Mikoyan MiG-31

For the fictional aircraft of the novel and movie Firefox, see Mikoyan MiG-31 (fictional).
MiG-31
Russian Air Force MiG-31B (Ser: RF-92387; Bort: 70 Blue)[1]
Role Interceptor aircraft
Manufacturer Mikoyan
First flight 16 September 1975
Introduction 6 May 1981
Status In service
Primary users Russian Air Force
Kazakhstan Air Force
Produced 1975–1994
Number built 519[2]
Developed from Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25

The Mikoyan MiG-31 (Russian: Микоян МиГ-31; NATO reporting name: Foxhound) is a supersonic interceptor aircraft developed for use by the Soviet Air Forces. The aircraft was designed by the Mikoyan design bureau as a replacement for the earlier MiG-25 "Foxbat"; the MiG-31 is based on, and shares design elements with the MiG-25.[3] The MiG-31 has the distinction of being one of the fastest combat jets in the world.[4] It continues to be operated by the Russian Air Force and the Kazakhstan Air Force following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991. The Russian Defence Ministry expects the MiG-31 to remain in service until at least 2030.[5]

Development

Origins

The MiG-25 made substantial design sacrifices in capability in order to achieve high speed, altitude and rate of climb. It lacks maneuverability at interception speeds and is difficult to fly at low altitudes. The MiG-25's speed is limited to Mach 2.83 but could reach a maximum speed of Mach 3.2 or more with the risk of engine damage.[6][7]

MiG-31BM taking off from Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport in 2012

Development of the MiG-25's replacement began with the Ye-155MP (Russian: Е-155МП) prototype which first flew on 16 September 1975.[8] Although it bore a superficial resemblance to the MiG-25, it had a longer fuselage to accommodate the radar operator's cockpit and was in many respects a new design. An important development was the advanced radar, capable of both look-up and look-down/shoot-down engagement, as well as multiple target tracking. This gave the Soviet Union an interceptor able to engage the most likely Western intruders (low flying cruise missiles and bombers) at long range.[9]

Like its MiG-25 predecessor, the introduction of the MiG-31 was surrounded by early speculation and misinformation concerning its design and abilities. The West learned of the new interceptor from Lieutenant Viktor Belenko, a pilot who defected to Japan in 1976 with his MiG-25P.[10] Belenko described an upcoming "Super Foxbat" with two seats and an ability to intercept cruise missiles. According to his testimony, the new interceptor was to have air intakes similar to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, which the MiG-31 does not have, at least in production variants.[11]

Into production

Serial production of the MiG-31 began in 1979.[12][13] The MiG-31 is able to maintain combat effectiveness despite the potential use of active and passive radar jammers and thermal decoys by adversaries. A group of four MiG-31 interceptors is able to control an area of air space across a total length of 800–900 km;[9] its radar possessing a maximum detection range of 200 km in distance (radius) and the typical width of detection along the front of 225 km.[14]

The MiG-31 was designed to fulfill the following mission objectives:[2]

MiG-31 production ended in 1994.[15] A total of 519 MiG-31s were produced of which 349 "baseline models" were produced at the Sokol plant between 1976 and 1988. The second production batch of 101 Mig-31DZ's were produced between 1989 and 1991. The final batch (Mig-31B) of 69 aircraft were produced between 1990 and 1994. Of this final batch, 50 were retained by the Kazakhstan Air Force after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Of the "baseline models," 40 airframes were upgraded to Mig-31BS standard.[2]

Upgrades and replacement

Some upgrade programs have found their way in the MiG-31 fleet, like the MiG-31BM multirole version with upgraded avionics, new multimode radar, hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) controls, liquid crystal (LCD) color multi-function displays (MFDs), ability to carry the R-77 missile and various Russian air-to-ground missiles (AGMs) such as the Kh-31 anti-radiation missile (ARM), a new and more powerful computer, and digital data links. A project to upgrade the Russian MiG-31 fleet to the MiG-31BM standard began in 2010;[16] 100 aircraft are to be upgraded to MiG-31BM standard by 2020.[17][18] Russian Federation Defence Ministry chief Colonel Yuri Balyko has claimed that the upgrade will increase the combat effectiveness of the aircraft several times over.[19] 18 MIG-31BMs were delivered in 2014.[20] The Russian military will receive more than 130 upgraded MiG-31BMs, and the first 24 aircraft have already been delivered, Russian Deputy Defense Minister Yuri Borisov told reporters on 9 April 2015.[21]

Russia plans to start development for a replacement for the MiG-31 by 2019. The aircraft will be called PAK-DP (ПАК ДП, Перспективный авиационный комплекс дальнего перехвата - Prospective Air Complex for Long-Range Interception).[22]

Development of a new aircraft, designated MiG-41, began in April 2013. Development of a new interceptor is favored over restarting MiG-31 production.[23] In March 2014, Russian test pilot Anatoly Kvochur said that work began on a Mach 4 MiG-41 based on the MiG-31.[24][25] Development on the MiG-31 replacement is to begin in 2017, with the first aircraft to be delivered in 2020, and to enter service in 2025.[26]

Design

Overview

A MiG-31DZ in flight over Russia, 2012

Like the MiG-25, the MiG-31 is a large twin-engine aircraft with side-mounted air intake ramps, a shoulder-mounted wing with an aspect ratio of 2.94, and twin vertical tailfins. Unlike the MiG-25, it has two seats, with the rear occupied by a dedicated weapon systems officer.[27] The MiG-31 is limited to only 5 g when travelling at supersonic speeds.[6] While flying under combat weight, its wing loading is marginal and its thrust-to-weight ratio is favorable. However, the MiG-31 is not designed for close combat or rapid turning.[6]

The wings and airframe of the MiG-31 are stronger than those of the MiG-25, permitting supersonic flight at low altitudes. Its D30-F6 jet engines, each rated at 152 kN thrust, allow a maximum speed of Mach 1.23 at low altitude. High-altitude speed is temperature-redlined to Mach 2.83 – the thrust-to-drag ratio is sufficient for speeds in excess of Mach 3, but such speeds pose unacceptable hazards to engine and airframe life in routine use.[6]

Electronics suite

MiG-31BM showing its Zaslon phased-array radar

The MiG-31 was the world's first operational fighter with a passive electronically scanned array radar (PESA), the Zaslon S-800. Its maximum range against fighter-sized targets is approximately 200 km (125 mi), and it can track up to 10 targets and simultaneously attack four of them with its Vympel R-33 missiles. The radar is matched with an infra-red search and track (IRST) system in a retractable undernose fairing.[6]

The MiG-31 was equipped with RK-RLDN and APD-518[28] digital secure datalinks. The RK-RLDN datalink is for communication with ground control centers. The APD-518 datalink enables a flight of four MiG-31 to automatically exchange radar-generated data within 200 km (124 mi) from each other. It also enables other aircraft with less sophisticated avionics,[29] such as MiG-23,25,29/Su-15,27[14] to be directed to targets spotted by MiG-31 (a maximum of 4 (long-range) for each MiG-31 aircraft). The A-50 AEW aircraft and MiG-31 can automatically exchange aerial and terrestrial radar target designation.[30]

Radars

Adopted in 1981 RP-31 N007 backstop (Russian -Zaslon).[31]

Variant differences

The basic differences between other versions and the МiG-31BM:[35]

Cockpit

The aircraft is a two-seater with the rear seat occupant controlling the radar. Although cockpit controls are duplicated across cockpits, it is normal for the aircraft to be flown only from the front seat. The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a centre stick and left hand throttles. The rear cockpit has only two small vision ports on the sides of the canopy. The presence of the WSO (Weapon Systems Operator) in the rear cockpit improves aircraft effectiveness since the WSO is entirely dedicated to radar operations and weapons deployment, thus decreasing the workload of the pilot and increasing efficiency. Both cockpits are fitted with zero/zero ejection seats which allow the crew to eject at any altitude and airspeed.[6]

Armament

MiG-31 armed with R-33 missiles

The MiG-31's main armament is four R-33 air-to-air missiles (NATO codename AA-9 'Amos') carried under the belly. The R-33 is the Russian equivalent of the U.S. Navy's AIM-54 Phoenix.

Operational history

A side view of a MiG-31 from 790th Fighter Order of Kutuzov Aviation Regiment on the runway of Khotilovo airbase, Tver region.
A MiG-31B on left and MiG-31BM on right flying in formation.

The MiG-31 entered operational service with the Soviet Air Defence Forces (PVO) in 1981[52] It was the world's first aircraft with a phased array radar, and is one of only two aircraft in the world capable of independently firing long-range air-to-air missiles as of 2013.[53][54][55] (The other is the Iranian Air Force F-14 Tomcat which uses a domestic version of the long-range AIM-54 Phoenix called the Fakour-90.[56][57]) The MiG-31BM has a detection range of 282 km for a target with a radar cross-section of 5 square meters,[58] and 189 km for stealth targets.[59]

With the designation Ye-266, a re-engined Ye-155[60][61] set new world records.[62] It reached an absolute maximum altitude of 37,650 metres (123,520 ft) in 1977,[63] and set a time to height record of 35,000 metres (115,000 ft) in 4 minutes, 11.78 seconds, both of which were set by the famous MiG test pilot Alexander Fedotov. Pyotr Ostapenko,[64] his deputy, set a time to height record to 30,000 m (98,000 ft) in 3 minutes and 9.8 seconds in 1975.[65][66]

Export

Syria ordered eight MiG-31E aircraft in 2007 for Syrian Air Force.[67][68] However, the order was suspended in May 2009 reportedly either due to Israeli pressure or lack of Syrian funds.[69] On 15 August 2015, six MiG-31s were delivered to the Syrian Arab Air Force.[70] However, Russia denied making MiG-31 deliveries to Syria.[71]

Variants

A front view of a MiG-31 on the ramp of Khotilovo airbase, Tver region

MiG-31 / MiG-31 01DZ

Two-seat all weather, all altitude interceptor. Designated as MiG-31 01DZ when fitted with air-to-air refueling probe.[72]

MiG-31M

Development of a more comprehensive advanced version, the MiG-31M, began in 1984 and first flew in 1985, but the dissolution of the Soviet Union prevented it from entering full production.[73][74] One piece rounded windscreen, small side windows for rear cockpit, wider and deeper dorsal spine. Digital flight controls added, multifunction CRT cockpit displays, multi-mode phased array radar. No gun fitted in this model. Refueling probe moved to starboard side of aircraft. Fuselage weapon stations increased from four to six by adding two centre-line stations. Maximum TO weight increased to 52,000 kg using increased thrust D-30F6M engines.[72]

MiG-31BS

Designation applied to type 01DZ when converted to MiG-31B standard.[72]

MiG-31B

Second production batch with upgraded avionics and in-flight refueling probe introduced in 1990. Its development was the result of the Soviet discovery that Phazotron radar division engineer Adolf Tolkachev had sold information on advanced radars to the West. A new version of the compromised radar was hastily developed.[75] MiG 31B also have the improved ECM and EW equipment with integration of improved R-33S missiles. Long range navigation system compatible with Loran/Omega and Chaka ground stations added. This model replaced the 01DZ models in late 1990.[72]

MiG-31BM / MiG-31BSM

The upgraded MiG-31B was designated MiG-31BM and the upgraded MiG-31BS was designated MiG-31BSM.[2] The most visible addition to the BM/BSM variant was the rear-view periscope added above the front cockpit canopy.[2] The MiG-31BМ's maximum detection range for air targets was increased in the upgrade to 320 km. It had the ability to automatically track up to ten targets, and the latest units can track up to 24 targets and simultaneously engage up to 6 targets. The on-board Argon-K computer selects four targets of highest priority, which simultaneously are engaged by long-range R-33S air-to-air missiles. Infrared search is interfaced with radar and is designed for passive search of the airspace, and for the targeting of R-40TD and R-60 TGS missiles.

The basic difference between earlier versions and the МiG-31BM[76][77] is that the МiG-31BM can act as a small airborne early warning aircraft. Onboard equipment provides interaction with surface-to-air missile units and can function as an airborne command post to coordinate the actions of other types of fighters with less powerful radars.[14]

The flight-navigation equipment of the MiG-31 includes a system of automatic control system SAU-155МP and sighting-navigation complex KN-25 with two inertial systems and IP-1-72A with digital computer Maneuver, electronic range navigation system Radical NP (312) or A-331, electronic system of the far - navigation A-723. Distant radio navigation is carried out by means of two systems: CHAYKA (similar to the system of Laurent) and «Route» (similar to the system of omega).[78]

The MiG-31 is equipped with sr-you ECM radar and infrared ranges.[36] Interceptor MiG-31 is capable of performing combat tasks.

The MiG-31 was equipped with RK-RLDN and APD-518[28] digital secure datalinks. The RK-RLDN datalink is for communication with ground control centers. The APD-518 datalink enables a flight of four MiG-31 to automatically exchange radar-generated data within 200[49] km (124 mi) from each other (a group of four MiG-31 interceptors is able to control an area of air space across a total length of 800 km). It also enables other aircraft with less sophisticated avionics,[29] such as MiG-23,25,29/Su - 15,27[14] to be directed to targets spotted by MiG-31 (a maximum of 4 (long-range) for each MiG-31 aircraft). Similarly[79] complex S-300 aircraft with a group of APD-518 can: share data obtained by various radars from different directions (active or passive scanning radiation) and summarize the data. That is, the target can be detected by passively (through noise posed to protect themselves / active search radar (target)) and (or) the active simultaneously from many different directions (active search radar MiG-31). And everyone aircraft has APD-518 will have exact data, even if it is not involved in the search.[12][28][31]

MiG-31D

Two aircraft were designated as Type 31D and were manufactured as dedicated anti-satellite models with ballast in the nose instead of radars, flat fuselage undersurface (i.e. no recessed weapon system bays) and had large winglets above and below the wing-tips. Equipped with Vympel ASAT missiles.[72]

MiG-31E

Export version of the MiG-31B type.[72]

MiG-31F

Planned fighter-bomber intended for use with TV, radar and laser-guided ASM weapon systems.[72]

MiG-31FE

Planned Export version of the MiG-31F. Was never produced.[72]

Operators

MiG-31 operators as of August 2015
 Syria
 Kazakhstan
 Russia

Former operators

 Soviet Union

Notable accidents

On 6 September 2011, a MiG-31 crashed near Bolgary village, Perm region, Russia.[88] The aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff, killing both pilots. Another, non-fatal crash occurred in 2010. The entire fleet was grounded pending an investigation.[89]

During the night of 23 April 2013, a Kazakhstan Air Force MiG-31 crashed during a training flight near the village of Prostornoye in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan, killing the pilot and injuring the navigator. The plane crashed due to technical failure. The same plane underwent a major overhaul at a plant in Rzhev, northwest Russia in December 2012.[90]

On 4 September 2014, a MiG-31 crashed during exercises at a distance of 25 kilometres from the city of Armavir.[91]

On 25 January 2016, a MiG-31 fighter jet crashed in the Krasnoyarsk region of Siberia. The pilots were able to eject safely and no casualties have been reported.[92]

Specifications (MiG-31)

MiG-31BM on display at MAKS Airshow on 22 August 2009
MiG-31E at 2005 MAKS Airshow
MiG-31E landing at Sormovo Airfield, 2007

Data from Great Book of Modern Warplanes,[3] MiG-31E data,[93] Combat Aircraft since 1945[94]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

MiG-31BM

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Pichugin, Dmitriy. "MiG-31". Airliners.net. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mladenov, Alexander (July 2015). "The Foxhound's New Tricks". Air International 19 (1): 28.
  3. 1 2 Spick 2000
  4. ↑ http://rt.com/news/210935-norway-f16-mig31-interception/
  5. ↑ "Russia's Modernized Soviet-Era MiG-31 Fighters to Fly for 50 Years". The Moscow Times. April 9, 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dawes, Alan. "Mikoyan's Long-Legged Hunting Dog." Air International, December 2002, pp. 396–401.
  7. ↑ Gunston and Spick 1983, pp. 132–133.
  8. ↑ Eden 2004, p. 323.
  9. 1 2 "МиГ-31 – лучший истребитель-перехватчик мира". topwar.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  10. ↑ Eyster, II, James P. (1977). "The Defection of Viktor Belenko: The Use of International Law to Justify Political Decisions". Fordham International Law Journal (The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress)) 1 (1). Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  11. ↑ "MiG-31 Foxhound". Global Aircraft. The Global Aircraft Organization. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  12. 1 2 "МиГ-31 модернизируется и прослужит в ВВС России еще около 15 лет". arms-expo.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  13. ↑ http://tass.ru/politika/1369019
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 http://web.archive.org/web/20131214070309/http://www.arms-expo.ru/049049056052124051050056051.html. Archived from [http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arms-expo.ru%2F049049056052124051050056051.html the original] Check |url= value (help) on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. 1 2 "МиГ-31". encyclopaedia-russia.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  16. ↑ Skrynnikov, R. "Defense: Russian air force completing MiG-31BM modernization program." RIA Novosti, 13 August 2010. Retrieved: 17 August 2010. Archived 16 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ↑ Ankov, Vitaliy. "Russia to modernize 60 MiG-31 interceptors by 2020." RIA Novosti, 2 January 2012. Retrieved: 25 November 2012.
  18. ↑ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Минобороны России и Объединенная авиастроительная корпорация заключили контракт на модернизацию самолетов МиГ-31". armstrade.org. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  19. ↑ "MiG-31 Upgrade Will Quadruple Its Effectiveness – Expert." royfc.com. Retrieved: 24 January 2011.
  20. ↑ "ТАСС: Армия и ОПК - Шойгу: оснащенность Российской армии современным оружием и техникой за год выросла на 7%". ТАСС. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  21. ↑ http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/0409/152528676/detail.shtml
  22. ↑ http://www.janes.com/article/53633/russia-to-launch-mig-31-replacement-programme-before-end-of-decade
  23. 1 2 "Russia to Field MiG-31 Replacement by 2020". RIA Novosti, 11 April 2013.
  24. ↑ "The Russian Armed Forces are working on the Mig-41, a new supersonic fighter based on the Mig-31 Foxhound." theaviationist.com
  25. ↑ "MiG-41 – A new Mach 4+ Fighter?" MiGFlug
  26. ↑ "Russia to Start Developing Replacement for MiG-31 in 2017". RIA Novosti, 11 August 2014.
  27. ↑ "How the Mig-31 repelled the SR-71 Blackbird from Soviet skies". theaviationist.com. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  28. 1 2 3 "МиГ МиГ-31". airwar.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  29. 1 2 http://испытатели.рф/russia/mikoyan/mig/31/bm/mig31bm.htm
  30. ↑ "МиГ-31: реальность и перспективы". vpk-news.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Статья. Истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31. ВТР". milrus.com. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  32. ↑ Сизова Ирина Юрьевна. "Система управления вооружением СУВ "Заслон" истребителя МиГ-31". niip.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  33. ↑ http://www.roe.ru/cataloque/air_craft/aircraft_16-19.pdf
  34. 1 2 3 "Советский ответ Западу. МиГ-31 против F-14 - Военный паритет: ракеты средней дальности, крылатая ракета, подводные лодки, истребитель самолет пятого поколения". militaryparitet.com. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  35. 1 2 "Многоцелевой истребитель МиГ-31БМ - Вооружение России и других стран Мира". worldweapon.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  36. 1 2 3 "Дальний истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31 - Вооружение России и других стран Мира". worldweapon.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  37. ↑ "МиГ-31 - FOXHOUND". militaryrussia.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  38. ↑ http://www.milrus.com/vvs/mig31/text.shtml
  39. ↑ http://www.rg.ru/2014/02/03/mig-site.html
  40. ↑ Zaslon radar at Janes Defence web-site
  41. ↑ Zaslon radar at Russia Airforce Handbook - Google Books
  42. ↑ "Zaslon-M radar." Fighterplanes. Retrieved: 16 July 2012.
  43. ↑ "МиГ 31 - Сверхзвуковой всепогодный истребитель". ucoz.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  44. ↑ "60 истребителей-перехватчиков МиГ-31 будут модернизированы до 2020 года". arms-expo.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  45. ↑ Дракон. "Тактико-технические характеристики истребителя МиГ-31". narod.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  46. ↑ "МиГ МиГ-31БМ". airwar.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  47. 1 2 "МиГ-31БМ получат новую ракету". dokwar.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  48. ↑ http://испытатели.рф/russia/vympel/r/33/r33_1.htm
  49. 1 2 "МиГ-31Б". modernforces.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  50. ↑ http://испытатели.рф/russia/bisnovat/r/40/r40.htm
  51. ↑ http://испытатели.рф/russia/vympel/r/77/r77.htm
  52. ↑ "МиГ-31". testpilot.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  53. ↑ "Истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31. Летно-технические характеристики". РИА Новости. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  54. ↑ http://fun-space.ru/aviacziya/2149-mig-31
  55. ↑ "МиГ-31". paralay.com. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  56. ↑ Cenciotti, David (26 September 2013). "Iranian F-14 Tomcat’s "new" indigenous air-to-air missile is actually an (improved?) AIM-54 Phoenix replica". The Aviationist. David Cenciotti. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  57. ↑ Nassirkhani, Major Farhad. "The first and only country to receive F-14 Tomcat was, The Nirouyeh Havaiyeh Shahanshahiye Iran, or Imperial Iranian Air Force". ImperialIranianAirForce.net. Fred Nassirkhani 31441 Santa Margarita Pkwy. #A128 Rancho Santa Margarita, CA 92688. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  58. ↑ bill. "Which is the No:1 BVR Fighter Aircraft in South Asia ?". angelfire.com. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  59. ↑ "Как работает перехватчик МиГ-31". Российская газета. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  60. ↑ Babain, Sergey. "E-155M (E-266M) "FoxBat" interceptor/recco-bomber". TestPilot.ru. SB. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  61. ↑ Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitriy (2013). Soviet spyplanes of the Cold War. p. 28. ISBN 9781781592854. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  62. ↑ Kopp, Dr. Carlo (November 1992). "Foxbat and Foxhound Russia's Cold War Warriors". Aus Air Power. First published Australian Aviation, November, 1992. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  63. ↑ Boyne, Walter J. (2013). Beyond the wild blue a history of the u.s. air force, 1947-2007. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 493. ISBN 1429901802. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  64. ↑ Ankov, Vitaly (9 April 2012). "MiG Test Pilot Ostapenko Dies Age 83". Sputnik News. Sputnik. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  65. ↑ "Flight Global Archive - Aviation History1975". Flight Global. Flight International. 29 May 1975. p. 855. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  66. ↑ "World Records." OKB MIG. Retrieved: 11 May 2011.
  67. ↑ Air Forces Monthly, August 2007 issue
  68. ↑ Karnozov, Vladimir. "Syria signs for eight MiG-31 interceptors." Flight International, 21 June 2007.
  69. ↑ "Syrian MiG-31 Order suspended." mosnews.com. Retrieved: 24 January 2011.
  70. ↑ "Russia delivers six Mikoyan MiG-31 fighter jets to Syria: Report". Press TV. Aug 16, 2015. According to a Sunday report by Turkey's English-language website BGN News, Moscow shipped the supersonic interceptor aircraft to Damascus under a contract inked between the two sides in 2007
  71. ↑ "No MiG-31s for Damascus: Russia Denies Sending Interceptors to Syria". Sputnik News. Aug 22, 2015.
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jackson, Paul, ed. (1998). Jane's: All the World's Aircraft: 1998-99. Surrey: Jane's. p. 386. ISBN 0710617887.
  73. ↑ "МиГ-31М". testpilot.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  74. ↑ "Russian MiG-31 "Foxhound" - A fighter ahead of its time". Global Aviation Report. WordPress. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  75. ↑ "МиГ-31Б (БС)". testpilot.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  76. ↑ "Двухместный сверхзвуковой истребитель-перехватчик МиГ-31". dokwar.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  77. ↑ "ÌèÃ-31". testpilots.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  78. ↑ "Новосибирск прикрыли истребителями-перехватчиками МиГ-31БМ". lenta.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  79. ↑ "Авиация НАТО против сирийских С-300". 3mv.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  80. ↑ "Russia delivers six Mikoyan MiG-31 fighter jets to Syria: Report". Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  81. ↑ http://rg.ru/2015/10/20/vvs.html
  82. ↑ Reed Business Information Limited. "AirSpace". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  83. ↑ Zelin, Alexander (Commander of the Russian Air Force). "Zelin." ng.ru. Retrieved: 19 March 2012.
  84. ↑ "ВЗГЛЯД / Летчик-испытатель: МиГ-41 должен развивать скорость до 4,3 Маха". vz.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  85. ↑ http://www.rg.ru/2014/12/30/samoleti-site.html
  86. ↑ The Military Balance 2016
  87. ↑ "bmpd". livejournal.com. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  88. ↑ Petrov, Sergei. "Flight recorder found at MiG-31 crash site." rian.ru, 7 September 2011.
  89. ↑ "Investigators seizing crashed MiG-31 fighter documentation." itar-tass.com. Retrieved: 16 July 2012.
  90. ↑ Sputnik (24 April 2013). "Pilot Killed in Kazakh MiG-31 Crash". ria.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  91. ↑ Sputnik (4 September 2014). "Russian Defense Ministry: Russian MiG-31 Supersonic Interceptor Crashes, Pilots Survive". ria.ru. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  92. ↑ MiG-31 fighter jet crashes in Siberia, pilots eject safelyRussia Today. Retrieved: 26 January 2016.
  93. ↑ "MiG-31E." RAC MiG. Retrieved: 22 July 2008.
  94. ↑ Wilson 2000, p. 103.
  95. ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20120308124035/http://www.roe.ru/cataloque/air_craft/aircraft_16-19.pdf
  96. 1 2 http://www.migavia.ru/index.php/en/production/mig-31e-fighter?limit=1&start=2

Bibliography

  • Crickmore, Paul F. Lockheed Blackbird: Beyond the Secret Missions. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-84176-694-1.
  • Eden, Paul, ed. "Mikoyan MiG-25 'Foxbat'". "Mikoyan MiG-31 'Foxhound'". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
  • Gordon, Yefim. MiG-25 'Foxbat,' MiG-31 'Foxhound:" Russia's Defensive Front Line. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-85780-064-8.
  • Spick, Mike. "MiG-31 'Foxhound'". The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI, 2000. ISBN 0-7603-0893-4.
  • Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, April 13, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.