Meråker Line

Meråker Line

Container train hauled by a CD66 locomotive from CargoNet in Malvik
Overview
Native name Meråkerbanen
Type Railway
System Norwegian Railway
Termini Trondheim Central Station
Storlien Station
Stations 6
Operation
Opened 22 July 1882
Owner Norwegian National Rail Administration
Operator(s) Norwegian State Railways
CargoNet
Character Regional trains
Freight
Rolling stock Class 92
Technical
Line length 70 km (43 mi)
Number of tracks Single
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Electrification No

The Meråker Line (Norwegian: Meråkerbanen) is a 72 kilometers (45 mi) railway line which runs through the district and valley of Stjørdalen in Nord-Trøndelag, Norway. The line branches off from the Nordland Line at Hell Station and runs eastwards to the Norway–Sweden border, with Storlien Station acting as the border station. There the line continues as the Central Line. Traditionally the Meråker Line was regarded as the whole line from Trondheim Central Station to the border, a distance of 102 kilometers (63 mi). There are two daily passenger train services operated by the Norwegian State Railways and a limited number of freight trains hauling lumber and wood chippings.

Proposals for a railway were first made in 1870. Routes via Verdal and Røros were soon discarded and the Meråker Line was approved on 5 June 1873. The first revenue services ran in 1879 and the line was officially opened on 22 July 1882. The line gave a boom to the local economy, allowing for same-day transport of produce to Trondheim. The line has been upgraded several times to increase the axle load. During World War II, the line was the scene of both the Hommelvik train disaster and the Meråker train disaster. Steam trains were in use until 1971, following the introduction of diesel locomotives in 1961. From 1900 to 2005 Meraker Smelteverk was a major customer, using the line to haul carbide, and later microsilica, from their mill at Kopperå to the port at Muruvik. The Norwegian National Rail Administration plans to have electrified and installed centralized traffic control by 2023.

Route

The Meråker Line is currently defined as the section between Hell and the Norway–Sweden border at Storlien. Until 2008 it was regarded as the entire section from Trondheim Central Station to Storlien.[1] The line was initially 102.23 kilometers (63.52 mi) to the border, or 105.97 kilometers (65.85 mi) to Storlien Station. With the new definition, the line is 70.69 kilometers (43.92 mi). The national border is 655.10 kilometers (407.06 mi) from Oslo Central Station and 751.67 kilometers (467.07 mi) from Stockholm Central Station.[2] At Leangen Station the Stavne–Leangen Line branches off and provides a bypass through Trondheim. At Hell the Nordland Line continues northwards.[3] From Storlien the line continues as the Centre Line via Östersund to Sundsvall.[2]

The line largely follows the coast of the Trondheimsfjord from Trondheim until reaching Hell. From there the line heads inland through the valley of Stjørdalen. Initially it follows the river of Stjørdalselva. The line runs predominantly due east from Trondheim, passing through the current municipalities of Trondheim, Malvik, Stjørdal and Meråker.[4] With the new definition, it only passes through the latter two, and is entirely located within Nord-Trøndelag. From Trondheim to Hell the line runs just above sea level, except past Leangen Station where the line hits 34-meter (112 ft) abovea mean sea level. From Hegra Station there is again a slight rise.[5] The 72 kilometers (45 mi) from Trondheim to Gudå Station remain fairly flat. From there the line enters a steep climb, passing Meråker Station at an elevation of 220 meters (720 ft) AMSL and Kopperå Station at 329 meters (1,079 ft). Storlien is locate at 593 meters (1,946 ft) AMSL.[2] The Meråker Line is not electrified and lacks centralized traffic control, but as GSM-R. The standard gauge railway is owned and operated by the Norwegian National Rail Administration.[1]

History

Background

Since the Middle Ages, both the Stjørdalen and Verdal valleys were important trade routes connecting Trøndelag and Jämtland. In particular, Levanger grew into an important trading town for Jämtland farmers, who would travel across the Verdal Mountains. The first public discussion of a railway was launched in Levanger in 1858; the initiative was pushed by Jämtland's governor Thome, who proposed a line via Verdal to Levanger. At the time, the Trondhjem–Støren Line was about to be built, and the commercial interests in Trondheim were more concerned with a southward connection along what would become the Røros Line to Oslo. A 1869 meeting in Sundsvall, Sweden, had proposed three routes for the line: via Verdal, via Meråker or as a branch from Røros.[6]

A road up Stjørdalen was built during the 1850s, connecting at Stjørdalshalsen to a steam ship service to Trondheim. A concern in Sweden was that Bottenviken could freeze up and that the Trondheimsfjord offered an ice-free alternative for export of timber. Trade from Norway to Sweden was limited, mostly due to the limited infrastructure. Norwegian trades argued that a railway would allow for the export of Norwegian fish to Sweden.[7]

The Meråker Line in Meråker during the 1880s

A committee was appointed in 1870 to consider the railway, and was followed by on-site investigations to determine the railway's route. Similar investigations were carried out in Sweden. For the Norwegian side, costs were estimated to be at 4.7 million Norwegian kroner.[8] for the Meråker route. Surveys along the Verdal route deemed the route unsuitable. This presumed a narrow gauge (1,067 millimetres or 42.0 inches) railway, common in Norway at the time. Operating profits were estimated to give a 4.5 percent return on capital. Shares in the railway company were offered for sale in 1871; the largest purchaser was Trondheim Municipality, who bought shares for 1.2 million kroner.[9] In Trondheim alone, private investors bought an additional 3.6 million kroner in shares.[7]

In the spring of 1871, the line was considered by the Standing Committee for Railways in the Parliament of Norway. The proposition was voted down at 64 votes to 42. After a local railway committee was established, Parliament passed legislation to build the line on 2 May 1872. The state would receive shares in the company equal to their monetary contribution. A suggestion from Johan Sverdrup that required the company to also borrow 1.4 million kroner was voted down 58 votes to 52. In Sweden, the work was meeting resistance, and many Trondheim businessmen chose to purchase shares in the Swedish part of the line to secure the financing of the Swedish part. In 1873, the Parliament of Sweden voted to build a narrow gauge railway from Torpshammar to the Norwegian border; there was already a railway line from Torpshammar to Sundsvall, the Sundsvall–Torpshammars Railway.[10]

The Norwegian Parliament gave 400,000 kroner in support in 1873, and doubled it the following year. By then, the Swedish authorities had decided that all railways should be built in standard gauge, and the Norwegian Parliament chose to change their configuration to the same gauge in 1874, increasing estimated costs from 4.7 to 8.9 million kroner. This was a similar arrangement to what would happen with the two international lines in Eastern Norway, where the Kongsvinger and Østfold Lines were also built with standard gauge.[11] Despite intense lobbying from representatives from Innherred, the Verdal alternative was finally discarded when parliament gave 3 million kroner to the Meråker Line.[12]

Construction

The choice of route through Stjørdal remained a controversy. The river Stjørdalselva created a barrier just north of Hell, making it cheaper to build the line on the south shore of the river until Hegra. This would make the line bypass Stjørdalshalsen on the north shore, the largest town between Trondheim and Östersund. Despite massive local protests, Parliament ultimately chose the southern alternative. The added distance reduced Stjørdalshalsen's trade role while reducing railway revenue as the steam ships continued to run on the route, thus reducing the profitability of the line.[12] Stjørdalselva Bridge was opened in 1902 when the Hell–Sunnan Line opened to Stjørdal.[13]

Hell Station in 1906

Blasting commenced during a ceremony in 1875, although regular construction work on the line did not commence until the following year. The immediate line into Trondheim was the last to start, in 1878, following disagreements about the plans. By then 54 kilometers (34 mi) of track were laid from Leangen Station to the border between Nedre Stjørdal and Øvre Stjørdal. The first train ran from Rotvoll Station, just outside Trondheim, to the international border on 27 August 1879. From 11 February 1880 a weekly train service was operated and regular revenue services began on 17 October 1881, although the line was not yet completed to Östersund.[7]

Trondheim Central Station during the 1920

In Trondheim, the existing railway station for the Trondhjem–Støren Line was built as a cul-de-sac station at Kalvskinnet. This could not serve the Meråker Line and the station was thus moved to Brattøra, an artificial peninsula immediately north of the city center. Thus the station became located next to the new port facility. With the construction of the Røros Line, it was decided to connect both lines to the same station. The cost of the new station was 1.4 million kroner. Trondheim Station did not open until 1882.[7]

The work paid well, and attracted many navvies to the area. Initial wages were 3.20 kroner per day, though this later was reduced. Two and a half thousand men were employed, with fewer jobs being offered than there were applicants. Land owners were compensated 50–200 kroner per hectare (NOK 20–80 per acre) for cultivated land, and 10 kroner per hectare (NOK 4 per acre) for forest. Many local farmers made good money offering transport of cargo for the construction, as well as renting out annexes for navvies; others made money as traders. As with all such construction areas, many legal and illegal pubs and brothels were established. After construction was completed, some moved on, while others settled in the area; many of these received jobs with the railway company.[14]

The official opening took place on 22 July 1882 by King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway. This was at the height of the debate on parliamentarianism and the king's right to veto the Parliament of Norway, and the king used the opening ceremonies and speeches at each station to encourage people to support the union between Sweden and Norway, and pointed out how the railway would better connect the "brother nations". In contrast, in Hegra no-one from the municipal council chose to attend the opening ceremony, and no-one from Nedre Stjørdal attended the opening at Hell either.[7]

The first years

By 1880 the railway had six locomotives at its disposal. No. 1–2 were Class 14 that were intended as helping power to get trains up the steep climb from Gudå to Storlien. No. 3–6 were Class 9 locomotives that would do the main haulage from Gudå into Trondheim. In 1883, NSB's other two Class 14 locomotives were transferred from the Smaalenene Line. The initial fleet consisted of 24 passenger and nine breaking cars, all from Skabo. The line featured the first bogie cars in the country, with a single entrance at the end of each car, instead of individual doors for each compartment. There were also 37 closed freight cars, 40 lumber cars, 20 boxcars, 100 flatcars and three milk cars. At first all trains were mixed freight and passenger.[15]

In addition to the trains heading for Sweden, there was also a commuter train that ran, first from Hommelvik Station, then from Hegra Station, into Trondheim in the morning, and returning after work in the evening. Since there was no depot at Hegra, the locomotive had to return without cars to Hommelvik for the nightly overhaul. The 854 kilometers (531 mi) route from Trondheim to Stockholm initially took 57 hours. By 1904, this was reduced to 26 hours, mostly due to reducing the layover between trains.[15]

The Røros Line was connected to the station at Brattøra at 24 June 1884, allowing Marienborg to be us as a common maintenance depot for both lines. The Meråker Line's locomotives were then renumbered, starting at 51, to keep them distinguished from the Røros Line's. From the same year, the Meråker Line was assigned two Class 8 locomotives. From 1896, Class 15 locomotives were used, and two years later supplemented by the Class 17.[15]

The revenue of the line was at 533,306 kroner per year in 1900, most of which was from the freight traffic. This gave a return of capital of 1–2%. Freight traffic increased about twice as fast as passenger traffic, and in 1904 a new daily train was put into service to Storlien.[15] The first Hell–Sunnan Line opened in stages between 1902 and 1905. At first the trains along the Hell–Sunnan Line were decoupled at Hell Station, but from 1909 on direct trains to Trondheim started operating.[16]

Impact

The Meråker Line was of great economic and social importance for the villages it passed through. It allowed much quicker transport into Trondheim, and the station buildings became centers of community life. For the first time these places had telegraph stations and daily post deliveries. The expedient transport meant that many more people chose to travel into Trondheim, which gained an advantage over other towns, such as Levanger and Stjørdalshalsen, in becoming the regional center for trade. Especially Stjørdalshalsen lost much of its importance for the villages up the valley Stjørdalen. For farmers, the railway made it possible to sell fresh dairy products to Trondheim, and even to Sundsvall. New markets, combined with good income during construction that allowed for investments in machinery, increased the revenue and profits for agriculture along the line. By 1900, 68 people were employed by the railway in Meråker alone.[17]

The Meråker Line through Meråker in the 1880s

Storlien, just on the Swedish side of the national border, grew up as a resort, with the first hotel established just after the railway arrived. Trade between the two countries increased, as Jämtland had easy access to the Trøndelag market. However, the freight rates were so high that it was cheaper to send some products to Trøndelag from the Swedish east coast by ship around Scania.[18]

Meråker saw in industrial boom due to the railway. There was already a copper mine and smelters at Kopperå, and they saw the railway as a possibility to change from locally produced charcoal to imported coke. A pulp mill opened in 1887, but burned down in 1912. The most important industry was the carbide factory that opened in Kopperå in 1900—Meraker Smelteverk. Though located close to the hydroelectricity sources in Meråker, the import and export of raw and finished materials would not have been possible without the railway.[19] A port for the plant was built at Muruvik in 1918.[15]

Two steam locomotives meet at Hell Station in 1907

Lumber export was one of the main driving forces for building railways at the time, and the Meråker Line was no exception. In both Stjørdalen and the vast areas of Jämtland and Northern Sweden are huge amounts of woodlands. The Meråker Line ran straight through this area, and was seen as a new possibility to export lumber to the continent, where there was high demand for it. Before the railway was built, there was a small sawmill in Hommelvik. In 1881, the Scotsman Lewis Miller bought huge areas of woods in Jämtland, as well as nine sawmills in Sweden. All the produce from these were then sent to Hommelvik for processing and shipment. At the most he employed 100 men, and exported up to 183,000,000 m3 (6.5×109 cu ft) of lumber each year. Also located at Hommelvik were two wharfs owned by NSB, and one of the major imports was coal for the Swedish State Railways.[20]

World War I and beyond

Muruvik remained an important export port for products hauled with the line until 2005

World War I proved to be a boom for the Meråker Line. The line suddenly became a transit corridor for shipments from Russia, as well as from Sweden, to the ports in Trondheim and Hommelvik. To cope with the increased traffic, NSB had to both rent equipment from Sweden and acquire ten new Class 21 and Class 35 locomotives between 1913 and 1918. Four of these were transferred from other lines, while six were new. With the new locomotives, the dimensioned axle weight needed to be upgraded to 14 t (14 long tons; 15 short tons), which mostly involved improving the bridges. The bridge at Funna was dismounted and sold to be used on the Gråkallen Line of the Trondheim Tramway. Class 35 was used on the Gudå–Storlien section, and replaced the aging Class 14. They remained in service until 1929, when they were transferred to the Ofoten Line.[16]

From 1927, the first pure through-passenger trains started operating in the summer, towards Sweden in the morning and back during the evening. From 1933 it operated all year. Through the 1920s and 1930s, many shorter distances received extra trains, and passenger and freight trains were gradually separated into separate trains. The traffic through Trondheim–Hell increased; commuter trains terminated at several different stations. From 1930, multiple units were also put into use on the line.[16]

World War II

During the German occupation of Norway from 9 April 1940, traffic continued in ordinary fashion until 14 April, when a telephone message was misunderstood, and Norwegian military forces shot at a train they thought had Germans on board. After this, traffic on the line was halted. On the Swedish side of the border, 1 to 2 kilometers (0.62 to 1.24 mi) of track was broken to hinder the Germans from using the line to access Sweden. Local traffic to Kopperå started again on 25 April. On 17 May, a multiple unit ran to Storlien with a general to discuss reopening the line. The answer was negative, but on 24 May, an agreement was struck. At the same time, military trains were put into use, from Snåsa and Steinkjer to Storlien, and onward to Narvik. After transport on the Ofoten Line to Narvik (via Sweden) was officially reopened on 2 August, there were regular trains from Trondheim via the Meråker Line to Narvik, with up to three trains a day.[21]

On 19 November 1940, a train with workers from Trondheim to the airport collided with the local train from Kopperå just east of Hommelvik Station. The Hommelvik train disaster killed 22 people. The trains were supposed to have passed at Homnmelvik Station, but the engineer thought he had seen the other train, and had left the station. The accident occurred at 08:03, and was caused by there being virtually no light to see with, since all outdoor sources of light were covered.[22] On 23 January 1941, a coke and coal train from Sweden lost its braking between the border and Kopperå. The six back cars plus the caboose derailed just west of Kopperå Station, while the locomotive and 17 other trains continued their wild flight. The train derailed at Meråker Station, and the Meråker train disaster killed both the engineer and the stoker.[23]

The railway and its personnel were an active part of the Norwegian resistance movement during the war. In particular, Swedish newspapers and literature were smuggled into the country, primarily by stokers, who hid the material in the coal. Also, people who were not able to flee to Sweden via the mountains, or needed to get out in a hurry, were sometimes smuggled on board the trains, primarily on German trains. Illegal documents and microfilms were also smuggled out. For German transport trains, track-side employees tried to create "delays".[24]

Post-war

After the war there was limited resources for new rolling stocks and upgrades to the line. Multiple units gradually took over passenger trains, and by 1957, no passenger trains to Storlien were hauled by locomotives.[16] That year Stavne–Leangen Line opened, allowing trains to bypass Trondheim Central Station.[25] The new Di 3 diesel locomotives were put into service in 1961. The last steam engine was taken out of service in 1971.[16] The introduction of the Di 3 forced an upgrade to the line to allow for an axle load of 18 tonnes.[26] The opening of European Road E14 in the 1950s caused a reduction in shorter-haul passenger and freight. NSB subsequently cut passenger services to a single daily train, with a Di 3 hauling Swedish carriages through Meråker. Trains continuing along the Nordland Line continued to increase.[27]

Maintenance remained mostly manual until the 1960s, after which a major rationalization plan shifted this work to machines. This allowed the line's standard to increase, allowing for heavier and faster trains.[28] Hegra, Sona and Flornes Stations were made unmanned in 1970.[16]

Freight volumes remained high throughout the following decades.[29] In the late 1950s, the Swedish Air Force built a 32 million kroner storage area for aviation fuel at Muruvik. The terminal would be a reserve in case of an attack on Sweden, and the Meråker Line was to be used to transport the fuel into Sweden. The depot was sold in 1988 to Petrofina, following the Royal Norwegian Air Force's quest to build a pipeline to the NATO-base at Trondheim Airport, Værnes.[30]

NSB Di 3 locomotive ready to haul the 8:15 day train on the Nordland Line from Trondheim Central Station on 10 June 1986. The Di 3s were the main traction on the Meråker Line

from the 1960s through the 1990s.]]

As previous, the Swedish authorities continued to subsidize freight operations on their side, making it profitable for Swedish exports to go via the Baltic Sea. Hopes in Trondheim to act as a major transit port for Swedish cargo never materialized. The 1966 opening of Norske Skog Skogn paper mill saw an increase in transport of lumber from Sweden. The petroleum transport lasted until the 1980s, when the Muruvik terminal was sold to Norwegian interests.[31] A major customer was still Meråker Smelteverk, who used designated trains to haul ore from Muruvik to Kopperå and microsilica in return.[32] By 1980, cargo volumes were up to the level seen during World War I.[16]

The line had 400,000 tonnes of cargo in 2005. Half of this was for Norske Skog, and 130,000 tonnes for Eklem Meråker, the smelter. The latter was shut down the following year, with the subsequent drop in traffic.That year the line received a 60-million-kroner upgrade, increasing maximum axle load to 22.5 tonnes, the same as on the Central Line. Speeds increased from 50 to 80 km/h (31 to 50 mph) for freight trains and from 100 to 130 km/h (62 to 81 mph) for passenger trains.[33][34] The Norwegian National Rail Administration, who took the line in 1996,[35] opened the Gevingåsen Tunnel between Hell and Hommelvik 15 August 2011, making the section from Hell to Muruvik a branch.[36] The Rail Administration reclassified the lines in 2008, so that the section from Trondheim to Hell is now part of the Nordland Line and only the section from Hell to Storlien is regarded as part of the Meråker Line.

The Trøndelag Commuter Rail was established in 1993, increasing the frequency on the western part of the line. With the retirement of the Di 3 in 2000, the Class 92 multiple units were introduced also on the Meråker Line. The concept, originally named Mittnabotåget, saw two daily services, originally running all the way to Östersund Central Station. From 2007 a train change was introduced at Storlien.[37] Through traffic was closed from November 2013 to March 2015 with a bridge closed on the Swedish side.[38]

Operations

Norwegian State Railways Class 92 diesel multiple unit

The Norwegian State Railways operate two daily round trips between Heimdal Station via Trondheim Central Station to Storlien Station. There passengers change to a regional train operated on the Central Line by Norrtåg. This served was marketed as Nabotoget ("the neighbor train") in Norway and Mittnabotåget in Sweden until 2012.[37] Travel time from Trondheim to Storlien is 1 hour and 44 minutes.[39] Most freight trains are lumber trains, hauling timber from Jämtland to the Norske Skog Skogn paper mill. There is also a train hauling limestone from Verdal to Örnsköldsvik.[38]

Architecture

Peter Andreas Blix was chosen to be the line's main architect. Hell was the largest station along the line, at 148 square meters (1,590 sq ft). Slightly smaller 110 square meters (1,200 sq ft) buildings were built at Ranheim, Malvik, Hommelvik and Gudå. Smaller 90 square meters (970 sq ft) station buildings were erected at Leangen, Hegra, Flornes and Meråker. These were all built in wood.[40] Stylistically Blix drew inspiration from the freer composition of British railway stations of the 1870s, often resulting in non-symmetrical stations. Styliistically they drew Gothic inspiration. Blix designed the stations along the Røros Line and the Jæren Line in similar styles.[41]

Balthazar Lange designed Trondheim Central Station. The originally two-story station was designed in Renaissance Revival architecture.[42] With the opening of the Hell–Sunnan Line in 1902, there was a need for a larger station at Hell. The Blix' station building was therefore moved to Sunnan Station, while a new and larger building, designed by Paul Due, was built at Hell. It received an intermediate style between Dragestil and Jugendstil.[43]

Future

Lack of electrification has been described as the "missing green link" in using the Meråker Line for intermodal transport for shipping out of Trondheim. The line could also act redundantly for fish exports from Northern Norway to the continent.[44] The steep gradient between Gudå and Storlien is prohibitive for a single diesel locomotive, but would be more economical for electric traction. These issues limit cargo hauling on the line to lumber trains.[38]

Proposals for electrification of the Meråker Line have been made since the 1940s.[45] By then the Swedish side had been electrified. This was initially desired also by NSB in an effort to cut the high operating costs of steam trains. However, lines with higher traffic received priority.[46] By 1971 the last steam trains were retired and issue of electrification for marginal lines were shelved.[16] The issue was pressed by regional bodies from 1978 and 1992, and then again from the 2000s.[47] This time the issue was successful and in 2013 the Parliament of Norway approved the electrification of the Meråker Line and the section from Trondheim to Steinkjer.[48] The plan is to start the physical construction in 2017 and finish by 2022.[49]

Installation of centralized traffic control is scheduled to take place as part of nationwide implementation of European Train Control System, which is scheduled to be completed within 2023.[50] Capacity and efficiency on the line require more passing capacity, especially for longer freight trains. Thus the passing loop at Gudå Station has been proposed lengthened. To allow trains to run from the Meråker Line directly northward on the Nordland Line, a triangular line has been proposed at Hell Station. All regular freight trains on the line come from the north.[38]

References

  1. 1 2 "Meråkerbanen" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 Bjerke (2004): 114
  3. ↑ Bjerke (2004): 112
  4. ↑ Bjerke (2004): 110
  5. ↑ Røe (2015): 128
  6. ↑ Røe (1982): 10–11
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Sørlie, Per Hermann (1982). "Meråkerbanen – anlegg og åpning". På Sporet (in Norwegian) 33: 36–43.
  8. ↑ Until 1875, Norway used the specidaler. There are four Norwegian krone (NOK) to one specidaler.
  9. ↑ Røe (1982): 12–13
  10. ↑ Røe (1982): 14
  11. ↑ Røe (1982): 14–15
  12. 1 2 Røe (1982): 16–17
  13. ↑ Hoås and Stene (2005): 4
  14. ↑ Røe (1982): 19–28
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Sando, Svein (1982). "Meråkerbanens driftshistorie 1882–1982, del 1". På Sporet (in Norwegian) 34: 40–47.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sando, Svein (1982). "Meråkerbanens driftshistorie 1882–1982, del 2". På Sporet (in Norwegian) 35: 25–31.
  17. ↑ Røe (1982): 44–46
  18. ↑ Røe (1982): 47–48
  19. ↑ Røe (1982): 48
  20. ↑ Røe (1982): 49–50
  21. ↑ Røe (1982): 54–58
  22. ↑ Sommerset, Arild (1982). "Hommelvik-ulykken". På Sporet (in Norwegian) 35: 32–35.
  23. ↑ Røe (1982): 53
  24. ↑ Røe (1982): 59–62
  25. ↑ Røe (2015): 160
  26. ↑ Røe (2015): 158
  27. ↑ Røe (2015): 154
  28. ↑ Røe (2015): 236
  29. ↑ Røe (2015): 122
  30. ↑ "Hemmelig svensk bensinlager i Sør-Trøndelag" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 24 January 2000.
  31. ↑ Røe (2015): 123
  32. ↑ Røe (2015): 127
  33. ↑ Svingheim, Njål. "Meråkerbanen 125 år" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  34. ↑ Cadamarteri, Frank. "Skal bytte skinner fra 1915". Adresseavisen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  35. ↑ Røe (2015): 239
  36. ↑ Svingheim, Njål (15 August 2011). "Første tog gjennom Gevingåsen" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  37. 1 2 Røe (2015): 264
  38. 1 2 3 4 Røe (2015): 273
  39. ↑ Norwegian State Railways (2009). "Trondheim S–Storlien–Östersund C" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original (pdf) on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  40. ↑ Hartmann (1997): 144
  41. ↑ Hartmann (1997): 29
  42. ↑ Hartmann (1997): 41
  43. ↑ Hartmann (1997): 145
  44. ↑ Røe (2015): 270
  45. ↑ "Elektrifisering av Meråkerbanen?". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). 3 September 1946. p. 2.
  46. ↑ "Protest på Dovrebanen". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). 11 November 1951. p. 1.
  47. ↑ Røe (2015): 265
  48. ↑ Røe (2015): 266
  49. ↑ "Klare for grønne spor i Trøndelag" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  50. ↑ "ERTMS – National implementation plan" (PDF). Norwegian National Rail Administration. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.

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