Middle-earth in film
J. R. R. Tolkien's novels The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, set in Middle-earth, have been the subject of various film adaptations. There were many early failed attempts to bring the fictional universe to life in screen, some even rejected by the author himself. The first depictions of Middle-earth on film were realized in 1966 as a short cartoon film. In 1978 the first big screen adaptation of the fictional setting was introduced in The Lord of the Rings. The story was more or less completed with the animated television special The Return of the King. In 1985, Middle-earth was depicted in a live-action film for the first time by an adaptation produced in the Soviet Union. In 1993, a live-action television miniseries titled Hobitit was aired by the Finnish broadcaster Yle.
New Line Cinema released the first part of director Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film series in 2001 as part of a trilogy and several actors and roles were introduced once again in a trilogy in The Hobbit film series. There have also been fan films of Middle-earth such as The Hunt for Gollum and Born of Hope, which were uploaded to YouTube on May 8, 2009 and December 11, 2009 respectively.
Collectively, the franchise has received a record 38 Academy Award nominations, winning 17, and one special award, also a record. Along with The Godfather trilogy, it is one of two film series to date to have received three Best Picture nominations. The third film in Peter Jackson's trilogy, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, was the first and, as of 2014, only fantasy film to win Best Picture, as well as the second sequel to do so after The Godfather Part II. Furthermore, it is currently the only threequel to win the award. Along with Titanic and Ben-Hur, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King holds the record for Academy Awards won by a single film and is the only one of the three films to win every category for which it was nominated.
Early attempts
In 1957, Tolkien received a film proposal from Forrest J. Ackerman, Morton Grady Zimmerman, and Al Brodax. The proposed film, a mix of animation, miniature work, and live action, was to be three hours long with two intermissions. Tolkien was enthusiastic about the film's concept art, described as akin to Arthur Rackham rather than Walt Disney[1] whose works Tolkien intensely disliked.[2] However, Tolkien was dissatisfied with the script[3] and the financial arrangements which would have brought him little profit. Thus the project was turned down.[4][5]
Tolkien criticized the script for divergence to the tone of the book (such as a "fairy-tale" depiction of Lothlórien, as well as elements cut "upon which [the book's] characteristic and peculiar tone principally depends") and character representation (such as Sam leaving Frodo to Shelob and going on to Mount Doom alone). He also took issue with dialogue changes as regards to the "style and sentiment" of characters, and with intercutting between the storylines of Frodo and Aragorn. He suggested eliminating the battle of Helm's Deep to better emphasize the defense of Minas Tirith, as well as cutting characters out instead of diminishing their roles. Tolkien protested against added "incantations, blue lights, and some irrelevant magic" and "a preference for fights".[5]
In 1966 William L. Snyder commissioned a 12-minutes film of cartoon stills from Gene Deitch, as related by Deitch himself.[6][7] This film was created in the Czech Republic and publicly screened in New York City.[6][8]
Contrary to widespread belief, the film rights to The Lord of the Rings were never held by Walt Disney.[9] In fact, Tolkien deeply disliked Disney's adaptations of fairy tales. The film rights were sold by Tolkien to United Artists in 1969. The Beatles planned to do a live-action version with Paul McCartney as Frodo Baggins, Ringo Starr as Sam Gamgee, George Harrison as Gandalf, and John Lennon as Gollum. The group approached Stanley Kubrick to direct the film. Even though he briefly considered directing the film, Kubrick turned the offer down, as he felt the trilogy was unfilmable due to its immensity.[10] Soon the plans for the film came to nothing because Tolkien didn't want the Beatles in the film.[11]
In the 1970s John Boorman was contracted by United Artists to direct an adaptation that would have collapsed the entire story into a single film.[12] Boorman corresponded with Tolkien about the project.[5][13] In the script by Boorman and Rospo Pallenberg, many new elements have been inserted or modified. Among other things, Gimli is put in a hole and beaten so he can retrieve the password to Moria from his ancestral memory, Frodo and Galadriel have sexual intercourse, Arwen is made into a teenaged spiritual guide with her role as Aragorn's love interest wholly transferred to Éowyn, and Aragorn’s healing of Éowyn takes place on the battlefield and given sexual overtones.[5][13][14] The project ultimately proved too expensive to finance at that time. Again collaborating with Pallenberg, Boorman later made the Arthurian epic Excalibur where he used special effects techniques and locations intended for the Tolkien project.[5][13][14]
Materials pertaining to Ackerman/Zimmerman/Brodax and Boorman's treatments, as well as Ralph Bakshi's (below) are stored in the Tolkien papers collection of Marquette University.[5]
Animated films
The Hobbit, an animated version of the story produced by Rankin/Bass, debuted as a television movie in the United States in 1977. In 1978, Romeo Muller won a Peabody Award for his teleplay. The film was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, but lost to Star Wars.[15]
Filmmaker Ralph Bakshi was introduced to the work of J. R. R. Tolkien by a director at Terrytoons in 1956. In 1957, he started trying to obtain the rights by convincing producers that the books could be animated.[16] Following John Boorman's attempt to adapt the books, Bakshi proposed that United Artists produce the story as three animated films.[12] Bakshi and Dan Melnick, then-president of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, made a deal with United Artists to purchase the film rights to the story for $3 million, but the deal fell through when Melnick was fired from MGM.[12] Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz, who had helped finance Fritz the Cat, and persuaded him to produce The Lord of the Rings. United Artists agreed to produce the story as two films.[12] Voice actors included Christopher Guard, William Squire, Michael Scholes and John Hurt. The film incorporated the use of rotoscoping, brief snippets of cel animation, and live-action footage mixed with animation. Bakshi later regretted his use of the rotoscoping technique, stating that he made a mistake by tracing the source footage rather than using it as a guide.[17] Once the film was completed, Bakshi was told that audiences would not pay to see an incomplete film, and The Lord of the Rings was released without any indication that a second part would follow, in spite of Bakshi's objections.[12][18] The film cost $4 million to produce and grossed $30.5 million at the box office.[19] Film critic Leonard Maltin said that it was one of only two major commercial successes in Bakshi's career, the other being Fritz the Cat.[20] Despite this, the studio refused to fund the sequel, which would have picked up half-way through the story and adapted the remainder of the book.[12] The Lord of the Rings won the Golden Gryphon at the 1980 Giffoni Film Festival.[21]
In 1980, Rankin/Bass more or less completed what Bakshi had started with their own animated adaptation of The Return of the King,[22] based on their own concepts previously applied to their earlier animated adaptation of The Hobbit.
First live-action versions
The first live-action film depicting characters and stories of Middle-earth was shown in 1985 in the Soviet Union. Skazochnoye puteshestviye mistera Bilbo Begginsa Khobbita (Russian: Сказочное путешествие мистера Бильбо Беггинса Хоббита) [The Fabulous Journey of Mr. Bilbo Baggins the Hobbit] was a film based on the events of The Hobbit. Shot in 1984[23] as a teleplay and produced in the framework of the children's TV series Tale after Tale (Russian: Сказка за сказкой), it featured actors such as Zinovy Gerdt, Mikhail Danilov, Anatoly Ravikovich, and Igor Dmitriev.
In 1993, the Finnish broadcaster Yle produced a live-action miniseries based on The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. The nine episodes of Hobitit ("The Hobbits") were aired on Yle TV1. The series was written and directed by Timo Torikka. Toni Edelmann composed the soundtrack.[24] Actors included Matti Pellonpää, Martti Suosalo, Vesa Vierikko, Ville Virtanen, Kari Väänänen, and Leif Wager.
Peter Jackson film series
The Lord of the Rings
Miramax Films developed a full-fledged live action adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, with Peter Jackson as director. Eventually, with Miramax owner Disney becoming increasingly uneasy with the sheer scope of the proposed project, Jackson was given the opportunity to find another studio to take over. In 1999, New Line Cinema assumed production responsibility (while Miramax executives Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein retained on-screen credits as executive producers). The three films were shot simultaneously. They featured extensive computer-generated imagery, including major battle scenes utilizing the "Massive" software program. The first film subtitled, The Fellowship of the Ring was released on December 19, 2001, the second film subtitled, The Two Towers on December 18, 2002 and the third film subtitled, The Return of the King worldwide on December 17, 2003. All three won the Hugo Award for Best (Long-form) Dramatic Presentation in their respective years.
The films were met with both critical and commercial success. Jackson's adaptations garnered seventeen Oscars, four for The Fellowship of the Ring, two for The Two Towers, and eleven for The Return of the King; these covered many of the award categories. The Return of the King in fact won all of the eleven awards for which it was nominated, including Best Picture. With a total of 30 nominations, the trilogy also became the most-nominated in the Academy's history, surpassing the Godfather series' 28 (with the release of The Hobbit, the series currently has 36 nominations total). Its 11 Oscars at the 2004 Academy Awards tied it for most awards won for one film with Titanic six years earlier and the 1959 version of Ben-Hur. It also broke the previous "sweep" record, beating Gigi and The Last Emperor (which each took 9 out of 9). The Return of the King also made movie history as the highest grossing film opening on a Wednesday and was the second film after Titanic to earn over US$1 billion worldwide.
The Lord of the Rings film trilogy is verified to be the currently highest grossing motion picture trilogy worldwide of all time, evidenced by its earning close to $3-billion (US).[25] The film trilogy also set a record for the total number of Academy Awards won, tallying a total of seventeen Oscars.[26] Critical acclaim has commonly hailed the trilogy as "the greatest films of our era,"[27] and "the trilogy will not soon, if ever, find its equal."[28]
On the other hand, some readers of the book decried certain changes made in the adaptation, including changes in tone,[29][30] various changes made to characters such as Aragorn, Arwen, Denethor and Faramir, as well as to the main protagonist Frodo himself, and the deletion of the next to the last chapter of Tolkien's work, "The Scouring of the Shire", a part he himself felt thematically necessary.
The trilogy's defenders assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book, most changes stemming from the filmmakers putting the book into a modern context, rearranging the events into a chronologically linear narrative (as opposed to Tolkien separating the two main story threads into two separate parts for The Two Towers and most of The Return of the King), and their perceived need for developing characters further or for sheer timing issues. In any case, the films proved popular with general audiences (i.e. non-readers) and readers alike.
The Hobbit
A three-part prequel based on The Hobbit and directed by Peter Jackson was released between 2012 and 2014. The three films are subtitled An Unexpected Journey, The Desolation of Smaug and The Battle of the Five Armies.[31] As with The Lord of the Rings trilogy, the prequel movies were filmed back to back in New Zealand; principal photography began on 21 March 2011.[32] The first film was released on 14 December 2012, the second was released on 13 December 2013, and the third was released on 17 December 2014.
The films star Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins,[33] Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield and Benedict Cumberbatch as Smaug.[34] Several actors from The Lord of the Rings reprised their roles, including Ian McKellen, Andy Serkis, Hugo Weaving, Cate Blanchett, Christopher Lee, Ian Holm, Elijah Wood and Orlando Bloom. Also returning for the production were a big part of the production crew; among others, illustrators John Howe and Alan Lee, art director Dan Hennah and cinematographer Andrew Lesnie. As with the trilogy, props were generally crafted by Weta Workshop and visual effects managed by Weta Digital. Additionally, composer Howard Shore, who wrote the score for The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, confirmed his role in all three parts of the film project.[35]
Crew and other
| Crew/detail | Film | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Lord of the Rings | The Hobbit | |||||
| The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) |
The Two Towers (2002) |
The Return of the King (2003) |
An Unexpected Journey (2012) |
The Desolation of Smaug (2013) |
The Battle of the Five Armies (2014) | |
| Director | Peter Jackson | |||||
| Producers | Peter Jackson, Barrie M. Osborne, Fran Walsh, Tim Sanders |
Peter Jackson, Barrie M. Osborne, Fran Walsh |
Peter Jackson, Carolynne Cunningham, Zane Weiner, Fran Walsh | |||
| Writers | Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens |
Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, Stephen Sinclair |
Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens |
Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, Guillermo del Toro | ||
| Composer | Howard Shore | |||||
| Director of photography | Andrew Lesnie | |||||
| Editor(s) | John Gilbert | Michael J. Horton, Jabez Olssen |
Jamie Selkirk | Jabez Olssen | ||
| Production designer | Grant Major | Dan Hennah | ||||
| Conceptual designers | Alan Lee, John Howe | |||||
| Production companies | WingNut Films, The Saul Zaentz Company |
New Line Cinema, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, WingNut Films | ||||
| Distributor | New Line Cinema[lower-alpha 1] | Warner Bros. Pictures | ||||
| Running time | 178 mins. (208/228[lower-alpha 2] mins. - EE[lower-alpha 3]) | 179 mins. (223/235[lower-alpha 2] mins. - EE[lower-alpha 3]) | 200 mins. (251/263[lower-alpha 2] mins. - EE[lower-alpha 3]) | 169 mins. (182 mins. - EE[lower-alpha 3]) | 161 mins. (186 mins. - EE[lower-alpha 3]) | 144 mins. (164 mins. - EE[lower-alpha 3]) |
- Notes
- ↑ The films' distribution rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 2008.
- 1 2 3 With additional credits.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 EE stands for Extended Edition.
Fan films
The Hunt for Gollum, a fan film based on elements of the appendices to The Lord of the Rings, was released on the internet in May 2009. It is set between the events of The Hobbit and The Fellowship of the Ring, and depicts Aragorn's quest to find Gollum. The film's visual style is based on that of the Jackson films. Although it is completely unofficial, it has received coverage in major media.[36]
Another fan made feature film, Born of Hope, produced and directed by Kate Madison, was released online on December 1, 2009 on Dailymotion and later on YouTube. It takes place before the events of The Hobbit. The film can be streamed freely on its main website.[37] Like The Hunt for Gollum, this film triggered reviews in various media.[38]
Cast
| Character | Animated films | Peter Jackson films | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Hobbit (1977) |
The Lord of the Rings (1978) | The Return of the King (1980) |
The Lord of the Rings | The Hobbit | ||||||
| The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) |
The Two Towers (2002) |
The Return of the King (2003) |
An Unexpected Journey (2012) |
The Desolation of Smaug (2013) |
The Battle of the Five Armies (2014) | |||||
| Bilbo Baggins | Orson Bean | Norman Bird | Orson Bean | Ian Holm | Ian Holm | Martin Freeman (young) Ian Holm (old) |
Martin Freeman (young) | Martin Freeman (young) Ian Holm (old) | ||
| Frodo Baggins | Christopher Guard | Orson Bean | Elijah Wood | |||||||
| Gandalf | John Huston | William Squire | John Huston | Ian McKellen | ||||||
| Gollum | Brother Theodore | Andy Serkis | ||||||||
| Aragorn II Elessar | John Hurt | Theodore Bikel | Viggo Mortensen | |||||||
| Samwise Gamgee | Michael Scholes | Roddy McDowall | Sean Astin | |||||||
| Meriadoc Brandybuck | Simon Chandler | Casey Kasem | Dominic Monaghan | |||||||
| Peregrin Took | Dominic Guard | Sonny Melendrez | Billy Boyd | |||||||
| Legolas | Anthony Daniels | Orlando Bloom | Orlando Bloom | |||||||
| Gimli | David Buck | John Rhys-Davies | ||||||||
| Boromir | Michael Graham Cox | Sean Bean | Sean Bean Extended Edition only |
Sean Bean Non-speaking role |
||||||
| Arwen Evenstar | Liv Tyler | |||||||||
| Elrond | Cyril Ritchard | André Morell | Paul Frees | Hugo Weaving | Hugo Weaving | |||||
| Galadriel | Annette Crosbie | Cate Blanchett | ||||||||
| Saruman | Fraser Kerr | Christopher Lee | Christopher Lee Extended Edition only |
Christopher Lee | Christopher Lee | |||||
| Thorin II Oakenshield | Hans Conried | Richard Armitage | ||||||||
| Dwalin | Jack DeLeon | Graham McTavish | ||||||||
| Balin | Don Messick | Ken Stott | ||||||||
| Kíli | Jack DeLeon | Aidan Turner | ||||||||
| Fíli | Jack DeLeon | Dean O'Gorman | ||||||||
| Dori | John Stephenson | Mark Hadlow | ||||||||
| Nori | Jack DeLeon | Jed Brophy | ||||||||
| Ori | Jack DeLeon | Prop only | Adam Brown | |||||||
| Óin | Jack DeLeon | John Callen | ||||||||
| Glóin | Jack DeLeon | Peter Hambleton | ||||||||
| Bifur | Jack DeLeon | William Kircher | ||||||||
| Bofur | Jack DeLeon | James Nesbitt | ||||||||
| Bombur | Paul Frees | Stephen Hunter | ||||||||
| Théoden | Philip Stone | Don Messick | Bernard Hill | |||||||
| Éowyn | Non-speaking role | Nellie Bellflower | Miranda Otto | |||||||
| Éomer | Karl Urban | |||||||||
| Faramir | David Wenham | |||||||||
| Treebeard | John Westbrook | John Rhys-Davies | ||||||||
| Gríma Wormtongue | Michael Deacon | Brad Dourif | Brad Dourif Extended Edition only |
|||||||
| Denethor | William Conrad | John Noble Extended Edition only |
John Noble | |||||||
| Sauron | Sala Baker Alan Howard (voice) |
Sala Baker Alan Howard (voice) |
Benedict Cumberbatch (as "The Necromancer") | |||||||
| The One Ring | Alan Howard (voice) | Prop only Non-speaking role |
Alan Howard (voice) | Prop only Non-speaking role |
Benedict Cumberbatch (voice) | Prop only Non-speaking role | ||||
| Smaug | Richard Boone | Non-speaking role |
Benedict Cumberbatch | |||||||
| Celeborn | Marton Csokas | Marton Csokas Non-speaking role |
||||||||
| Thranduil | Otto Preminger | Lee Pace Non-speaking role |
Lee Pace | |||||||
| Dáin II Ironfoot | Billy Connolly | |||||||||
| Beorn | Mikael Persbrandt | |||||||||
| Radagast | Sylvester McCoy | |||||||||
| Tauriel | Evangeline Lilly | |||||||||
| Bard the Bowman | John Stephenson | Luke Evans | ||||||||
| Bain | John Bell | |||||||||
| Tilda | Mary Nesbitt[39] | |||||||||
| Sigrid | Peggy Nesbitt[39] | |||||||||
| Master of Lake-town | Stephen Fry | |||||||||
| Alfrid | Ryan Gage | |||||||||
| Haldir | Craig Parker | |||||||||
| Gamling | Bruce Hopkins | |||||||||
| Madril | John Bach | |||||||||
| Damrod | Alistair Browning | |||||||||
| Aldor | Bruce Alpress | |||||||||
| Haleth | Calum Gittins | |||||||||
| Bereg | Ray Trickitt | |||||||||
| Isildur | Harry Sinclair | Harry Sinclair | ||||||||
| Gil-galad | Mark Ferguson Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Elendil | Peter McKenzie Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Thrór | Jeffrey Thomas Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Thráin II | Michael Mizrahi (old) Thomas Robins (young) Non-speaking role |
Antony Sher Extended Edition only |
||||||||
| Girion | Luke Evans Extended Edition only |
Luke Evans Non-speaking role |
||||||||
| Witch-king of Angmar | John Stephenson | Brent McIntyre Andy Serkis (voice) |
Lawrence Makoare | Non-speaking role |
Mentioned |
Non-speaking role | ||||
| King of the Dead | Paul Norell | |||||||||
| Lurtz | Lawrence Makoare | |||||||||
| Uglúk | Nathaniel Lees | |||||||||
| Grishnákh | Stephen Ure | |||||||||
| Lugdush | Sala Baker | |||||||||
| Mauhúr | Robbie Magasiva Andy Serkis (voice) |
|||||||||
| Sharku | Jed Brophy | |||||||||
| Snaga | Jed Brophy Andy Serkis (voice) |
|||||||||
| Gothmog | Lawrence Makoare Craig Parker (voice) |
|||||||||
| Gorbag | Stephen Ure | |||||||||
| Murgash | Sala Baker | |||||||||
| Shagrat | Peter Tait | |||||||||
| Bolingúl | Jed Brophy | |||||||||
| Azog | Manu Bennett | |||||||||
| Bolg | Conan Stevens | Lawrence Makoare | John Tui | |||||||
| Great Goblin | John Stephenson | Barry Humphries | ||||||||
| Yazneg | John Rawls | |||||||||
| Fimbul | Stephen Ure | |||||||||
| Grinnah | Stephen Ure | |||||||||
| Goblin scribe | Kiran Shah[40] | |||||||||
| Narzug | Benjamin Mitchell | |||||||||
| Tom | Paul Frees | Prop only Non-speaking role |
William Kircher | |||||||
| Bert | Paul Frees | Prop only Non-speaking role |
Mark Hadlow | |||||||
| William | Don Messick | Prop only Non-speaking role |
Peter Hambleton | |||||||
| Barliman Butterbur | Alan Tilvern | David Weatherley | ||||||||
| Harry Goatleaf | Martyn Sanderson | |||||||||
| Butterbur Sr. | Richard Whiteside Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Betsy Butterbur | Katie Jackson | |||||||||
| Bill Ferny Sr. | Dallas Barnett Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Squint | Matt Smith Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Lobelia Sackville-Baggins | Elizabeth Moody Extended Edition only |
Erin Banks Extended Edition only |
Erin Banks | |||||||
| Otho Sackville-Baggins | Peter Corrigan Extended Edition only |
Brian Hotter Extended Edition only |
Brian Hotter | |||||||
| Rosie Cotton | Sarah McLeod Non-speaking role |
Sarah McLeod | ||||||||
| Everard Proudfoot | Noel Appleby | Noel Appleby Non-speaking role |
||||||||
| Mrs. Proudfoot | Megan Edwards Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Farmer Maggot | Cameron Rhodes Mike Hopkins (voice) |
|||||||||
| Gaffer Gamgee | Norman Forsey Extended Edition only |
|||||||||
| Ted Sandyman | Brian Sergent Extended Edition only |
|||||||||
| Old Noakes | William Johnson Extended Edition only |
|||||||||
| Bounder | Ian Mune | |||||||||
| Mrs. Bracegirdle | Lori Dungey Extended Edition only |
|||||||||
| Fredegar Bolger | Norman Cates Extended Edition only |
|||||||||
| Elanor Gamgee | Alexandra Astin Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Belladonna Took | Sonia Forbes-Adam Extended Edition only |
|||||||||
| Old Took | Dan Hennah Extended Edition only |
|||||||||
| Master Worrywort | Timothy Bartlett | Timothy Bartlett | ||||||||
| Tosser Grubb | Mervyn Smith Extended Edition only |
|||||||||
| Fredegar Chubb | Eric Vespe Extended Edition only |
|||||||||
| Háma | John Leigh | |||||||||
| Morwen | Robyn Malcolm | |||||||||
| Éothain | Sam Comery | |||||||||
| Freda | Olivia Tennet | |||||||||
| Théodred | Paris Howe Strewe Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Déagol | Thomas Robins | |||||||||
| Irolas | Ian Hughes | |||||||||
| Mouth of Sauron | Don Messick | Bruce Spence Extended Edition only |
||||||||
| Braga | Michael Mitchinson | |||||||||
| Hilda Bianca | Sarah Peirse | |||||||||
| Figwit / Lindir | Bret McKenzie Non-speaking role |
Bret McKenzie | ||||||||
| Círdan | Michael Elsworth Non-speaking role |
Michael Elsworth Non-speaking role |
||||||||
| Glorfindel | Jarl Benzon Non-speaking role |
Jarl Benzon Non-speaking role |
||||||||
| Rúmil | Jørn Benzon Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Eldarion | Sadwyn Brophy Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Galion | Craig Hall | |||||||||
| Elros | Robin Kerr | |||||||||
| Feren | Simon London | |||||||||
| Albert Dreary | Peter Jackson Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Man of Rohan | Peter Jackson Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Corsair | Peter Jackson Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Dwarf of Erebor | Peter Jackson Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Albert Dreary Sr. | Peter Jackson Non-speaking role |
|||||||||
| Bungo Baggins | Peter Jackson Picture only |
Peter Jackson Picture only | ||||||||
Box office performance
| Motion picture | Release date | Box office gross | Budget | Ref(s) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Worldwide | North America | Other territories | ||||
| The Lord of the Rings | 15 November 1978 | $35,992,637 | $30,471,420 | $5,521,217 | $4 million | [41][42] |
| The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring | 19 December 2001 | $871,530,324 | $315,544,750 | $555,985,574 | $93 million | [43] |
| The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers | 18 December 2002 | $926,047,111 | $342,551,365 | $583,495,746 | $94 million | [44] |
| The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King | 17 December 2003 | $1,119,929,521 | $377,845,905 | $742,083,616 | $94 million | [45] |
| The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey | 14 December 2012 | $1,017,003,568 | $303,003,568 | $714,000,000 | $200 million | [46] |
| The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug | 13 December 2013 | $960,366,855 | $258,366,855 | $702,000,000 | $225 million | [47] |
| The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies | 17 December 2014 | $955,119,788 | $255,119,788 | $700,000,000 | $250 million | [48] |
| Total | $5,885,989,804 | $1,882,903,651 | $4,003,086,153 | $960,000,000 | [49] | |
References
- ↑ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #261, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
- ↑ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #17, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
- ↑ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #266, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
- ↑ Carpenter, Humphrey (1977), Tolkien: A Biography, New York: Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-04-928037-6
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Croft, Janet B. "Three Rings for Hollywood: Scripts for The Lord of the Rings by Zimmerman, Boorman, and Beagle". Retrieved 29 November 2006.
- 1 2 "William L. Snyder". genedeitchcredits. Gene Deitch. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ↑ "Gene Deitch's 'The Hobbit' Short Film Surfaces Online Nearly 50 Years On". Huff Post Culture (The Huffington Post). 11 January 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ↑ Kayatta, Mike (9 January 2012). "A Long Lost Adaptation of The Hobbit Makes Its Way Online". The Escapist. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ↑ http://www.2719hyperion.com/2009/02/myth-of-walt-disneys-lord-of-rings.html
- ↑ Interview in "Show" magazine vol. 1, No. 1, 1970.
- ↑ "Beatles plan for Rings film". CNN. 28 March 2002. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Robinson, Tasha (January 31, 2003). "Interview with Ralph Bakshi". The Onion A.V. Club. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
- 1 2 3 OUTRE: The World Of Ultramedia, issue #26
- 1 2 ""The One Ring" forum thread "John Boorman's LOTR Screenplay"". Retrieved 9 January 2006.
- ↑ Kask, TJ, NBC's The Hobbit, Dragon Magazine, December 1977
- ↑ Korkis, Jim. "If at first you don't succeed ... call Peter Jackson". Jim Hill Media. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ↑ Gallagher, John A. The Directors Series: Interview with Ralph Bakshi (Part One). Google Video.
- ↑ Riley, Patrick (July 7, 2000). "'70s Version of Lord of the Rings 'Devastated' Director Bakshi". Fox News. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
- ↑ Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Review Press. pp. age 155. ISBN 978-1-55652-591-9.
- ↑ Maltin, Leonard (1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. Plume. ISBN 978-0-452-25993-5.
- ↑ "Awards for Ralph Bakshi". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ↑ "The Return of the King". Retrieved 16 June 2006.
- ↑ "'The Hobbit': Russian Soviet Version Is Cheap & Delightful". Huffington Post. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
- ↑ "Yle teettää oman sovituksen Taru sormusten herrasta-sadusta" [Yle to produce its own version of the tale of The Lord of the Rings]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 18 June 1991.
- ↑ Top Box Office Earning Trilogies Worldwide at Box Office Mojo.com, last retrieved on 5 August 2006
- ↑ The film trilogy's entry at UsefulTrivia.com, last retrieved on 5 August 2006
- ↑ Tyler, Joshua. "The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King". Cinema Blend. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
- ↑ Return of the King review at CalendarLive.com by Kenneth Turan, last retrieved on 5 August 2006 Archived September 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Croft, Janet B. The Mines of Moria: "Anticipation" and "Flattening" in Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring. From http://faculty-staff.ou.edu, last retrieved on 21 August 2006
- ↑ Chance, Jane. Is there a text in this Hobbit? Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring. Originally for Literature Film Quarterly, 2002. Last retrieved on 25 August 2006
- ↑ "Titles and Release Dates Announced for the Hobbit Films!". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ↑ Bulbeck, Pip (2011-03-20). "'Hobbit' Filming Finally Under Way in New Zealand". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2011-03-21. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
- ↑ Michael Bodey (October 22, 2010). "The Office's Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins leads Hobbit cast". The Australian. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
- ↑ Fleming, Mike (2011-06-16). "Benedict Cumberbatch To Voice Smaug in 'The Hobbit'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ↑ Composer Howard Shore to Score THE HOBBIT. Collider.com (2010-11-18). Retrieved on 2011-05-19.
- ↑ Masters, Tim (30 April 2009). "Making Middle-earth on a shoestring". BBC News (BBC). Retrieved 1 May 2009.
Sydell, Laura (30 April 2009). "High-Def 'Hunt For Gollum' New Lord Of The Fanvids". All Things Considered (National Public Radio). Retrieved 1 May 2009. - ↑ Born of Hope homepage
- ↑ Ide, Wendy (12 February 2010). "Born of Hope". Times Online. London: Times Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
"Movies Editor" (11 February 2010). "Lord of the Rings prequel for just £25,000". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2010-04-06. - 1 2 Sibley, Brian (2013). The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Official Movie Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 132–134. ISBN 978-0-547-89870-4.
- ↑ "Cast & Crew". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ↑ Lord of the Rings (1978).htm Middle-earth in film at Box Office Mojo
- ↑ Middle-earth in film at the Internet Movie Database
- ↑ Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.htm Middle-earth in film at Box Office Mojo
- ↑ The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers at Box Office Mojo
- ↑ The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King at Box Office Mojo
- ↑ The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey at Box Office Mojo
- ↑ The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug at Box Office Mojo
- ↑ The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies at Box Office Mojo
- ↑ "Lord of the Rings Movies at the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
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