terremoto") on 11 March;[17] five days later, local newspaper El Expreso de la Costa published an interview with Mario Pardo, seismologist in charge of the geophysics department of the University of Chile, who recommended people of Pichilemu to "try to remain calm, the worst already happened".[65] The only local radio that continued broadcasting through the day of the earthquake was Radio Entre Olas, directed by Jorge Nasser Guerra, who along with two other radio workers, reportedly were the only not to be evacuated after the earthquake in Pichilemu. Because the earthquake provoked a power outage, the radio worked with "emergency equipment".[66] Previously, after the 27 February earthquake, Entre Olas did not stop broadcasting either, despite there was a power outage that lasted for several days.[67]

Nationally-distributed newspaper El Mercurio published on its 12 March 2010 main page the headline "6.9 [magnitude] aftershock marks the most seismic day after the earthquake" ("Réplica de 6,9° marca el día más sísmico post terremoto"), adding that "[s]eventeen of the twenty seisms that occurred yesterday [11 March] in central-southern Chile had their epicentre in Pichilemu, Region of O'Higgins, which was declared in Disaster State yesterday."[68] On that same day, Santiago-based newspaper La Tercera published on their headline: "Piñera faces first crisis as he takes office as new President" ("Piñera enfrenta primera crisis al asumir como nuevo Presidente"); La Tercera ellaborated: "The 6.9 Richter magnitude earthquake, which occurred minutes before the power handover took place, added an additional quota of drama to the oath of Sebastián Piñera, whose agenda was already modified by the 27 February disaster."[69] Other newspapers of national distribution where the earthquake was reported on its main page included Las Últimas Noticias (which featured a photograph of President Piñera aboarding a helicopter in military dress),[70] Publimetro,[71] and La Nación, whose main headline said "Emergency measures marked start of Piñera['s presidency]" ("Medidas de emergencia marcan partida de Piñera").[72]

The New York Times included a headline on their 12 March 2010 main page titled "For Chile, More Aftershocks and An Inauguration", featuring a photograph of presidents Lugo and Correa during the earthquake.

Throughout Chile, regional newspapers also reported the earthquake and tsunami warning on their edition of 12 March 2010. Among these are La Estrella de Arica (Arica),[73] La Estrella de Iquique (Iquique),[74] El Mercurio de Antofagasta,[75] La Estrella del Norte (both from Antofagasta),[76] El Mercurio de Calama,[77] La Estrella del Loa (both from Calama),[78] El Diario de Atacama,[79] Diario Chañarcillo (both from Copiapó),[80] El Día (La Serena),[81] El Mercurio de Valparaíso,[82] La Estrella de Valparaíso (both from Valparaíso),[83] El Líder (San Antonio),[84] El Tipógrafo (Rancagua),[85] La Prensa (Curicó),[86] El Sur (Concepción),[87] El Austral de Temuco (Temuco),[88] El Diario Austral de Los Ríos (Valdivia),[89] El Austral de Osorno (Osorno),[90] El Llanquihue (Puerto Montt),[91] and La Prensa Austral (Punta Arenas).[92]

Among the international media who reported on the quake were the BBC,[8] CNN,[28] CBS News,[34] The Huffington Post,[42] and news agencies Al Jazeera,[12] Reuters,[24] and Associated Press.[43] The New York Times included on their 12 March 2010 main page a photograph of Presidents Fernando Lugo of Paraguay and Rafael Correa of Ecuador "re-acting to an aftershock felt Thursday [11 March] in Valparaíso, Chile, the strongest since the devastating Feb. 27 earthquake"; the photograph was followed by the headline "For Chile, More Aftershocks, and an Inauguration".[93] The newspaper published an extensive article titled "Aftershocks Jolt Chile as New President Is Sworn In", which stated that the earthquake "almost overshadowed the inauguration of Chile’s first right-wing leader in 20 years [Piñera]."[31] Other newspapers who included headlines on the earthquake on their 12 March 2010 main pages include El Mundo,[94] El País,[95] ABC (the three from Madrid, Spain),[96] Clarín (Buenos Aires, Argentina),[97] Bild (Berlin, Germany),[98] El Colombiano (Medellín, Colombia),[99] El Tiempo (Bogotá, Colombia),[100] The Dallas Morning News (Dallas, Texas, United States of America),[101] El Comercio (Lima, Peru),[102] and Excélsior (Mexico City, Mexico).[103]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Magnitude 6.9 – LIBERTADOR O'HIGGINS, CHILE". United States Geological Survey. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Informe de Sismo." [Earthquake Report.] (in Spanish). Servicio Sismológico de la Universidad de Chile. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  3. ↑ "Station Lists". United States Geological Survey. 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  4. ↑ "Chile - Geography". U.S. Library of the Congress. Country Studies US. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  5. ↑ Urrutia de Hazbún, Rosa; Lanza Lazcano, Carlos (1993). Catástrofes en Chile, 1541–1992 (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Editorial La Noria. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  6. ↑ Saavedra, Jose Luis (27 February 2010). "Massive earthquake hits Chile, 214 dead". Concepción, Chile. Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  7. ↑ Rebolledo, Víctor (28 February 2010). "Terremoto y tsunami en Chile: Pichilemu devastado". El Morrocotudo (in Spanish) (Inversiones y Publicaciones Comunidades Ciudadanas S. A.). Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 "New Chile quake as Pinera sworn in as president". BBC News. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  9. ↑ Bade, Gabriela; Guzmán, Lorena (12 March 2012). "La réplica que llegó a 6,9 grados era una de las grandes que se esperaban y vendrán más". El Mercurio (in Spanish) (Vitacura, Chile: COPESA). Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2012. (subscription required)
  10. ↑ "Dos sismos sobre 5 grados Richter sacudieron la zona central". El Mercurio (Online Version) (in Spanish) (Santiago, Chile: COPESA). 5 March 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  11. ↑ Barrientos, Sergio E. (10 November 2010). "Terremoto (M=8.8) del 27 de febrero de 2010 en Chile" (PDF). Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina (in Spanish) (Argentina). 412-420 (67): 9. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  12. 1 2 "Americas – Chile president vows to rebuild". Al Jazeera. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  13. ↑ "Sismólogo de la Universidad de Chile: "Es posible otro terremoto"" [University of Chile seismologist: "Another earthquake is possible"] (in Spanish). Última Hora. 23 June 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  14. ↑ Ramírez, Natacha (23 June 2010). "Sismólogo: Es posible que ocurra otro terremoto en la zona afectada por megasismo de 8,8 grados". El Mercurio (in Spanish) (Santiago, Chile: COPESA). Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  15. ↑ "El mayor fue de 7,2° Richter" [The strongest was of 7.2° Richter] (in Spanish). Chile.com. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  16. ↑ "Réplica: Onemi sitúa epicentro en Pichilemu" [Aftershock: Onemi locates epicenter in Pichilemu]. 24 Horas (in Spanish) (Televisión Nacional de Chile). 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Saldías, Washington (11 March 2010). "¿Los primeros signos del cambio?: Movido cambio de mando se vivió en el país ante nuevas réplicas del terremoto". Pichilemu News (in Spanish) (Pichilemu, Chile). Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  18. ↑ "Experto descartó que Pichilemu sea un enjambre sísmico por alta cantidad de réplicas" [Expert ruled out that Pichilemu is a seismic swarm due to high quantity of aftershocks] (in Spanish). Radio Cooperativa. 15 March 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  19. ↑ "Unos 50 sismos con el mismo epicentro han sacudido Chile desde el jueves" [About 50 tremors with the same epicenter have shaken Chile since Thursday] (in Spanish). Radio Cooperativa. 15 March 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  20. ↑ Fernández, O. (22 May 2010). "Pichilemu tiene falla geológica que genera oleada de réplicas en esa zona" [Pichilemu has geological fault that generates wave of aftershocks in that area] (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: La Tercera. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Lange, D.; Tilmann, F.; Barrientos, S. E.; Contreras-Reyes, E.; Methe, P.; Moreno, M.; Heit, B.; Agurto,, H.; Bernard,, P.; Vilotte, J.-P.; Beck, S. (January 2012). "Aftershock Seismicity of the 27 February 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Earthquake Rupture Zone,". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 317-183: 17. Bibcode:2012E&PSL.317..413L. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.034.
  22. ↑ Correa, Paula. "Sismólogos advierten sobre la activación de fallas después del terremoto" [Seismologists warn about activation of faults after the earthquake]. Radio Universidad de Chile (in Spanish) (Santiago, Chile: Universidad de Chile). Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
  23. ↑ "Las cinco fallas geológicas más importantes que Chile debe tener en cuenta" [The five most important geological faults Chile has to take into account] (in Spanish). Punta Arenas, Chile: Radio Polar. 20 April 2011. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  24. 1 2 López, Javier (11 March 2010). "Billionaire Pinera takes power as quakes jolt Chile". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  25. 1 2 3 "Réplicas movieron ceremonia en que asumió Piñera" [Aftershocks shaked ceremony in which Piñera took office]. La Nación (in Spanish) (Empresa Periodística La Nación). 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 17 March 2010.
  26. ↑ Barreno, Jorge (11 March 2010). "Piñera asume la presidencia de Chile tras fuertes terremotos" [Piñera takes office as President of Chile after strong earthquakes]. El Mundo (Unidad Editorial Internet, S.L.). Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  27. ↑ "Los sismos de hoy son 'típicos' y se esperan meses de réplicas" [Today's quakes are 'typical' and months of aftershocks are awaiting]. El Mundo (Unidad Editorial Internet, S.L.). 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  28. 1 2 "Three strong earthquakes strike Chile in quick succession". CNN. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  29. ↑ "Presidente descarta toque de queda en VI Región y nombra a nuevo director de Onemi" [President discards curfew in VI Region and names new director of Onemi]. La Tercera. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  30. ↑ "Presidente Piñera decreta Estado de Catástrofe en la Región de O´higgins" [President Piñera decrees Catastrophe State in O'Higgins Region] (in Spanish). El Rancahuaso. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Barrionuevo, Alexei (12 March 2010). "Aftershocks Jolt Chile as New President Is Sworn In". The New York Times (New York, NY, United States: The New York Times Company). p. A8.
  32. ↑ "Tsunami information bulletin". Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  33. ↑ "SHOA declaró alerta de tsunami tras fuerte réplica de 6,9 grados Richter" [SHOA issues tsunami warning after strong 6.9° Richter aftershock] (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: El Mercurio. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  34. 1 2 3 "Strong Aftershocks Jolt Chile Inauguration". CBS News. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  35. ↑ García, Víctor (12 March 2010). "En Pichilemu se fueron a la punta del cerro". Las Últimas Noticias (in Spanish) (Pichilemu: Empresa El Mercurio S.A.P.). p. 24. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  36. ↑ "Pichilemu durmió en cerros por temor a tsunami" [Pichilemu slept in hills due to fear to a tsunami] (in Spanish). La Nación. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  37. ↑ Saldías, Washington (11 March 2010). "Tres sismos con características de terremoto han afectado en menos de 20 minutos a la zona central del país" [Three tremors with characteristics of earthquake have affected in less than twenty minutes the central area of the country] (in Spanish). Pichilemu, Chile: Pichilemu News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  38. 1 2 Hans, Jorge (16 March 2010). "Pichilemu: entre los cerros y el mar" [Pichilemu: between the hills and the sea] (in Spanish). Canal 13. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  39. ↑ "El SHOA levantó la alerta de tsunami en la costa continental" [SHOA lifts tsunami warning in continental coast] (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Terra Chile. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  40. 1 2 3 "Onemi: caída de pasarela, 'pequeño oleaje' y cortes de luz tras sismo" [Onemi: gateway fall, 'small waves' and power outages after tremor] (in Spanish). La Tercera. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  41. ↑ "Chile levanta la alerta de tsunami decretada tras el sismo de 6.9 grados" [Chile lifts tsunami warning decreed after 6.9 grades seism] (in Spanish). CNN México. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  42. 1 2 3 4 Warren, Michael (11 March 2010). "Chile Earthquake 11 March: 7.2-Magnitude Quake Hits Chile During Inauguration". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  43. 1 2 Warren, Michael (12 March 2010). "Pinera works late, promises better dawn for Chile". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 May 2013. There were no reports of more deaths, but violent waves hit the coastal towns of Pichilemu and Bucalemu, Interior Minister Rodrigo Hinzpeter said. (subscription required)
  44. ↑ "Espinillo: uno de los pueblos olvidados tras el terremoto" [Espinillo: one of the forgotten towns after the earthquake]. Teletrece (in Spanish). Canal 13. 16 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  45. ↑ García, Víctor (12 March 2010). "Viaje al epicentro de una terrible réplica". Las Últimas Noticias (in Spanish) (Panilonco, Pichilemu: COPESA). p. 23. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  46. ↑ "Chile leader: 'Significant damage' in Rancagua". CNN. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  47. ↑ Ramos, Ariel (12 March 2012). "Por temor a tsunami, habitantes de Pichilemu pasaron la noche en cerros". El Mercurio (in Spanish) (Vitacura, Chile: COPESA). Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2012. (subscription required)
  48. ↑ Valenzuela, Óscar (12 March 2010). "Un Cristo quedó colgando en basílica". Las Últimas Noticias (in Spanish) (Santiago, Chile: COPESA). Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  49. ↑ "Réplicas del terremoto: caída de cables eléctricos originan incendio en la costa". Diario VI Región (in Spanish) (San Fernando, Chile: Sociedad Periodística Portales Ltda.). 13 March 2010. p. 9. PUMANQUE.- Alrededor de 65 hectáreas de eucaliptus, pino y pastizales se quemaron debido a un incendio forestal registrado en las últimas horas en la zona costera de la Región de O'Higgins. (...)
  50. ↑ "Hubo 15 sismos en Chile y 5 se sintieron fuerte en Mendoza" [There were 15 seisms in Chile and 5 were felt strongly in Mendoza] (in Spanish). Diario Uno. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  51. ↑ "M6.9–Libertador O'higgins, Chile". United States Geological Survey. March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  52. 1 2 "Significant Earthquakes of the World". United States Geological Survey. 2010. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  53. ↑ "Hombre fallece en Talca de un paro cardíaco en medio de fuertes réplicas" [Man dies in Talca of a heart attack amidst strong aftershocks] (in Spanish). La Tercera. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  54. ↑ Rey, Cynthia (12 February 2008). "Rancahuasos de Vacaciones Hoy: Pichilemu" [Rancahuasos in Vacations Today: Pichilemu] (in Spanish). Rancagua, Chile: El Rancahuaso. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  55. ↑ "Significant Earthquake (Chile: Rancagua)". National Geophysical Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  56. ↑ "Fuertes réplicas y alerta de tsunami en la zona centro-sur" [Strong aftershocks and tsunami warning in central-southern zone] (in Spanish). La Nación. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  57. ↑ "Informe de sismo sensible" [Report of sensible earthquake] (in Spanish). Servicio Sismológico de la Universidad de Chile. 2 May 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  58. ↑ "Sismo de 5.9 grados en Chile" [5.9 grades seism in Chile] (in Spanish). El Nuevo Día. 2 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  59. ↑ "Seis sismos se han percibido este domingo en el sector de Pichilemu" [Five seisms have been perceived this Sunday in the Pichilemu area] (in Spanish). La Tercera. 2 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  60. ↑ "Shakemap us2010vubl". United States Geological Survey. 2 May 2010. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  61. 1 2 3 4 "Sismo de mediana intensidad entre regiones de Valparaíso y Maule" [Medium intensity seism between Valparaíso and Maule regions] (in Spanish). National Emergencies Office of Chile. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  62. 1 2 "Informe de sismo sensible" [Report of sensible earthquake] (in Spanish). University of Chile Seismological Service (Servicio de Sismología de la Universidad de Chile). 2 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  63. ↑ "Chile: el sismo fue de 5,9 grados" [Chile: seism was of 5.9 grades] (in Spanish). BBC News. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  64. ↑ "Terremoto del 27/F ha tenido 8.500 réplicas en Chile". La Nación (in Spanish) (Empresa Periodistica La Nación S.A.). 23 February 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  65. ↑ Calderón, Félix (15 March 2010). "Máximo experto en terremotos en Chile envía mensaje a los pichileminos: "Traten de mantener la calma, lo peor ya pasó"" [Greatest expert in Chilean earthquakes sends message to people of Pichilemu: "Try to remain calm, the worst already happened"]. El Expreso de la Costa (in Spanish) (Pichilemu, Chile). p. 3.
  66. ↑ "Habitantes de Pichilemu y alrededores fueron evacuados de sus casas" [Residents of Pichilemu and neighboring areas were evacuated from their homes]. Rengo al día (in Spanish) (Rengo, Chile). 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  67. ↑ Calderón, Félix (15 March 2010). "Entreolas FM 93.1, la SUPER-RADIO que hizo frente al terremoto: dulce compañía, de noche y de día" [Entreolas FM 93.1, the super radio who stood up and faced the earthquake: sweet company, through the day and night]. El Expreso de la Costa (in Spanish) (Pichilemu, Chile). p. 4.
  68. ↑ "Réplica de 6,9° marca el día más sísmico post terremoto" [6.9 magnitude aftershock marks the most seismic day after the earthquake]. El Mercurio (in Spanish) (Vitacura, Chile: Empresa El Mercurio S.A.P.). 12 March 2010. p. A1, C1-C27.
  69. ↑ "Piñera enfrenta primera crisis al asumir como nuevo Presidente" [Piñera faces first crisis as he takes office as new President]. La Tercera (in Spanish) (Santiago, Chile: COPESA). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  70. ↑ "El movido despegue del Presidente Piñera" [The shakey takeoff of President Piñera]. Las Últimas Noticias (in Spanish) (Vitacura, Chile: Empresa El Mercurio S.A.P.). 12 March 2010. pp. 1–18.
  71. ↑ "El "movido" primer día del Presidente" [The "shakey" first day of the President]. Publimetro (in Spanish) (Santiago, Chile: Metro de Santiago). 12 March 2010. pp. 1–32.
  72. ↑ "Medidas de emergencia marcan partida de Piñera" [Emergency measures mark start of Piñera]. La Nación (in Spanish) (Santiago, Chile: Empresa Periodística La Nación S.A.). 12 March 2010. pp. 1–2.
  73. ↑ "Movido Cambio de Mando" [Shaked Power Handover]. La Estrella de Arica (in Spanish) (Arica, Chile: Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  74. ↑ "Alerta de tsunami y evacuación" [Tsunami warning and evacuation]. La Estrella de Iquique (in Spanish) (Iquique, Chile: Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  75. ↑ "Irresponsable alarma pública: el maremoto que nunca llegó a colegios y centros comerciales" [Irresponsible public alarm: the tsunami that never got to the schools and shopping centers]. El Mercurio de Antofagasta (in Spanish) (Antofagasta, Chile: Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  76. ↑ "Evacúan a 5 mil alumnos: región temió tsunami" [Five thousand students evacuated: region feared tsunami]. La Estrella del Norte (in Spanish) (Antofagasta, Chile: Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  77. ↑ "Gran susto vivieron mandatarios extranjeros" [Great fear experienced foreign leaders]. El Mercurio de Calama (in Spanish) (Calama, Chile: Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  78. ↑ "Vecinos linchan a ladrones" [Neighbors lynch robbers]. La Estrella del Loa (in Spanish) (Calama, Chile: Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  79. ↑ "Histórica asunción: Sebastián Piñera asumió en medio de fuerte sismo" [Historic takeover: Sebastián Piñera took office in the middle of strong quake]. El Diario de Atacama (in Spanish) (Copiapó, Chile: Empresa Periodística El Norte S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  80. ↑ "Evacúan costas de Calama por alerta de tsunami" [Shaked Power Handover]. Diario Chañarcillo (in Spanish) (Copiapó, Chile). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  81. ↑ "Alerta de tsunami" [Tsunami warning]. El Día (in Spanish) (La Serena, Chile: Familia Puga Vergara). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  82. ↑ "Piñera asume Presidencia de Chile bajo alerta de tsunami" [Piñera takes office as President of Chile under tsunami warning]. El Mercurio de Valparaíso (in Spanish) (Valparaíso, Chile: Empresa El Mercurio de Valparaíso S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  83. ↑ "Descontrol y pánico" [Decontrol and panic]. La Estrella de Valparaíso (in Spanish) (Valparaíso, Chile: Empresa El Mercurio de Valparaíso S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  84. ↑ "¡Pánico colectivo!" [Collective panic!]. El Líder (in Spanish) (San Antonio, Chile: Empresa El Mercurio de Valparaíso S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  85. ↑ "Declaran Estado de Catástrofe en la Región tras sismo de 6.9" [Disaster state is declared in the region after 6.9 magnitude earthquake]. El Tipógrafo (in Spanish) (Rancagua, Chile). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  86. ↑ "Fuertes réplicas generaron pánico" [Strong aftershocks generated panic]. La Prensa (in Spanish) (Curicó, Chile: Empresa Periodística Curicó Limitada). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  87. ↑ "Pánico por alerta de tsunami en ocho regiones" [Panic because of tsunami warning in eight regions]. El Sur (in Spanish) (Concepción, Chile: Diario El Sur S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  88. ↑ ""Movido" cambio de mando en la Región" ["Shaked" handover in the Region]. El Austral de Temuco (in Spanish) (Temuco, Chile: Sociedad Periodística Araucanía S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  89. ↑ "Gobierno tuvo un inicio muy "movido"" [Government had a very "shaked" start]. El Diario Austral de Los Ríos (in Spanish) (Valdivia, Chile: Sociedad Periodística Araucanía S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  90. ↑ "Movido cambio de mando" [Shaked handover ceremony]. El Austral de Osorno (in Spanish) (Osorno, Chile: Sociedad Periodística Araucanía S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  91. ↑ "Día de miedo" [Day of fear]. El Llanquihue (in Spanish) (Temuco, Chile: Sociedad Periodística Araucanía S.A.). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  92. ↑ "Gobernaré con los mejores y más capaces" [I will govern with the best and most capable ones]. La Prensa Austral (in Spanish) (Punta Arenas, Chile). 12 March 2010. p. 1.
  93. ↑ "For Chile, More Aftershocks, and an Inauguration". The New York Times (New York, NY, United States: The New York Times Company). 12 March 2010. p. A1.
  94. ↑ "Chile tiembla mientras Piñera toma posesión" [Chile shakes as Piñera takes oath]. El Mundo (in Spanish) (Madrid, Spain: Unidad Editorial S.A.). pp. 1, 28.
  95. ↑ "Piñera asume el poder en Chile entre fuertes réplicas del seísmo" [Piñera takes office in Chile amid strong aftershocks of the earthquake]. El País (in Spanish) (Madrid, Spain: PRISA). pp. 1–3.
  96. ↑ "Chile "vibra" con la jura de Piñera" [Chile "vibrates" with Piñera's takeover]. ABC (in Spanish) (Madrid, Spain). p. 1.
  97. ↑ "Juramento y susto en Chile por los temblores" [Oath and fear in Chile because of tremors]. Clarín (in Spanish) (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Grupo Clarín). p. 1.
  98. ↑ "Tsunami-Alarm! Neue Beben erschüttern Chile" [Tsunami alarm! New quake shakes Chile]. Bild (in German) (Berlin, Germany: Axel Springer AG). p. 1.
  99. ↑ "Tres sismos generaron tensión en la posesión de Piñera en Chile" [Three tremors generated fear in Piñera's takeover in Chile]. El Colombiano (in Spanish) (Medellín, Colombia). p. 1A, 12A.
  100. ↑ "¡Está temblando!" [It's tremoring]. El Tiempo (in Spanish) (Bogotá, Colombia: Casa Editorial El Tiempo S.A.). pp. 1–6.
  101. ↑ "Aftershocks rattle inauguration day". The Dallas Morning News (Dallas, TX, United States: A. H. Belo Corporation). p. 1A, 20A.
  102. ↑ "Piñera asume entre nuevos temblores" [Piñera takes office amid new tremors]. El Comercio (in Spanish) (Lima, Peru: Empresa Editora El Comercio). p. 1.
  103. ↑ "Ceremonia movidita" [Moving ceremony]. Excélsior (in Spanish) (Mexico City, Mexico: Grupo Imagen). p. 1.

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