Andromeda–Milky Way collision

A NASA conception of the collision using computer-generated imagery.

The Andromeda–Milky Way collision is a galactic collision predicted to occur in about 4 billion years between the two largest galaxies in the Local Group—the Milky Way (which contains the Solar System and Earth) and the Andromeda Galaxy,[1][2][3] although the stars involved are sufficiently far apart that it is improbable that any of them will individually collide.[4] The galaxy that will be the result of the collision is nicknamed Milkomeda.[5]

Stellar collisions

While the Andromeda Galaxy contains about 1 trillion (1012) stars and the Milky Way contains about 300 billion (3×1011), the chance of even two stars colliding is negligible because of the huge distances between the stars. For example, the nearest star to the Sun is Proxima Centauri, about 4.2 light-years (4.0×1013 km; 2.5×1013 mi) or 30 million (3×107) solar diameters away. If the Sun were a ping-pong ball, Proxima Centauri would be a pea about 1,100 km (680 mi) away, and the Milky Way would be about 30 million km (19 million mi) wide. Although stars are more common near the centres of each galaxy, the average distance between stars is still 160 billion (1.6×1011) km (100 billion mi). That is analogous to one ping-pong ball every 3.2 km (2.0 mi). Thus, it is extremely unlikely that any two stars from the merging galaxies would collide.[4]

Black hole collisions

The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies each contain a central supermassive black hole, these being Sagittarius A* (ca. 3.6 x 106 solar masses) and an object within the P2 concentration of Andromeda's nucleus (1-2 x 108 solar masses). These black holes will converge near the center of the newly formed galaxy, transferring orbital energy to stars that will be moved to higher orbits by gravitationally interacting with them, in a process that may take millions of years. When they come within one light year of one another, they will emit gravitational waves that will radiate further orbital energy until they merge completely. Gas taken up by the combined black hole could create a luminous quasar or an active galactic nucleus. As of 2006, simulations indicated that the Sun might be brought near the center of the combined galaxy, potentially coming near one of the black holes before being ejected entirely out of the galaxy.[6]

Certainty

Based on data from the Hubble Space Telescope, Milky Way galaxy and Andromeda galaxy are predicted to distort each other with tidal pull in 3.75 billion years, as shown in this illustration.

The Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at about 110 kilometres per second (68 mi/s) [1] as indicated by blueshift. However, the lateral velocity is very difficult to measure with a precision to draw reasonable conclusions: 7.7 km/s (equivalent to 177800 light-years error =7.7 / 110 * 2540000) and 8 years timeframe, Andromeda moves 1/3000 pixel (0.05 arcsec=Hubble's resolution, the best available today: 3000*7.7*8/2540000/300000 *180/pi*3600 = 0.05 arcsec). Therefore up until 2012, there was no way to know whether the possible collision was definitely going to happen or not.[7] In 2012, researchers concluded that the collision is definite after using the Hubble Space Telescope to track the motion of Andromeda between 2002 and 2010.[1] Andromeda's tangential or side-ways velocity with respect to the Milky Way was found to be relatively much smaller than the approaching velocity and therefore it is expected that it will directly collide with the Milky Way in around 4 billion years.

Such collisions are relatively common. Andromeda, for example, is believed to have collided with at least one other galaxy in the past,[8] and several dwarf galaxies such as SagDEG are currently colliding with the Milky Way and being merged into it.

These studies also suggest that M33, the Triangulum Galaxy—the third largest and brightest galaxy of the Local Group—will participate in this event too. Its most likely fate is to end up orbiting the merger remnant of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies to finally merge with it in an even farther future, but a collision with the Milky Way before it collides with the Andromeda Galaxy or being ejected from the Local Group cannot be ruled out.[9]

The fate of the Solar System

Two scientists with the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics stated that when, and even whether, the two galaxies collide will depend on Andromeda's transverse velocity.[2] Based on current calculations they predict a 50% chance that in a merged galaxy, the Solar System will be swept out three times farther from the galactic core than its current distance.[2] They also predict a 12% chance that the Solar System will be ejected from the new galaxy sometime during the collision.[10][11] Such an event would have no adverse effect on the system and the chances of any sort of disturbance to the Sun or planets themselves may be remote.[10][11]

Excluding planetary engineering, by the time the two galaxies collide the surface of the Earth will have already become far too hot for liquid water to exist, ending all terrestrial life; that is currently estimated to occur in about 3.75 billion years due to gradually increasing luminosity of the Sun (it will have risen by 35–40% above the current luminosity).[12][13]

Possible triggered stellar events

When two spiral galaxies collide, the hydrogen present on their disks is compressed producing strong star formation as can be seen on interacting systems like the Antennae Galaxies. In the case of the Andromeda–Milky Way collision, it is believed that there will be little gas remaining in the disks of both galaxies, so the mentioned starburst will be relatively weak, though it still may be enough to form a quasar.[11]

Merger remnant

The galaxy product of the collision has been nicknamed Milkomeda or Milkdromeda. According to simulations, this object will look like a giant elliptical galaxy, but with a center showing less stellar density than current elliptical galaxies.[11] It is however possible the resulting object will be a large disk galaxy, depending on the amount of remaining gas in the Milky Way and Andromeda.[14]

In the far future, roughly 150 billion years from now, the remaining galaxies of the Local Group will coalesce into this object, that being the next evolutionary stage of our group of galaxies.[15]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Cowen, R. (31 May 2012). "Andromeda on collision course with the Milky Way". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10765.
  2. 1 2 3 Hazel Muir (2007-05-14). "Galactic merger to 'evict' Sun and Earth". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
  3. ↑ Loeb, Abraham; Cox, TJ. (June 2008). Astronomy. p. 28.
  4. 1 2 NASA (2012-05-31). "NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision". NASA. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  5. ↑ "Milkomeda, Our Future Home". Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  6. ↑ John Dubinski (October 2006). "The Great Milky Way-Andromeda Collision" (PDF). Sky & Telescope.
  7. ↑ van der Marel, G.; et al. (2012). "The M31 Velocity Vector. III. Future Milky Way M31-M33 Orbital Evolution, Merging, and Fate of the Sun". The Astrophysical Journal 753: 9. arXiv:1205.6865. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753....9V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/9.
  8. ↑ "Andromeda involved in galactic collision". MSNBC. 2007-01-29. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
  9. ↑ Roeland van der Marel; Gurtina Besla; T.J. Cox; Sangmo Tony Sohn; Jay Anderson (2012). "The M31 Velocity Vector. III. Future Milky Way-M31-M33 Orbital Evolution, Merging, and Fate of the Sun". The Astrophysical Journal. arXiv:1205.6865. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753....9V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/9.
  10. 1 2 Cain, Fraser (2007). "When Our Galaxy Smashes Into Andromeda, What Happens to the Sun?". Universe Today. Archived from the original on 17 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Cox, T. J.; Loeb, Abraham (2008). "The Collision Between The Milky Way And Andromeda". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386 (1): 461–474. arXiv:0705.1170. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.tmp..333C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13048.x.
  12. ↑ Schröder, K.-P.; Smith, R. C. (2008). "Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386 (1): 155. arXiv:0801.4031. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.386..155S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x.
  13. ↑ Carrington, D. (2000-02-21). "Date set for desert Earth". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  14. ↑ Junko Ueda; et al. "Cold molecular gas in merger remnants. I. Formation of molecular gas disks". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 214 (1). arXiv:1407.6873. Bibcode:2014ApJS..214....1U. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/214/1/1.
  15. ↑ Fred C. Adams; Gregory Laughlin (1997). "A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects". Reviews of Modern Physics 69 (2): 337–372. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337.

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