Instructions per second
Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer's processor speed. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realistic workloads typically lead to significantly lower IPS values. Memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance, an issue barely considered in IPS calculations. Because of these problems, synthetic benchmarks such as SPECint or Dhrystone are now generally used to estimate computer performance in commonly used applications, and raw IPS has fallen into disuse.
The term is commonly used in association with a numeric value such as thousand instructions per second (kIPS), million instructions per second (MIPS), and billion instructions per second (GIPS).
Thousand instructions per second (kIPS)
Before standard benchmarks were available, average speed rating of computers was based on calculations for a mix of instructions with the results given in kilo Instructions Per Second (kIPS). The most famous was the Gibson Mix,[1] produced by Jack Clark Gibson of IBM for scientific applications. Other ratings, such as the ADP mix which does not include floating point operations, were produced for commercial applications. Computer Speeds From Instruction Mixes pre-1960 to 1971 has results for around 175 computers, providing scientific (Gibson) and commercial (ADP) ratings. For IBM, the earliest Gibson Mix calculations shown are the 1954 IBM 650 at 0.06 kIPS and 1956 IBM 705 at 0.5 kIPS. The results are mainly for IBM and others known as the BUNCH — Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, CDC, and Honeywell.
The thousand instructions per second (kIPS) unit is rarely used today, as most current microprocessors can execute at least a million instructions per second.
Millions of instructions per second (MIPS)
The speed of a given CPU depends on many factors, such as the type of instructions being executed, the execution order and the presence of branch instructions (problematic in CPU pipelines). CPU instruction rates are different from clock frequencies, usually reported in Hz, as each instruction may require several clock cycles to complete or the processor may be capable of executing multiple independent instructions simultaneously. MIPS can be useful when comparing performance between processors made with similar architecture (e.g. Microchip branded microcontrollers). They are difficult to compare between differing CPU architectures.[2]
For this reason, MIPS has become not a measure of instruction execution speed, but task performance speed compared to a reference. In the late 1970s, minicomputer performance was compared using VAX MIPS, where computers were measured on a task and their performance rated against the VAX 11/780 that was marketed as a 1 MIPS machine. (The measure was also known as the VAX Unit of Performance or VUP.) This was chosen because the 11/780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System/370 model 158-3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS.
Many minicomputer performance claims were based on the Fortran version of the Whetstone benchmark, giving Millions of Whetstone Instructions Per Second (MWIPS). The VAX 11/780 with FPA (1977) runs at 1.02 MWIPS.
Effective MIPS speeds are highly dependent on the programming language used. The Whetstone Report has a table showing MWIPS speeds of PCs via early interpreters and compilers up to modern languages. The first PC compiler was for BASIC (1982) when a 4.8 MHz 8088/87 CPU obtained 0.01 MWIPS. Results on a 2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (1 CPU 2007) vary from 9.7 MWIPS using BASIC Interpreter, 59 MWIPS via BASIC Compiler, 347 MWIPS using 1987 Fortran, 1,534 MWIPS through HTML/Java to 2,403 MWIPS using a modern C/C++ compiler.
For the most early 8-bit and 16-bit microprocessors, performance was measured in thousand instructions per second (1 kIPS = 0.001 MIPS).
zMIPS refers to the MIPS measure used internally by IBM to rate its mainframe servers (zSeries, IBM System z9, and IBM System z10).
Weighted million operations per second (WMOPS) is a similar measurement, used for audio codecs.
Timeline of instructions per second
Note: Bold highlight indicates the next step-up in terms of the highest known MIPS figures of their time.
Processor / System | Dhrystone MIPS / MIPS | D IPS / clock cycles per second | D IPS / clock cycles per second / cores per die | Year | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UNIVAC I | 0.002 MIPS at 2.25 MHz | 0.0008 | 0.0008 | 1951 | |
Intel 4004 | 0.092 MIPS at 740 kHz (Not Dhrystone) | 0.124 | 0.124 | 1971 | [4] |
IBM System/370 158 | 0.64 MIPS at 8.696 MHz | 0.0736 | 0.0736 | 1972 | [5] |
Intel 8080 | 0.29 MIPS at 2 MHz | 0.145 | 0.145 | 1974 | [6] |
MOS Technology 6502 | 0.43 MIPS at 1 MHz | 0.43 | 0.43 | 1975 | [7] |
Intel 8080A | 0.435 MIPS at 3 MHz | 0.145 | 0.145 | 1976 | [6] |
Zilog Z80 | 0.58 MIPS at 4 MHz | 0.145 | 0.145 | 1976 | [7] |
Motorola 6809 | 0.42 MIPS at 1 MHz | 0.42 | 0.42 | 1977 | [7] |
Motorola 6802 | 0.5 MIPS at 1 MHz | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1977 | [8] |
IBM System/370 158-3 | 0.73 MIPS at 8.696 MHz | 0.0839 | 0.0839 | 1977 | [5] |
VAX-11/780 | 1 MIPS at 5 MHz | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1977 | [5] |
Fujitsu FACOM 230-75 APU | 2 MIPS at 11 MHz | 0.182 | 0.182 | 1977 | [9][10] |
Intel 8086 | 0.33 MIPS at 5 MHz | 0.066 | 0.066 | 1978 | [6] |
Fujitsu MB8843 | 2 MIPS at 2 MHz (Not Dhrystone) | 1 | 1 | 1978 | [11] |
Intel 8088 | 0.75 MIPS at 10 MHz | 0.075 | 0.075 | 1979 | [6] |
Motorola 68000 | 1.4 MIPS at 8 MHz | 0.175 | 0.175 | 1979 | [7] |
Zilog Z8001/Z8002 | 1.5 MIPS at 6 MHz | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1979 | [12] |
Intel 8035/8039/8048 | 6 MIPS at 6 MHz (Not Dhrystone) | 1 | 1 | 1980 | [13] |
Fujitsu MB8843/MB8844 | 6 MIPS at 6 MHz (Not Dhrystone) | 1 | 1 | 1980 | [11] |
Zilog Z80/Z80H | 1.16 MIPS at 8 MHz | 0.145 | 0.145 | 1981 | [7][14] |
Motorola 6802 | 1.79 MIPS at 3.58 MHz | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1981 | [8][15] |
Zilog Z8001/Z8002B | 2.5 MIPS at 10 MHz | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1981 | [12] |
MOS Technology 6502 | 2.522 MIPS at 5.865 MHz | 0.43 | 0.43 | 1981 | [7][15] |
Sega G80 (3 cores) | 7.4 MIPS at 8 MHz | 2.467 | 0.333 | 1981 | [16] |
Intel 286 | 1.28 MIPS at 12 MHz | 0.107 | 0.107 | 1982 | [5] |
Motorola 68000 | 2.188 MIPS at 12.5 MHz | 0.175 | 0.175 | 1982 | [7] |
Motorola 68010 | 2.407 MIPS at 12.5 MHz | 0.193 | 0.193 | 1982 | [17] |
NEC V20 | 4 MIPS at 8 MHz | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1982 | [18] |
Namco Pole Position (7 cores) | 8.141 MIPS at 3.072 MHz | 1.163 | 0.379 | 1982 | [19] |
LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System (257 cores) | 642.5 MIPS at 10 MHz | 2.5 | 0.25 | 1982 | [20] |
Texas Instruments TMS32010 | 5 MIPS at 20 MHz | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1983 | [21] |
NEC V30 | 5 MIPS at 10 MHz | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1983 | [18] |
Motorola 68010 | 3.209 MIPS at 16.67 MHz | 0.193 | 0.193 | 1984 | [17] |
Motorola 68020 | 4.848 MIPS at 16 MHz | 0.303 | 0.303 | 1984 | [22] |
Hitachi HD63705 | 2 MIPS at 2 MHz | 1 | 1 | 1985 | [23][24] |
Intel i386DX | 2.15 MIPS at 16 MHz | 0.134 | 0.134 | 1985 | [5] |
Hitachi-Motorola 68HC000 | 3.5 MIPS at 20 MHz | 0.175 | 0.175 | 1985 | [7] |
Intel 8751 | 8 MIPS at 8 MHz | 1 | 1 | 1985 | [25] |
Sega System 16 (4 cores) | 16.33 MIPS at 10 MHz | 4.083 | 0.408 | 1985 | [26] |
ARM2 | 4 MIPS at 8 MHz | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1986 | |
Texas Instruments TMS34010 | 6 MIPS at 50 MHz | 0.12 | 0.12 | 1986 | [27] |
NEC V70 | 6.6 MIPS at 20 MHz | 0.33 | 0.33 | 1987 | [28] |
Motorola 68030 | 9 MIPS at 25 MHz | 0.36 | 0.36 | 1987 | [29][30] |
Gmicro/200 | 10 MIPS at 20 MHz | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1987 | [31] |
Texas Instruments TMS320C20 | 12.5 MIPS at 25 MHz | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1987 | [32] |
Analog Devices ADSP-2100 | 12.5 MIPS at 12.5 MHz | 1 | 1 | 1987 | [33] |
Texas Instruments TMS320C25 | 25 MIPS at 50 MHz | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1987 | [32] |
Motorola 68020 | 10 MIPS at 33 MHz | 0.303 | 0.303 | 1988 | [22] |
Motorola 68030 | 18 MIPS at 50 MHz | 0.36 | 0.36 | 1988 | [30] |
Namco System 21 (10 cores) | 73.927 MIPS at 25 MHz | 2.957 | 0.296 | 1988 | [34] |
Intel i386DX | 4.3 MIPS at 33 MHz | 0.13 | 0.13 | 1989 | [5] |
Intel i486DX | 8.7 MIPS at 25 MHz | 0.348 | 0.348 | 1989 | [5] |
NEC V80 | 16.5 MIPS at 33 MHz | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1989 | [28] |
Intel i860 | 25 MIPS at 25 MHz | 1 | 1 | 1989 | [35] |
Atari Hard Drivin' (7 cores) | 33.573 MIPS at 50 MHz | 0.671 | 0.0959 | 1989 | [36] |
NEC SX-3 (4 cores) | 680 MIPS at 400 MHz | 1.7 | 0.425 | 1989 | [37][38] |
Motorola 68040 | 44 MIPS at 40 MHz | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1990 | [39] |
Namco System 21 (Galaxian³) (96 cores) | 1,660.386 MIPS at 40 MHz | 41.51 | 0.432 | 1990 | [40] |
AMD Am386 | 9 MIPS at 40 MHz | 0.225 | 0.225 | 1991 | [41] |
Intel i486DX | 11.1 MIPS at 33 MHz | 0.336 | 0.336 | 1991 | [5] |
Intel i860 | 50 MIPS at 50 MHz | 1 | 1 | 1991 | [35] |
Intel i486DX2 | 25.6 MIPS at 66 MHz | 0.388 | 0.388 | 1992 | [5] |
DEC Alpha 21064 EV4 | 86 MIPS at 150 MHz | 0.573 | 0.573 | 1992 | [5] |
DEC Alpha 21064 EV4 | 135 MIPS at 200 MHz | 0.675 | 0.675 | 1993 | [5][42] |
MIPS R4400 | 85 MIPS at 150 MHz | 0.567 | 0.567 | 1993 | [43] |
Gmicro/500 | 132 MIPS at 66 MHz | 2 | 2 | 1993 | [44] |
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 601 | 157.7 MIPS at 80 MHz | 1.971 | 1.971 | 1993 | [45] |
SGI Onyx RealityEngine2 (36 cores) | 2,640 MIPS at 150 MHz | 17.6 | 0.489 | 1993 | [46] |
Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator (36 cores) | 2,880 MIPS at 150 MHz | 19.2 | 0.533 | 1993 | [43] |
Fujitsu-NAL Numerical Wind Tunnel (168 cores) | 10,718.4 MIPS at 105 MHz | 63.8 | 0.608 | 1993 | [47][48] |
ARM7 | 40 MIPS at 45 MHz | 0.889 | 0.889 | 1994 | [49] |
Intel DX4 | 70 MIPS at 100 MHz | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1994 | [6] |
Motorola 68060 | 110 MIPS at 75 MHz | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1994 | |
Intel Pentium | 188 MIPS at 100 MHz | 1.88 | 1.88 | 1994 | [50] |
Microchip PIC16F | 5 MIPS at 20 MHz | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1995 | [51] |
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603e | 188 MIPS at 133 MHz | 1.414 | 1.414 | 1995 | [52] |
ARM 7500FE | 35.9 MIPS at 40 MHz | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1996 | |
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603ev | 423 MIPS at 300 MHz | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1996 | [52] |
Intel Pentium Pro | 541 MIPS at 200 MHz | 2.7 | 2.7 | 1996 | [53] |
Hitachi SH-4 | 360 MIPS at 200 MHz | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1997 | [54][55] |
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 750 | 525 MIPS at 233 MHz | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1997 | |
Zilog eZ80 | 80 MIPS at 50 MHz | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1999 | [56] |
Intel Pentium III | 2,054 MIPS at 600 MHz | 3.4 | 3.4 | 1999 | [50] |
Sega Naomi Multiboard (32 cores) | 6,400 MIPS at 200 MHz | 32 | 1 | 1999 | [57] |
Freescale MPC8272 | 760 MIPS at 400 MHz | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2000 | [58] |
AMD Athlon | 3,561 MIPS at 1.2 GHz | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2000 | |
Sony-Toshiba Emotion Engine (PS2) | 6,000 MIPS at 294 MHz | 20.408 | 2.551 | 2000 | [59] |
Silicon Recognition ZISC 78 | 8,600 MIPS at 33 MHz | 260.6 | 260.6 | 2000 | [60] |
NEC SX-6 (Single Node, 8 cores) | 44,208 MIPS at 500 MHz | 88.416 | 11.052 | 2001 | [5] |
NEC SX-6 (128 Node, 1024 cores) | 5,658,624 MIPS at 500 MHz | 11,317.248 | 11.052 | 2001 | [5] |
ARM11 | 515 MIPS at 412 MHz | 1.25 | 1.25 | 2002 | [61] |
NEC Earth Simulator (5120 cores) | 28,293,540 MIPS at 500 MHz | 56,587.08 | 11.052 | 2002 | [62] |
AMD Athlon XP 2500+ | 7,527 MIPS at 1.83 GHz | 4.1 | 4.1 | 2003 | [50] |
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition | 9,726 MIPS at 3.2 GHz | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2003 | |
Microchip PIC10F | 1 MIPS at 4 MHz | 0.25 | 0.25 | 2004 | [63][64] |
ARM Cortex-M3 | 125 MIPS at 100 MHz | 1.25 | 1.25 | 2004 | [65] |
Nios II | 190 MIPS at 165 MHz | 1.13 | 1.13 | 2004 | [66] |
MIPS32 4KEc | 356 MIPS at 233 MHz | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2004 | [67] |
VIA C7 | 1,799 MIPS at 1.3 GHz | 1.4 | 1.4 | 2005 | [68] |
ARM Cortex-A8 | 2,000 MIPS at 1.0 GHz | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2005 | [69] |
AMD Athlon FX-57 | 12,000 MIPS at 2.8 GHz | 4.3 | 4.3 | 2005 | |
AMD Athlon 64 3800+ X2 (Dual core) | 14,564 MIPS at 2.0 GHz | 7.3 | 3.6 | 2005 | [70] |
ARM Cortex-R4 | 450 MIPS at 270 MHz | 1.66 | 1.66 | 2006 | [71] |
MIPS32 24K | 604 MIPS at 400 MHz | 1.51 | 1.51 | 2006 | [72] |
PS3 Cell BE (PPE only) | 10,240 MIPS at 3.2 GHz | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2006 | |
Xbox360 IBM "Xenon" (Triple core) | 19,200 MIPS at 3.2 GHz | 6.0 | 2.0 | 2005 | |
AMD Athlon FX-60 (Dual core) | 18,938 MIPS at 2.6 GHz | 7.3 | 3.6 | 2006 | [70] |
Intel Core 2 Extreme X6800 (Dual core) | 27,079 MIPS at 2.93 GHz | 9.2 | 4.6 | 2006 | [70] |
Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6700 (Quad core) | 49,161 MIPS at 2.66 GHz | 18.4 | 4.6 | 2006 | [73] |
MIPS64 20Kc | 1,370 MIPS at 600 MHz | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2007 | [74] |
P.A. Semi PA6T-1682M | 8,800 MIPS at 1.8 GHz | 4.4 | 4.4 | 2007 | [75] |
Qualcomm Scorpion (Cortex A8-like) | 2,100 MIPS at 1 GHz | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2008 | [61] |
Intel Atom N270 (Single core) | 3,846 MIPS at 1.6 GHz | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2008 | [76] |
Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9770 (Quad core) | 59,455 MIPS at 3.2 GHz | 18.6 | 4.6 | 2008 | [77] |
Intel Core i7 920 (Quad core) | 82,300 MIPS at 2.93 GHz | 28.089 | 7.022 | 2008 | [78] |
ARM Cortex-M0 | 45 MIPS at 50 MHz | 0.9 | 0.9 | 2009 | [79] |
ARM Cortex-A9 (Dual core) | 7,500 MIPS at 1.5 GHz | 5.0 | 2.5 | 2009 | [80] |
AMD Phenom II X4 940 Black Edition | 42,820 MIPS at 3.0 GHz | 14.3 | 3.5 | 2009 | [81] |
Fujitsu SPARC64 VIIIfx | 113,471.314 MIPS at 2 GHz | 113,471.314 | 7.092 | 2009 | [59][82] |
AMD Phenom II X6 1100T | 78,440 MIPS at 3.3 GHz | 23.7 | 3.9 | 2010 | [78] |
Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 980X (Hex core) | 147,600 MIPS at 3.33 GHz | 44.7 | 7.46 | 2010 | [83] |
Tianhe-1A (186,368 cores) | 2,670,000,000 MIPS at 2.93 GHz | 14,326.494 | 4.89 | 2010 | [59][84] |
ARM Cortex A5 | 1,256 MIPS at 800 MHz | 1.57 | 1.57 | 2011 | [69] |
ARM Cortex A7 | 2,850 MIPS at 1.5 GHz | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2011 | [61] |
Qualcomm Krait (Cortex A15-like, Dual core) | 9,900 MIPS at 1.5 GHz | 6.6 | 3.3 | 2011 | [61] |
AMD E-350 (Dual core) | 10,000 MIPS at 1.6 GHz | 6.25 | 3.125 | 2011 | [85] |
Nvidia Tegra 3 (Quad core Cortex-A9) | 13,800 MIPS at 1.5 GHz | 9.2 | 2.5 | 2011 | |
Samsung Exynos 5250 (Cortex-A15-like Dual core) | 14,000 MIPS at 2.0 GHz | 7.0 | 3.5 | 2011 | [86] |
Intel Core i5-2500K (Quad core) | 83,000 MIPS at 3.3 GHz | 25.152 | 6.288 | 2011 | [87] |
Intel Core i7 875K | 92,100 MIPS at 2.93 GHz | 31.4 | 7.85 | 2011 | [88] |
AMD FX-8150 (Eight core) | 108,890 MIPS at 3.6 GHz | 30.2 | 3.78 | 2011 | [89][90] |
Intel Core i7 2600K | 117,160 MIPS at 3.4 GHz | 34.45 | 8.61 | 2011 | [91] |
Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 3960X (Hex core) | 176,170 MIPS at 3.3 GHz | 53.38 | 8.89 | 2011 | [92] |
Fujitsu K computer (705,024 cores) | 10,000,000,000 MIPS at 2 GHz | 113,471.314 | 7.092 | 2011 | [59][82] |
AMD FX-8350 | 97,125 MIPS at 4.2 GHz | 23.1 | 2.9 | 2012 | [90][93] |
Intel Core i7 3770K | 106,924 MIPS at 3.9 GHz | 27.4 | 6.9 | 2012 | [90] |
Intel Core i7 3630QM | 113,093 MIPS at 3.2 GHz | 35.3 | 8.83 | 2012 | [94] |
Intel Core i7 4770K | 133,740 MIPS at 3.9 GHz | 34.29 | 8.57 | 2013 | [90][93][95] |
Intel Core i7 5960X | 238,310 MIPS at 3.0 GHz | 79.4 | 9.92 | 2014 | [96] |
Raspberry Pi 2 | 4,744 MIPS at 1.0 GHz | 4.744 | 1.186 | 2014 | [97] |
Processor / System | Dhrystone MIPS / MIPS | D IPS / clock cycles per second | D IPS / clock cycles per second / cores per die | Year | Source |
Historic data
- Computer Speeds From Instruction Mixes pre-1960 to 1971 (kIPS 175 systems)
- Computer Speed Claims 1980 to 1996 (MIPS >2000 systems)
- PC CPU Performance Comparisons %MIPS/MHz
See also
- Benchmark (computing)
- BogoMips (measurement of CPU speed made by the Linux kernel)
- Cycles per instruction
- Dhrystone (benchmark) - DMIPS integer benchmark
- FLOPS - floating-point operations per second
- Whetstone (benchmark) - floating-point benchmark
- Instructions per cycle
- Million service units (MSU)
- Orders of magnitude (computing)
- Performance per watt
- List of ARM microarchitectures
References
- ↑ Gibson, J.C. (1970). The Gibson Mix (Technical Report TR 00.2043). Poughkeepsie, N.Y.: IBM Systems Development Division.
- ↑ Ted MacNeil. "Don't be Misled by MIPS". IBM magazine.
- ↑ US Steel News. 15-20. Industrial Relations Department of The United States Steel Corporation of Delaware. 1950–1955. p. 29.
- ↑ MCS4 > IntelP4004
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 http://www.jcmit.com/cpu-performance.htm
- 1 2 3 4 5 http://web.archive.org/web/20120424231244/http://www.depi.itch.edu.mx/apacheco/asm/Intel_cpus.htm
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 http://www.drolez.com/retro/
- 1 2 2 cycles per instruction
- ↑ http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/super/0003.html
- ↑ http://homepage1.nifty.com/KSudou-NET/ks0D0D03.htm
- 1 2 1 instruction per cycle
- 1 2 4 cycles per instruction = 0.25 instructions per cycle
- ↑ https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_inteldataSngleComponent8BitMicrocomputerDataSheet1_846962/8048_8035_HMOS_Single_Component_8-Bit_Microcomputer_DataSheet_1980
- ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20120219195401/http://www.cityofberwyn.com/simulation/gameHardware/G80ref1.20.txt
- 1 2 http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=735
- ↑ Sega G80: Zilog Z80 @ 8 MHz (1.16 MIPS ), 2× Intel 8035/8039 @ 3.12 MHz (6.24 MIPS )
- 1 2 10% faster than 68000 (0.175 MIPS per MHz )
- 1 2 NEC V20/V30: 250 nanoseconds per instruction @ 8 MHz
- ↑ Namco Pole Position: Zilog Z80 @ 3.072 (0.445 MIPS ), 2× Zilog Z8002 @ 3.072 MHz (1.536 MIPS ), 4× Fujitsu MB8843/MB8844 @ 1.54 MHz (6.16 MIPS )
- ↑ LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System: 257× Zilog Z8001 at 10 MHz (2.5 MIPS ) each
- ↑ http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tms320ss16.pdf
- 1 2 MC68020 Product Summary Page
- ↑ http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/pdf/1985/08/1985_08_05.pdf
- ↑ http://www.datasheetarchive.com/dlmain/Datasheets-13/DSA-246134.pdf
- ↑ 1 instruction per cycle
- ↑ Sega System 16: Hitachi-Motorola 68000 @ 10 MHz (1.75 MIPS), NEC-Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz (0.58 MIPS) , Intel 8751 @ 8 MHz (8 MIPS ), Intel 8048 @ 6 MHz (6 MIPS )
- ↑ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT22
- 1 2 http://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=59745&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=8
- ↑ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KU7dCBpP7fsC&pg=PA130
- 1 2 MC68030 Product Summary Page
- ↑ http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/tronvlsicpu.html
- 1 2 http://historyofracinggames.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/060-1987-drivers-eyes-1989-winning-run.pdf
- ↑ http://pdf.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheet/analogdevices/ADSP-2100KG.pdf
- ↑ Namco System 21 hardware: 5× Texas Instruments TMS320C20 @ 25 MHz (62.5 MIPS ), 2× Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz (4.301 MIPS ), Motorola 68020 @ 12.5 MHz (3.788 MIPS ), Hitachi HD63705 @ 2.048 MHz (2.048 MIPS ), Motorola 6809 @ 3.072 MHz (1.29 MIPS )
- 1 2 http://alacron.com/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=Inteli860_basedBusBoardsFT_200_VME&category=news
- ↑ Atari Hard Drivin' hardware: Motorola 68000 @ 7 MHz (1.225 MIPS ), Motorola 68010 @ 7 MHz (1.348 MIPS ), 3× Texas Instruments TMS34010 @ 50 MHz (18 MIPS ), Analog Devices ADSP-2100 @ 8 MHz (8 MIPS ), Texas Instruments TMS32010 @ 20 MHz (5 MIPS )
- ↑ http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle/j$002fpiko.1990.13.issue-4$002fpiko.1990.13.4.205$002fpiko.1990.13.4.205.xml;jsessionid=2928071D864D5E4F9045C8A209E7AA94
- ↑ http://www.top500.org/system/170813
- ↑ MC68040 Product Summary Page
- ↑ Namco System 21 (Galaxian³) hardware: 80× Texas Instruments TMS320C25 @ 40 MHz (1600 MIPS ), 5× Motorola 68020 @ 24.576 MHz (37.236 MIPS ) Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz (2.15 MIPS ), 10× Motorola 68000 @ 12 MHz (21 MIPS )
- ↑ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sc0wyeolS8cC&pg=PA97
- ↑ Digital's 21064 Microprocessor, Digital Equipment Corporation (c1992) accessdate=2009-08-29
- 1 2 http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=832
- ↑ http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=623816
- ↑ http://www.netlib.org/performance/html/dhrystone.data.col0.html
- ↑ 24× MIPS R4400 (2040 MIPS), 12× Intel i860 (600 MIPS)
- ↑ http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/super/0020.html
- ↑ http://www.fujitsu.com/global/Images/fujitsu-contribution-to-hpc.pdf
- ↑ http://www.segatech.com/technical/saturnspecs/
- 1 2 3 Tomshardware Cpu chart 2004
- ↑ PIC16F84A
- 1 2 http://www.fermimn.gov.it/inform/materiali/evarchi/motorola/603e_fs.pdf
- ↑ SiSoftware Zone
- ↑ http://www.segatech.com/technical/cpu/
- ↑ http://www.segatech.com/archives/january1998.html
- ↑ "Zilog Sees New Lease of Life for Z80 in Internet Appliances". Computergram International. 1999.
- ↑ Sega Naomi Multiboard hardware: 16× Hitachi SH-4 at 200 MHz (5760 MIPS ), 16× ARM7 at 45 MHz (640 MIPS )
- ↑ Freescale Semiconductor - MPC8272 PowerQUICC II Processor Family
- 1 2 3 4 http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/book97/ch3/processor.list.txt
- ↑ http://www.datasheetarchive.com/ZISC78-datasheet.html
- 1 2 3 4 Anandtech ARM Cortex A7 architecture comparison
- ↑ NEC Earth Simulator: 5,120× NEC SX-6 at 500 MHz (28,293,540 MIPS)
- ↑ PIC10F200
- ↑ Microchip Technology Debuts Industry’s First 6-Pin Microcontrollers: The World’s Smallest Microcontroller
- ↑ ARM Cortex-M3
- ↑ Nios II Performance Benchmarks
- ↑
- ↑ mini-itx.com - epia px 10000 review
- 1 2 ARM Cortex-A Series Comparison
- 1 2 3 CPU Charts 2007 - Tom's Hardware
- ↑ Cortex-R4 Processor
- ↑ [http://www.mips.com/products/cores/32-64-bit-cores/mips32-24k/ MIPS32 24K]
- ↑ Synthetics, Continued - Tom's Hardware : Intel's Core 2 Quadro Kentsfield: Four Cores on a Rampage
- ↑ Design Reuse - needs free registration
- ↑ Merritt, Rick (5 February 2007). "Startup takes PowerPC to 25 W". EE Times. UBM Tech. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
- ↑ OC Workbench
- ↑ Synthetic - Sandra CPU - Tom's Hardware : Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9770: Paper Tiger?
- 1 2 Tom's Hardware Cpu Charts 2010
- ↑ Cortex-M0 Processor
- ↑ EEE Journal
- ↑ XtremeSystems Member Synthetic - Sandra CPU
- 1 2 K computer: 88,128× Fujitsu SPARC64 VIIIfx @ 2 GHz each
- ↑ Overclock3D - Sandra CPU
- ↑ http://www.top500.org/system/176929
- ↑ Tom's Hardware
- ↑ Samsung Exynos 5250 Announcement
- ↑ http://www.guru3d.com/articles-pages/core-i5-2500k-and-core-i7-2600k-review,13.html
- ↑ Tom's Hardware - Desktop CPU Charts 2011: Sandra 2010 Pro ALU
- ↑ HardOCP Bulldozer Desktop Performance - Synthetic Benchmarks
- 1 2 3 4 http://www.cpu-world.com/benchmarks/browse/910_80,965_61,993_80,1035_96/?c_test=6&PROCESS=Show+Selected
- ↑ Tom's Hardware - Benchmark Results: Synthetics
- ↑ HardOCP - Synthetic Benchmarks
- 1 2 http://versus.com/en/amd-fx-8350-black-edition-vs-intel-core-i7-4770k
- ↑ - Notebookcheck
- ↑ http://www.notebookcheck.net/Intel-Core-i7-Desktop-4770K-Notebook-Processor.93553.0.html
- ↑ http://techgage.com/print/core-i7-5960x-extreme-edition-review-intels-overdue-desktop-8-core-is-here/
- ↑ http://hackaday.com/2015/02/05/benchmarking-the-raspberry-pi-2/