Mervyn O'Gorman

Mervyn O'Gorman
O'Gorman in 1912
Born	Mervyn Joseph Pius Gorman 19 December 1871 Brighton, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Died	16 March 1958 (aged 86) London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Occupation	Electrical and aeronautical engineer
Known for	Director of Royal Aircraft Factory (1909–16)

Mervyn Joseph Pius O'Gorman CB (19 December 1871 – 16 March 1958)^[1] was an English electrical and aircraft engineer. After working as an electrical engineer, he was appointed Superintendent of what became the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough in Hampshire in 1909. In 1916, following a scandal over the quality of the aircraft used by the Royal Flying Corps, he was removed from this post but continued to act in an advisory capacity. After the war he concentrated his energies on motoring issues, particularly road safety and traffic management, and played an important part in the publication of the Highway Code. He died in 1958 in Chelsea, London.

Birth and early life

Mervyn Gorman was born in Brighton on 19 December 1871,^[2] the son of Edmund Anthony Gorman (1821-1912) and his third wife Margaret Eliza Barclay Crawford (1849-1899). Later in life, Mervyn resumed the O' prefix to his surname, which had been dropped by his Irish greatgrandfather Thomas O'Gorman (1724–1800) after he moved to England in 1747.^[3]

Different sources give various addresses for Mervyn's father: East Bergholt, Suffolk;^[3] Harrogate, Yorkshire;^[1] and Monamore, County Clare, Ireland.^[4]

Mervyn was educated at St Edmund's College, Ware, at Downside School and at University College, Dublin, where he read classics and science.^[1]

Early career

In 1891 O'Gorman went to London to study electrical engineering at the City and Guilds Central Institution, London. He was elected an associate member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1893, and obtained his City and Guilds diploma in 1894, his marks amongst the best in his year. On graduating he was given a job as an assistant engineer by the Fowler, Waring Cables Company, and was sent to take charge of the company's cable networks in Ostend and Grenoble. Back in England he assisted with the laying of 3000 volt systems in Salford, Leicester and Taunton, and took part in experiments on the use of celluloid as an insulator. He was rapidly promoted to chief engineer, and reorganised the company's factory near London before being sent to Paris in 1895 to set up a new cable factory for a French company, and in 1896 he became Fowler Waring's general manager. In 1898 Fowler Waring became part of Western Electric and O'Gorman left the company and started an engineering consultancy at 66 Victoria Street, London in partnership with E. H. Cozens-Hardy. The partnership was brought to an end in October 1908 when Cozens-Hardy left London for St Helens to take a place on the board of the glass manufacturers Pilkingtons. O'Gorman was a keen motorist, being an active member of the Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland and he published a book on the subject, O'Gorman's Motoring Pocket Book, in 1904 and also wrote articles on motoring for The Times.^[1]

Royal Aircraft Factory

In October 1909 O'Gorman was recruited by R. B. Haldane, then Secretary of State for War, as the person who would bring his vision of order and scientific discipline to the development of military aviation.^[5] He was appointed Superintendent of the Royal Balloon Factory at Farnborough, replacing Col John Capper. At the same time the command of the Balloon Factory was separated from that of the Balloon School, which remained under the command of Capper.

When O'Gorman took over the Balloon Factory official interest was still focussed on lighter-than-air flight. Some highly secret experiments had been conducted by J. D. Dunne at Blair Atholl and Samuel Franklin Cody had built and flown the British Army Aeroplane No 1, but all funding had been withdrawn from both of these projects in April 1909.^[6] The British Army Airship No.2 was then under construction at the Balloon Factory.

The new system, under which O'Gorman reported directly to the Master-General of the Ordnance at the War Office was intended to bypass military traditionalists, many of whom failed to see any military value in aircraft of any description. The purpose of what was to become known as the Royal Aircraft Factory was to be research, carried out in conjunction with the National Physical Laboratory at Teddington. (The title Royal Aircraft Factory is misleading since it was never the intention to mass produce aircraft; rather, research would be carried out, leading to designs which would be manufactured by private companies.)

O'Gorman devised a system of categorising aircraft according to their layout. Pusher configuration aircraft with a forward elevator in addition to a rear-mounted tailplane and rudder carried on booms were designated as Farman Type, after the highly successful and widely imitated Farman III. Canard configuration aircraft became Santos Type, after Alberto Santos Dumont's 14-bis aircraft, and tractor configuration aircraft were designated Blériot Type after Louis Blériot's Type XI, a system set forth in an article entitled Some Problems in Aircraft Design published in Flight in 1911.^[7] Accordingly De Havilland's aircraft was renamed the Farman Experimental I, or F.E.1.

Although the remit of the Factory did not include the actual construction of aircraft, experimental alterations were sanctioned. Under O'Gorman a system of 'repairing' aircraft by replacing the entire airframe, often changing the basic configuration of the aircraft, was instituted. A letter from Theodore Ridge, the Works Superintendent, is worth quoting in full:^[8]

With reference to the Voisin Machine recently presented by the Duke of Westminster and delivered to the Wolsley (sic) Tools and Motor Co., I have to report that the method of controlling and steering this machine is obsolete and different to any present make; that the wood frame of the wings struts and canvas covering have deteriorated to such a degree that they should be replaced if the machine is to be flown in safety. I therefore desire to recommend that I may be instructed to fit this machine with certain spare wings and struts which I have in stock and alter the controls so that it is similar to the Farnham type, and thus enable the machine to be flown by anyone qualified to fly a Farman type machine. I am in a position to effect these alterations quickly and economically and it would then be equal to a good Farman machine.

before... (Bleriot XII)

The first aircraft produced under this system was the S.E.1, ostensibly a refurbishment of a Blériot XII. This was destroyed in a crash before flight testing was complete, killing Ridge. In the hands of Geoffrey de Havilland the Voisin which had been donated to the Army Air Battalion by the Duke of Westminster was reborn as the B.E. 1, a neat biplane with an excellent performance which first took to the air in December 1911, and this was followed rapidly by a series of similar aircraft, ostensibly improvements of the motley collection of aircraft in the Factory's possession, which in some cases did not even retain the original engine. It is ironic that the first visible fruits of a programme intended to bring order to chaos were the result of a subversion of the system.

...and after (S.E.1)

The rational system of aircraft procurement was to be exemplified by the Military Aircraft Competition held on Salisbury Plain Larkhill, announced late in 1911. The rules called for two seater aircraft capable of various speed, climb, endurance and field operation conditions. O'Gorman was on the judging committee, so the B.E.1 was not allowed to compete: nevertheless it put in regular appearances at the trials, where its performance was clearly superior to most of the competing aircraft. The B.E.1 was followed by the almost identical B.E.2 design, mass-produced with minor changes as the B.E. 2a and later developed by into the B.E.2c by E. T. Busk. Busk's objective was to create an inherently stable aircraft for military observation purposes. Unfortunately the aircraft's stability resulted in a loss of manoeverability, and when German aircraft fitted with synchronised guns appeared in 1915 the large-scale losses of BE 2c during the Fokker Scourge of 1915 led to a parliamentry inquiry. Although this did not find O'Gorman at fault^[9] it led to O'Gorman's departure from the Factory: his contract, which was to expire in October, was not renewed. O'Gorman, now holding the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the Royal Flying Corps, remained as a consulting engineer to the Director-General of Military Aeronautics from 1916 to 1919.^[1]

Subsequent career

He served as chairman of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1921–22 and also, among many other appointments, as chairman of the Accident Investigation and Civil Air Transport committee of the Air Ministry and chairman of the 1931 League of Nations subcommittee on the rating of aeronautical engines. From the 1920s onwards his main interest was traffic management and road safety. He was vice-chairman of the Royal Automobile Club between 1928 and 1931, and vice-president in 1952.^[1] In 1930, in response to the recently passed Road Traffic Act he was instrumental in the RAC's publication of a simple guide for all road users, containing essential do's and don'ts: this idea was taken up by the Government, resulting in the first version of the Highway Code, published in 1931^[10] The Government took up the idea and the first edition of the Code was published in 1931. O'Gorman was also a frequent contributor to the letters page of The Times, mainly on motoring issues.

O'Gorman died at his home, 21 Embankment Gardens, Chelsea, on 16 March 1958.

Private life and character

In 1897 O'Gorman married Florence Catherine, the younger daughter of Arthur Rasch. O'Gorman also had artistic interests and was known as a dandy. He was a pioneer of colour photography^[11] using the autochrome process, and his photographs feature in exhibitions of early colour photography. From 1930 he was a member of the Art Workers Guild,^[12] and made etchings, linocuts and lacquer work and also published a book of poetry, Verses Gloomy and Gay in 1933.^[13] Sir Geoffrey de Havilland describes him as a "man of great charm and humour, always interesting in discussion"

Honours

O'Gorman was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the Birthday Honours list of 1913.^[14]

Notes

1. Theo Barker (January 2011). "O'Gorman, Mervyn Joseph Pius (1871–1958)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,online edn. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
2. Index of births, 1871, 4th quarter, Brighton, volume 2b, page 252.
3. Lenihan, Maurice (1991 (first pub. Limerick 1866)). Limerick; its History and Antiquities, etc. (PDF) (facsimile ed.). Cork: Mercier Press. p. 400. Check date values in: |date= (help)
4. Both Crawford and O'Gorman pedigrees in O'Hart's The Irish And Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry, When Cromwell Came to Ireland.
5. Driver 1996, p. 193
6. Hare 1990, p. 21
7. Some Problems in Aircraft DesignFlight 11 March 1911
8. Hare 1999, p. 13
9. Report on the Royal Aircraft Factory'Flight 3 August 1916
10. "Cracking the Code". The Independent (London). 20 February 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
11. "The Dawn of Colour". Royal Photographic Society. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
12. "'Mervyn O'Gorman', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851–1951". University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
13. "Mervyn O'Gorman". The Times (London) (54106): 8. 22 March 1958.
14. "Official Appointments and Notices". The Times (40228): 9. 3 June 1913.

References

• Driver, H The Birth of Military Aviation. Woodbridge: Royal Historical Society, 1997
• Hare, Paul R. The Royal Aircraft Factory. London: Putnam, 1990 ISBN 0-85177-843-7
• Hare, Paul R. Aeroplanes of the Royal Aircraft Factory. Marlborough: Crowood, , 1999 ISBN 1-86126-209-4
• Lewis, Peter British Aircraft 1806–1914. London: Putnam, 1962
• Penrose, Harald British Aviation: The Pioneer Years. London: Putnam 1965