Member states of the World Trade Organization

The original member states of the World Trade Organization are the parties to the GATT after ratifying the Uruguay Round Agreements,^[1] and the European Communities. They obtained this status at the entry into force on 1 January 1995 or upon their date of ratification. All other members have joined the organization as a result of negotiation, and membership consists of a balance of rights and obligations.^[2] The process of becoming a World Trade Organization (WTO) member is unique to each applicant country, and the terms of accession are dependent upon the country's stage of economic development and the current trade regime.^[3]

As is typical of WTO procedures, an offer of accession is only given once consensus is reached among interested parties.^[4] The process takes about five years, on average, but it can take some countries almost a decade if the country is less than fully committed to the process, or if political issues interfere. The shortest accession negotiation was that of Kyrgyzstan, lasting 2 years and 10 months. The longest were that of Russia, lasting 19 years and 2 months,^[5] Vanuatu, lasting 17 years and 1 month,^[6] and China, lasting 15 years and 5 months.^[7]

As of 2007, WTO member states represented 96.4% of global trade and 96.7% of global GDP.^[8] Iran, followed by Algeria, are the economies with the largest GDP and trade outside the WTO, using 2005 data.^[9]^[10]

Accession process

WTO accession progress:^[11]

Draft Working Party Report or Factual Summary adopted

Goods and/or Services offers submitted

Working party meetings

Memorandum on Foreign Trade Regime submitted

Working party established

The process of accession can be broken down into four major stages: a country wishing to accede to the WTO submits an application to the General Council. The government applying for membership has to describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements.^[2] The application is submitted to the WTO in a memorandum which is examined by a working party open to all interested WTO Members, and dealing with the country's application. For large countries such as Russia, numerous countries participate in this process. For smaller countries, the Quadrilateral group of countries – consisting of the EU, the United States, Canada and Japan – and an applicant's neighboring countries are typically most involved.^[12] The applicant then presents a detailed memorandum to the Working Party on its foreign trade regime, describing, among other things, its economy, economic policies, domestic and international trade regulations, and intellectual property policies. The Working Party Members submit written questions to the applicant to clarify aspects of its foreign trade regime with particular attention being paid to the degree of privatization in the economy and the extent to which government regulation is transparent.^[13] After all necessary background information has been acquired, the Working Party will begin meeting to focus on issues of discrepancy between the WTO rules and the Applicant's international and domestic trade policies and laws. The WP determines the terms and conditions of entry into the WTO for the applicant nation, and may consider transitional periods to allow countries some leeway in complying with the WTO rules.^[3]

The final phase of accession involves bilateral negotiations between the applicant nation and other Working Party members regarding the concessions and commitments on tariff levels and market access for goods and services. These talks cover tariff rates and specific market access commitments, and other policies in goods and services. The new member's commitments are to apply equally to all WTO members under normal non-discrimination rules, even though they are negotiated bilaterally. In other words, the talks determine the benefits (in the form of export opportunities and guarantees) other WTO members can expect when the new member joins. The talks can be highly complicated; it has been said that in some cases the negotiations are almost as large as an entire round of multilateral trade negotiations.^[2]

When the bilateral talks conclude, the working party finalizes the terms of accession. sends an accession package, which includes a summary of all the WP meetings, the Protocol of Accession (a draft membership treaty), and lists ("schedules") of the member-to-be's commitments to the General Council or Ministerial Conference. Once the General Council or Ministerial Conference approves of the terms of accession, the applicant's parliament must ratify the Protocol of Accession before it can become a member.^[14] The documents used in the accession process which are embargoed during the accession process are released once the nation becomes a member.^[3]

Members and observers

A world map of WTO participation:

Members

Members, dually represented with the European Union

Observers

Non-members

The WTO currently has 162 members.^[15] Of the 128 states party to the GATT at the end of 1994, all have since become WTO members except for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was suspended from participating in GATT at the time.^[16]^[17] The SFRY had dissolved in 1992, and its largest successor state the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (which itself later dissolved into two separate states: Serbia and Montenegro) aspired to be recognized as the SFRY's continuator state, but the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution rejecting this claim. As of 2014, four of the successor states of the SFRY are WTO members (Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Montenegro), and the remaining two (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia) are observers negotiating membership.^[15] Four other states, China, Lebanon, Liberia, Syria, were parties to GATT but subsequently withdrew from the treaty prior to the establishment of the WTO.^[16]^[18] The remaining WTO members acceded after first becoming WTO observers and negotiating membership. China has since acceded to the WTO.

The 28 states of the European Union are dually represented, as the EU is a full member of the organization. Non-sovereign autonomous entities of member states are eligible for full membership in the WTO provided that they have a separate customs territory with full autonomy in the conduct of their external commercial relations. Thus, Hong Kong became a GATT contracting party, by the now terminated "sponsorship" procedure of the United Kingdom (Hong Kong uses the name "Hong Kong, China" since 1997), as did Macau. A new member of this type is the Republic of China (Taiwan), which acceded to the WTO in 2002, and carefully crafted its application by joining under the name "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei)"^[19]^[20] so that they were not rejected as a result of the People's Republic of China One-China policy.

The WTO has 22 observer states,^[15] that with the exception of the Holy See must start their accession negotiations within five years of becoming observers. The last country admitted as observer-only before applying for full membership was Equatorial Guinea in 2002, but since 2007 it is also in full membership negotiations. In 2007 Liberia and Comoros applied directly for full membership. Some international intergovernmental organizations are also granted observer status to WTO bodies.^[21] The Palestinian Authority submitted a request for WTO observer status in October 2009^[22] and again in April 2010.^[23]

Kazakhstan is the newest member, joining on 30 November 2015.^[24]

Russia was the only large economy outside of the WTO after Saudi Arabia joined in 2005.^[25]^[26] It had begun negotiating to join the WTO's predecessor in 1993. The final major point of contention – related to the 2008 Russo-Georgian War – was solved through mediation by Switzerland,^[25] leading to Russian membership in 2012.

List of members and accession dates

The following table lists all current members and their accession date.^[15]

Country^[15]^[27]	Date of Accession
Albania	000000002000-09-08-00008 September 2000
Angola	000000001996-11-23-000023 November 1996
Antigua and Barbuda	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Argentina	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Armenia	000000002003-02-05-00005 February 2003
Australia	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Austria ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Bahrain	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Bangladesh	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Barbados	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Belgium ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Belize	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Benin	000000001996-02-22-000022 February 1996
Bolivia	000000001995-09-12-000012 September 1995
Botswana	000000001995-05-31-000031 May 1995
Brazil	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Brunei Darussalam	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Bulgaria ( EU since 2007)	000000001996-12-01-00001 December 1996
Burkina Faso	000000001995-06-03-00003 June 1995
Burundi	000000001995-07-23-000023 July 1995
Cambodia	000000002004-10-13-000013 October 2004
Cameroon	000000001995-12-13-000013 December 1995
Canada	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Cape Verde	000000002008-07-23-000023 July 2008
Central African Republic	000000001995-05-31-000031 May 1995
Chad	000000001996-10-19-000019 October 1996
Chile	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
China	000000002001-12-11-000011 December 2001
Colombia	000000001995-04-30-000030 April 1995
Republic of the Congo	000000001997-03-27-000027 March 1997
Democratic Republic of the Congo	000000001997-01-01-00001 January 1997
Costa Rica	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Côte d'Ivoire	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Croatia ( EU since 2013)	000000002000-11-30-000030 November 2000
Cuba	000000001995-04-20-000020 April 1995
Cyprus ( EU since 2004)	000000001995-07-30-000030 July 1995
Czech Republic ( EU since 2004)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Denmark ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Djibouti	000000001995-05-31-000031 May 1995
Dominica	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Dominican Republic	000000001995-03-09-00009 March 1995
Ecuador	000000001996-01-21-000021 January 1996
Egypt	000000001995-06-30-000030 June 1995
El Salvador	000000001995-05-07-00007 May 1995
Estonia ( EU since 2004)	000000001999-11-13-000013 November 1999
European Union^{[note 1]}	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Fiji	000000001996-01-14-000014 January 1996
Finland ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
France ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Gabon	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Gambia	000000001996-10-23-000023 October 1996
Georgia	000000002000-06-14-000014 June 2000
Germany ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Ghana	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Greece ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Grenada	000000001996-02-22-000022 February 1996
Guatemala	000000001995-07-21-000021 July 1995
Guinea	000000001995-10-25-000025 October 1995
Guinea-Bissau	000000001995-05-31-000031 May 1995
Guyana	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Haiti	000000001996-01-30-000030 January 1996
Honduras	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Hong Kong, China^{[note 2]}	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Hungary ( EU since 2004)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Iceland	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
India	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Indonesia	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Ireland ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Israel	000000001995-04-21-000021 April 1995
Italy ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Jamaica	000000001995-03-09-00009 March 1995
Japan	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Jordan	000000002000-04-11-000011 April 2000
Kazakhstan	000000002015-11-30-000030 November 2015
Kenya	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Republic of Korea	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Kuwait	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Kyrgyzstan	000000001998-12-20-000020 December 1998
Laos	000000002013-02-02-00002 February 2013
Latvia ( EU since 2004)	000000001999-02-10-000010 February 1999
Lesotho	000000001995-05-31-000031 May 1995
Liechtenstein	000000001995-09-01-00001 September 1995
Lithuania ( EU since 2004)	000000002001-05-31-000031 May 2001
Luxembourg ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Macau, China^{[note 3]}	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Republic of Macedonia	000000002003-04-04-00004 April 2003
Madagascar	000000001995-11-17-000017 November 1995
Malawi	000000001995-05-31-000031 May 1995
Malaysia	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Maldives	000000001995-05-31-000031 May 1995
Mali	000000001995-05-31-000031 May 1995
Malta ( EU since 2004)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Mauritania	000000001995-05-31-000031 May 1995
Mauritius	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Mexico	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Moldova	000000002001-07-26-000026 July 2001
Mongolia	000000001997-01-29-000029 January 1997
Montenegro	000000002012-04-29-000029 April 2012^[28]
Morocco	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Mozambique	000000001995-08-26-000026 August 1995
Myanmar	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Namibia	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Nepal	000000002004-04-23-000023 April 2004
Netherlands ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
New Zealand	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Nicaragua	000000001995-09-03-00003 September 1995
Niger	000000001996-12-13-000013 December 1996
Nigeria	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Norway	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Oman	000000002000-11-09-00009 November 2000
Pakistan	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Panama	000000001997-09-06-00006 September 1997
Papua New Guinea	000000001996-06-09-00009 June 1996
Paraguay	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Peru	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Philippines	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Poland ( EU since 2004)	000000001995-07-01-00001 July 1995
Portugal ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Qatar	000000001996-01-13-000013 January 1996
Romania ( EU since 2007)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Russia	000000002012-08-22-000022 August 2012
Rwanda	000000001996-05-22-000022 May 1996
Saint Kitts and Nevis	000000001996-02-21-000021 February 1996
Saint Lucia	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Samoa	000000002012-05-10-000010 May 2012^[28]
Saudi Arabia	000000002005-12-11-000011 December 2005
Senegal	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Seychelles	000000002015-04-26-000026 April 2015
Sierra Leone	000000001995-07-23-000023 July 1995
Singapore	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Slovakia ( EU since 2004)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Slovenia ( EU since 2004)	000000001995-07-30-000030 July 1995
Solomon Islands	000000001996-07-26-000026 July 1996
South Africa	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Spain ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Sri Lanka	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Suriname	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Swaziland	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Sweden ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Switzerland	000000001995-07-01-00001 July 1995
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu	000000002002-01-01-00001 January 2002
Tajikistan	000000002013-03-02-00002 March 2013
Tanzania	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Thailand	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Togo	000000001995-05-31-000031 May 1995
Tonga	000000002007-07-27-000027 July 2007
Trinidad and Tobago	000000001995-03-01-00001 March 1995
Tunisia	000000001995-03-29-000029 March 1995
Turkey	000000001995-03-26-000026 March 1995
Uganda	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Ukraine	000000002008-05-16-000016 May 2008
United Arab Emirates	000000001996-04-10-000010 April 1996
United Kingdom ( EU)	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
United States	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Uruguay	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Vanuatu	000000002012-08-24-000024 August 2012^[6]
Venezuela	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Vietnam	000000002007-01-11-000011 January 2007
Yemen	000000002014-06-26-000026 June 2014
Zambia	000000001995-01-01-00001 January 1995
Zimbabwe	000000001995-03-05-00005 March 1995

Notes

↑ All member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO individually.
↑ As Hong Kong until 1997.
↑ As Macau until 1999.

List of observers

The following table lists all 22 current observers.^[15]^[29] Within five years of being granted observer status by the WTO, states are required to begin negotiating their accession to the organization.^[15]

Country	Date of membership application
Afghanistan^{[lower-alpha 1]}	000000002004-11-21-000021 November 2004
Algeria	000000001987-06-03-00003 June 1987
Andorra	000000001997-07-04-00004 July 1997
Azerbaijan	000000001997-06-30-000030 June 1997
The Bahamas	000000002001-05-10-000010 May 2001
Belarus	000000001993-09-23-000023 September 1993
Bhutan	000000001999-09-01-00001 September 1999
Bosnia and Herzegovina^{[lower-alpha 2]}	000000001999-05-11-000011 May 1999
Comoros	000000002007-02-22-000022 February 2007
Equatorial Guinea	000000002007-02-19-000019 February 2007
Ethiopia	000000002003-01-13-000013 January 2003
Holy See	None^{[lower-alpha 3]} (Observer since 000000001997-07-16-000016 July 1997)^[30]
Iran	000000001996-07-19-000019 July 1996
Iraq	000000002004-09-30-000030 September 2004
Lebanon^{[lower-alpha 4]}	000000001999-01-30-000030 January 1999
Liberia^{[lower-alpha 4]}^{[lower-alpha 1]}	000000002007-06-13-000013 June 2007
Libya	000000002004-06-10-000010 June 2004
São Tomé and Príncipe	000000002005-01-14-000014 January 2005
Serbia^{[lower-alpha 2]}	000000002004-12-23-000023 December 2004
Sudan	000000001994-10-11-000011 October 1994
Syria^{[lower-alpha 4]}	000000002001-10-10-000010 October 2001
Uzbekistan	000000001994-12-08-00008 December 1994

Notes

1 2 Membership approved pending ratification.^[31]^[32]
1 2 Successor state to a state that was a party to GATT.^[16]
↑ The Holy See is exempted from having to negotiate full WTO membership.^[15]
1 2 3 Was a party to GATT prior to withdrawing.^[18]^[16]

Neither members nor observers

The following table lists all the UN member states and UN observer states which are neither members nor observers of the WTO.^[15]

Notes

↑ Submitted an application for membership in December 2015.^[33]
↑ Submitted an application for membership on 13 April 2015.^[34]

References

↑ Legal texts: the WTO agreements at World Trade Organization
1 2 3 Membership, Alliances and Bureaucracy, World Trade Organization
1 2 3 Accessions Summary, Center for International Development
↑ C. Michalopoulos, WTO Accession, 64
↑ Russia's entry to WTO ends 19 years of negotiations The Guardian, 22 August 2012
1 2 Vanuatu:accession status at WTO official website
↑ P. Farah, "Five Years of China's WTO Membership", 263–304
↑ "Accession in perspective". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
↑ "ANNEX 1. STATISTICAL SURVEY". World Trade Organization. 2005. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
↑ Arjomandy, Danial (2013-11-21). "Iranian Membership in the World Trade Organization: An Unclear Future". Iranian Studies. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.859810. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
↑ "Summary Table of Ongoing Accessions". World Trade Organization. April 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-25.
↑ C. Michalopoulos, WTO Accession, 62
↑ C. Michalopoulos, WTO Accession, 63
↑ How to Become a Member of the WTO, World Trade Organization
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Members and Observers at WTO official website
1 2 3 4 "World Trade Report" (PDF). World Trade Organization. 2007. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
↑ "The 128 countries that had signed GATT by 1994". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
1 2 "Article XXXI - Withdrawal" (PDF). World Trade Organization. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
↑ Jackson J. H., Sovereignty, p. 109
↑ "Member information - Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) and the WTO". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
↑ International Intergovernmental Organizations Granted Observer Status to WTO Bodies, World Trade Organization
↑ "Palestine - Request for Observer Status". Taiwan WTO Center. 2009-10-06. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
↑ "Palestine - Request for Observer Status". Taiwan TWO Center. 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
↑ "Kazakhstan joins the WTO as 162nd member". World Trade Organization. 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
1 2 "Russia becomes WTO member after 18 years of talks". BBC. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
↑ Heilprin, John (17 December 2011). "Russia gets approval to join the WTO". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
↑ Status of WTO Legal Instruments (PDF). World Trade Organization. 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
1 2 Montenegro and Samoa strengthen the WTO WTO media release, 30 April 2012
↑ "WTO Members and Accession Candidates". World Trade Organization. March 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
↑ "Welcome to the Holy See Mission". Holy See Mission to the United Nations in Geneva. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
↑ "President Kenyatta hails approval by ministers of Liberia’s WTO membership". World Trade Organization. 2015-12-16. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
↑ "Ministers approve Afghanistan’s WTO membership at MC10". World Trade Organization. 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
↑ "WTO Accession Newsletter" (PDF). World Trade Organization. 2016-01-28. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
↑ "WTO Accession Newsletter" (PDF). World Trade Organization. 2015-06-25. Retrieved 2015-07-11.

Bibliography and Web

"Accessions Gateway". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
"Accessions News Archive". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
Aslund, Anders (21 December 2007). "Russia's WTO Accession". Speeches, Testimony, Papers. Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Politics. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
"Factsheet on U.S. – Russia WTO Bilateral Market Access Agreement". Office of the United States Trade Representative. 10 November 2007. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
Farah, Paolo (August 2006). "Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". Legal Issues of Economic Integration 33 (3). Retrieved 16 March 2007.
"How to Become a Member of the WTO". Accession: Explanation. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
"International Intergovernmental Organizations Granted Observer Status to WTO bodies". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
Jackson, John H. (2006). "The World Trade Organization: Structure of the Treaty and the Institution". Sovereignty, the WTO and Changing Fundamentals of International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86007-5.
"Members and Observers". Understanding the WTO. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
"Membership, Alliances and Bureaucracy". Understanding the WTO. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
Michalopoulos, Constantine (2002). "WTO Accession". In Bernard M. Hoekman, Aaditya Mattoo, Philip English. Development, Trade, and the WTO: A Handbook. World Bank Publications. ISBN 0-8213-4997-X.
"Mapping the Law of WTO Accession (by Steve Charnovitz)". SRRN. Retrieved 1 April 2007.

World Trade Organization

System	Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events

Issues	Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause

Agreements	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package

Ministerial Conferences	1st (1996) 2nd (1998) 3rd (1999) 4th (2001) 5th (2003) 6th (2005) 7th (2009) 8th (2011) 9th (2013) 10th (2015)

People	Pascal Lamy (Director-General) Roberto Azevêdo (Elected Director-General) Supachai Panitchpakdi (Former Director-General) Deputy Directors-General: Alejandro Jara Valentine Rugwabiza Harsha Singh Rufus Yerxa

Members	Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador European Union¹ Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong² Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau² Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan³ Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe 1. All twenty-eight member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right: Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 2. Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". 3. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.

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