Smaug

Smaug
Tolkien's legendarium character
"Conversation with Smaug" as illustrated by J.R.R. Tolkien
Aliases
Race	Dragon
Book(s)	The Hobbit The Return of the King Unfinished Tales

Smaug (/smaʊɡ/^[1]) is a fictional dragon and the primary antagonist in J. R. R. Tolkien's 1937 novel The Hobbit. He is a powerful, intelligent, malevolent and fearsome dragon who invaded the Dwarf kingdom of Erebor 150 years prior to the events described in the novel. A group of 13 Dwarves mounted a quest to take the kingdom back, aided by the wizard Gandalf and the Hobbit Bilbo Baggins. Smaug is described as "a most specially greedy, strong and wicked worm".^[2] Smaug appears in the Hobbit film adaption as one of the main antagonists.

Appearances

The Hobbit

One of the last great Fire-drakes of Middle-earth, Smaug rose to prominence by laying waste to the town of Dale and capturing the Dwarf-kingdom of the Lonely Mountain (Erebor) with all of its treasure. These events occurred some 150 years before the events of The Hobbit, and Smaug was already centuries old at the time. The Hobbit recounts the tale of a party of dwarves (consisting of a few of the original residents of the Lonely Mountain and their descendants), the hobbit Bilbo Baggins, and their quest to recapture the mountain and kill the dragon. In the book, the dragon is sometimes called Smaug the Golden or Smaug the Magnificent.

Centuries spent sleeping atop his gold hoard have caused gold and gemstones to become embedded in the skin of Smaug's underside, augmenting the already impenetrable scales that covered most of his body; but when Bilbo observes Smaug in his lair, he discovers a small bare patch, of which a thrush tells Bard the Bowman, when Smaug later attacks Bard's native town of Esgaroth; whereupon the archer kills Smaug with an arrow. Among the items in Smaug's possession are the Arkenstone and a number of mithril mail shirts, one of which was given to Bilbo by Thorin Oakenshield. In The Lord of the Rings, years later, the shirt saves Bilbo's kinsman, Frodo Baggins, from various injuries.

The Return of the King

In Appendix A, section III, of The Return of the King under "Durin's Folk", Smaug is mentioned briefly as "the greatest of the dragons of his day". Having heard rumour of the great wealth of Erebor, he "arose and without warning came against King Thrór and descended on the mountain in flames." In this text, dragons are stated to reside in the wastes (Withered Heath) beyond the Grey Mountains, "making war on the Dwarves, and plundering their works". It can be inferred that Smaug came from this region.

Unfinished Tales

As stated in the tale The Quest of Erebor, Gandalf knew that Smaug could pose a serious threat if used by Sauron, then dwelling in Dol Guldur in Mirkwood; assumed that Smaug would not recognize the scent of a Hobbit; and therefore asked Bilbo to accompany the dwarves.

Concept and creation

Tolkien created numerous pencil sketches and two pieces of more detailed artwork portraying Smaug. The latter were a detailed ink and watercolour labelled Conversation with Smaug^[3] and a rough coloured pencil and ink sketch entitled Death of Smaug.^[4] While neither of these appeared in the original printing of The Hobbit due to cost constraints, both have been included in subsequent editions and Conversation with Smaug has been used extensively. Death of Smaug was used for the cover of an early UK paperback edition of The Hobbit.

From 1925 to 1945, Tolkien was a professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University, and a prominent critic of and expert on Beowulf — on which he gave a lecture at the British Academy in 1936^[5] and which he described as one of his "most valued sources" for The Hobbit.^[6] Many of Smaug's attributes and behaviour in The Hobbit derive directly from the unnamed "old night-scather" in Beowulf: great age; winged, fiery, and reptilian form; a stolen barrow within which he lies on his hoard; disturbance by a theft; and violent airborne revenge on the lands all about. Smaug was intimately familiar with every last item within his hoard, and instantly noticed the theft of a relatively inconsequential cup by Bilbo Baggins. Tolkien writes that Smaug's rage was the kind which "is only seen when rich folk that have more than they can enjoy lose something they have long had but never before used or wanted." This theft of a cup, Smaug's knowledge of every item in the hoard, and the dragon's ensuing rampage, all echo the story of Beowulf.

Tolkien may also have been inspired by the talking dragon Fafnir of the Völsunga saga.^[7]

Tolkien noted that "the dragon bears as name—a pseudonym—the past tense of the primitive Germanic verb smúgan,^[8] to squeeze through a hole: a low philological jest."^[6]

Smaug was depicted by Tolkien as an intelligent being capable of speech, easily pleased by flattery and fascinated by Bilbo's description of himself in riddles. This is also done in later film adaptations such as The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug. He is described as having "quite an overwhelming personality" and every time his eyes flash across Bilbo's invisible form, he feels almost compelled to tell him the truth about himself because of the hypnotic power within.

Portrayal in adaptations

The Hobbit (1977)

Smaug as seen in the 1977 animated version of The Hobbit.

In the 1977 animated version of The Hobbit, Smaug was voiced by Richard Boone. In general, Smaug's design in the animated version is consistent with Tolkien's description, save for his face: for rather than the traditional reptilian look associated with dragons, Smaug's face in the animated version has distinctly cat-like features including fur, enlarged ears, and canine teeth. His hypnotic speech is absent, but his acute eyesight is portrayed by highbeam-like lights projected from his eyes.

The Hobbit (film series)

On June 16, 2011, it was announced that Smaug would be voiced and interpreted with performance capture by Benedict Cumberbatch in Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of The Hobbit,^[9] wherein Smaug is presented with a long head, red-golden scales, and piercing yellow-red eyes. The dragon speaks with Received Pronunciation with an underlying growl; Cumberbatch's vocal performance was vocoded using alligator growls.^[10] Smaug's design was created with key frame animation, in addition to Cumberbatch's motion capture performance. Weta Digital employed its proprietary "Tissue" software which was honoured in 2013 with a "Scientific and Engineering Award" from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to make the dragon as realistic as possible. In addition, Weta Digital supervisor Joe Letteri said in an interview for USA Today that they used classic European and Asian dragons as inspirations to create Smaug.^[11]

Benedict Cumberbatch (pictured) provided the voice and motion-capture for Smaug in Peter Jackson's trilogy.

• In the first film, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, the audience sees only his legs, wings, and tail, and his eye, which is showcased in the final scene of the film. Smaug is a topic of discussion among the White Council as Gandalf's reason to support Thorin Oakenshield's quest.
• Smaug appears as the titular primary antagonist in the second film, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug. The first film showed him as a four-legged dragon with wings on his back; the design in the second film depicted Smaug with wings on his arms like a bat. In an interview with Joe Letteri, Smaug's design was changed to this form after the crew saw how Benedict Cumberbatch performed Smaug while moving around on all four limbs.^[12] The weak spot shown in Smaug's armour is the result of one of his scales breaking off during his attack on Dale. He scares Bilbo into removing the One Ring, and reveals his knowledge of the growing threat from the Necromancer: they had been allies. Smaug reveals that Sauron was behind the attack. Smaug battles Thorin's small group of dwarves when they come to Bilbo's aid, before flying off to Lake-town.
• In The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, Smaug attacks Lake-town. He is killed by Bard with an elongated iron arrow and his body falls on the boat carrying the fleeing Master of Lake-town. It is later revealed that Smaug's attack on Erebor was all part of Sauron's design.^[13][14]

Smaug was considered one of the highlights of the second film of the series, with several critics hailing him as cinema's greatest dragon.^[15][16] Critics also praised the visual effects company Weta Digital and Cumberbatch's vocal and motion-capture performance for giving Smaug a fully realized personality. Prior to the Hobbit trilogy, Smaug was mentioned in its 2001 sequel The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.

Others

In the 1977 "J.R.R. Tolkien Calendar", the Brothers Hildebrandt depicted Smaug with bright red scales and large bat-like wings. In the 2003 video game release, Smaug was voiced by James Horan.

In popular culture

Smaug's character on Air New Zealand Boeing 777-300ER

• In 2011, Smaug made his first appearance on the Fictional 15, the Forbes list of the 15 richest fictional characters. That year, he was ranked number 7 with an estimated net worth of $8.6 billion, whereas Scrooge McDuck was first with $44 billion.
• In 2012, the magazine did a more in-depth analysis^[17] on Smaug's wealth and concluded with a conservative estimate was $61 billion, which placed him comfortably atop the list.^[18] Michael Noer, the author of this article, limited his estimate in order to keep Smaug's net value in line with living factual characters, notably Bill Gates and Carlos Slim. The estimates are tied directly to Smaug's size and the assumption that he lies directly on the largest part of his hoard. A more literal reading of Tolkien's text and comparison to historical instead of living factual persons (notably John D. Rockefeller or the Rothschild family) would result in a much higher estimate, as much as $870 billion, according to the article.
• In the 2013 edition of the Forbes Fictional 15, Smaug placed 2nd on the list with a net worth of an estimated $54.1 billion falling behind Scrooge McDuck who was estimated to have a net worth of $65.4 billion.^[19]
• The CGI simulation of Smaug used in Peter Jackson's films, voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch, made a guest appearance on the satire show The Colbert Report on December 11, 2014 to promote The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.^[20] During the interview, Smaug favored the United States returning to the Gold standard, supported Stand your ground laws, and endorsed Rand Paul to run for President of the United States in 2016 before going on a rampage after Colbert made light of a scene from the movies. Smaug later made a non-speaking cameo in the final episode alongside every other guest on December 18, 2014 where he was moving his head to the "We'll Meet Again" song in his cave.

In science

• In 2011, scientists in the United States and South Africa named a genus of southern African girdled lizards, Smaug, after the character^[21] (the lizards were originally part of the genus Cordylus but reclassified after molecular phylogeny studies). The lizards were so named after the fictional dragon due to being similarly armoured, dwelling underground, and native to Tolkien's birthplace (Free State province, South Africa).^[22]
• In 2015, a new species of shield bug was named after Smaug, Planois smaug, because of its size and its status "sleeping" in the researcher's collections for about 60 years until it was discovered.^[23][24]

See also

• Dragon (Middle-earth)
• List of dragons

References

Notes

1. Tolkien, J. R. R. "Appendix E – Writing and Spelling: I. Pronunciation of Words and Names". The Lord of the Rings.: "All these diphthongs were 'falling' diphthongs, that is stressed on the first element, and composed of the simple vowels run together. Thus ... au (aw) as in loud, how and not laud, haw."
2. Tolkien, The Hobbit, Chapter 1, "An unexpected Party".
3. Hammond & Scull, image No. 133.
4. Hammond & Scull, image No. 137
5. J. R. R. Tolkien, Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays (ed. Christopher Tolkien, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983).
6. Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, letter No. 25., ISBN 0-395-31555-7
7. Jane Johnson in the Bonus material from The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug.
8. See definition: Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote. "smúgan". An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Online). Prague: Charles University. - derivation of which smygel is the basis for the name of Sméagol, also known as Gollum
9. Fleming, Mike (16 June 2011). "Benedict Cumberbatch To Voice Smaug in 'The Hobbit'". Deadline New York. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
10. Amy Cassell (18 December 2013). "15 Questions From Last Week’s David Farmer (‘The Hobbit’) Facebook Chat". Full Sail University Blog.
11. "Five things to know about scaly 'Hobbit' star Smaug". USA Today. 16 December 2013.
12. http://www.mtv.com/news/1719502/smaug-hobbit-fx-explained/
13. Hughes, Mark. "Review - 'The Hobbit: The Desolation Of Smaug' Is Middle-Earth Magic - Forbes". Forbes.
14. "'The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug': It Lives! – TIME.com". Time. 9 December 2013.
15. Empire's The Hobbit: The Desolation Of Smaug Movie Review
16. 'The Hobbit' Reviews: Get The Scoop On 'Smaug' - Music, Celebrity, Artist News | MTV.com
17. Noer, Michael (23 April 2012). "How Much is a Dragon Worth, Revisited". Forbes. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
18. "Smaug". Forbes. 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
19. "Smaug". Forbes. 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
20. "Smaug". The Colbert Report. Retrieved 12 December 2014..
21. "Protect and Prosper". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
22. Stanley, Edward L.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Jackman, Todd R.; Branch, William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58 (1): 53–70. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.024.
23. Faúndez, Eduardo (19 June 2015). "Patagonian Shield Bug Named After Middle’s Earth’s Smaug the Dragon". Entomology Today. Entomological Society of America. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
24. Carvajal, Mariom A.; Faúndez, Eduardo I.; Rider, David A. (2015). "Contribución al conocimiento de los Acanthosomatidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) de la Región de Magallanes, con descripción de una nueva especie". Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile) 43 (1): 154–151.

General references

• Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (1995), J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-74816-X
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1937), Douglas A. Anderson, ed., The Annotated Hobbit, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 2002), ISBN 0-618-13470-0

External links

• Smaug at the Tolkien Gateway
• Image of Smaug by J.R.R. Tolkien at the Tolkien Gateway
• Forbes magazine analysis of Smaug's net worth.