Māori religion

Māori Christian church in Akaroa. Christianity was adopted by Māori across New Zealand during the 19th century.

Māori religion is the religious beliefs and practice of the Māori, the Polynesian indigenous people of New Zealand.

Traditional Māori religion

Main article: Māori mythology

Traditional Māori religion, that is, the pre-European belief system of the Māori, was little modified from that of their tropical Eastern Polynesian homeland (Hawaiki Nui), conceiving of everything, including natural elements and all living things as connected by common descent through whakapapa or genealogy. Accordingly, all things were thought of as possessing a life force or mauri. Illustrating this concept of connectedness through genealogy are the major personifications of pre-contact times: Tangaroa was the personification of the ocean and the ancestor or origin of all fish; Tāne was the personification of the forest and the origin of all birds; and Rongo was the personification of peaceful activities and agriculture and the ancestor of cultivated plants. (According to some, the supreme personification of the Māori was Io; however this idea is controversial.)

Tapu and mana

Certain practices are followed that relate to traditional concepts like tapu. Certain people and objects contain mana - spiritual power or essence. In earlier times, tribal members of a higher rank would not touch objects which belonged to members of a lower rank. This was considered "pollution" and persons of a lower rank could not touch the belongings of a highborn person without putting themselves at risk of death.

Tapu can be interpreted as "sacred", as "spiritual restriction" or "implied prohibition"; it involves rules and prohibitions. There are two kinds of tapu, the private (relating to individuals) and the public tapu (relating to communities). A person, an object or a place, which is tapu, may not be touched by human contact, in some cases, not even approached. A person, object or a place could be made sacred by tapu for a certain time.

In pre-contact society, tapu was one of the strongest forces in Māori life. A violation of tapu could have dire consequences, including the death of the offender through sickness or at the hands of someone affected by the offence. In earlier times food cooked for a person of high rank was tapu, and could not be eaten by an inferior. A chief's house was tapu, and even the chief could not eat food in the interior of his house. Not only were the houses of people of high rank perceived to be tapu, but also their possessions including their clothing. Burial grounds and places of death were always tapu, and these areas were often surrounded by a protective fence.

Today, tapu is still observed in matters relating to sickness, death, and burial:

Christianity

In the early 19th century, many Māori embraced Christianity and its concepts.[1] Large numbers of converts joined the Church of England and the Roman Catholic, both of which are still highly influential in Māori society. The Māori aspect of the Church of England in New Zealand has long been recognised by the ordination of Māori priests as Bishop of Aotearoa; a well-known and sometimes controversial holder of that title was the late Rev. Whakahuihui Vercoe, who is remembered for a frank speech he delivered in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II during a Waitangi Day ceremony. The Roman Catholic Church also ordains Māori to high positions. Other churches were also locally successful in the 19th century, including, among others, the Presbyterian Church. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was also very successful in gaining Maori converts from the 1880s on, and by 1901 there were nearly 4,000 Maori members in 79 branches.[2][3]

Today, Christian prayer (karakia) is the expected way to begin and end Māori public gatherings of many kinds. Prayers are also made at the beginning of many new projects, personal journeys, and endeavours.

Syncretic religions

Rātana church near Raetihi

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, several new syncretic religions arose, combining various aspects of Christianity with traditional and non-traditional Māori philosophies. These include:

In the 2006 New Zealand Census,[6] 16,419 people stated their religion as Ringatū, and 50,565 Ratana. The Ratana Church also has considerable political strength.[7]

Islam

The proportion of Māori followers of Islam is low. Although the number of Māori Muslims grew rapidly at the end of the 20th century to 1074 at the 2006 census,[6] the total number of New Zealanders identifying as Māori was 565,329.[8] Thus, the total number of identified Māori Muslims was 0.19 percent of the Māori population.

See also

References

  1. Sutherland, Ivan Lorin George (1935). The Maori Situation. Wellington: Harry H. Tombs.
  2. R. Lanier Britsch, "Maori Traditions and the Mormon Church", New Era, June 1981.
  3. A Maori View of the Book of Mormon - Maxwell Institute JBMS
  4. "PEACE STATUE", Masterton District Library & Wairarapa Archive
  5. "Patete, Haimona", Te Ara
  6. 1 2 "Religious affiliation", Table Builder, Statistics New Zealand
  7. Stokes, Jon (21 January 2006). "Enduring attraction of Ratana". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  8. Statistics New Zealand. (2007). QuickStats about Māori. Retrieved from

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, April 21, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.