Methane reformer

A methane reformer is a device based on steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce pure hydrogen gas from methane using a catalyst. There are two methane reformer technologies — autothermal reforming (ATR) and steam methane reforming (SMR). Both methods work by exposing methane to a catalyst (usually nickel) at high temperature and pressure.

Steam reforming

Main article: Steam reforming

Steam reforming (SR), sometimes referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) uses an external source of hot gas to heat tubes in which a catalytic reaction takes place that converts steam and lighter hydrocarbons such as methane, biogas or refinery feedstock into hydrogen and carbon monoxide (syngas). Syngas reacts further to give more hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the reactor. The carbon oxides are removed before use by means of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) with molecular sieves for the final purification. The PSA works by adsorbing impurities from the syngas stream to leave a pure hydrogen gas.

Autothermal reforming

Autothermal reforming (ATR) uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in a reaction with methane to form syngas. The reaction takes place in a single chamber where the methane is partially oxidized. The reaction is exothermic due to the oxidation. When the ATR uses carbon dioxide the H2:CO ratio produced is 1:1; when the ATR uses steam the H2:CO ratio produced is 2.5:1

The reactions can be described in the following equations, using CO2:

2CH4 + O2 + CO2 3H2 + 3CO + H2O

And using steam:

4CH4 + O2 + 2H2O 10H2 + 4CO

The outlet temperature of the syngas is between 950-1100 C and outlet pressure can be as high as 100 bar.[1]

The main difference between SMR and ATR is that SMR uses no oxygen. The advantage of ATR is that the H2:CO can be varied, this is particularly useful for producing certain second generation biofuels, such as DME which requires a 1:1 H2:CO ratio.

Partial oxidation

Main article: Partial oxidation

Partial oxidation (POX) is a type of chemical reaction. It occurs when a substoichiometric fuel-air mixture is partially combusted in a reformer, creating a hydrogen-rich syngas which can then be put to further use.

Advantages and disadvantages

The capital cost of steam reforming plants is prohibitive for small to medium size applications because the technology does not scale down well. Conventional steam reforming plants operate at pressures between 200 and 600 psi with outlet temperatures in the range of 815 to 925 °C. However, analyses have shown that even though it is more costly to construct, a well-designed SMR can produce hydrogen more cost-effectively than an ATR.[2]

See also

References

  1. Topsoe ATR
  2. AIA: Software Analyzes Cost of Hydrogen Production - Archives - ASSEMBLY

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, September 10, 2014. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.