Mineral acid

A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. All mineral acids form hydrogen ions and the conjugate base ions when dissolved in water.

Characteristics

Commonly used mineral acids are sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid (they are also known as bench acids). Mineral acids range from acids of great strength (example: sulfuric acid) to very weak (boric acid). Mineral acids tend to be very soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents.

Mineral acids are used in many sectors of the chemical industry as feedstocks for the synthesis of other chemicals, both organic and inorganic. Large quantities of these acids – especially sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid – are manufactured for commercial use in large plants.

Mineral acids are also used directly for their corrosive properties. For example, a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid is used for removing the deposits from the inside of boilers, with precautions taken to prevent the corrosion of the boiler by the acid. This process is known as descaling.

World Production

World Annual Production
2014

Acid	tonnes
Sulfuric	200,000,000
Nitric	60,000,000
Phosphoric	38,000,000
Hydrochloric	20,000,000

Examples

• Hydrochloric acid HCl
• Nitric acid HNO₃
• Phosphoric acid H₃PO₄
• Sulfuric acid H₂SO₄
• Boric acid H₃BO₃
• Hydrofluoric acid HF
• Hydrobromic acid HBr
• Perchloric acid HClO₄
• Hydroiodic acid HI
• ((Hydrofluoric acid)) HF

External links

• Mineral Acids: Reregistration Eligibility Decision Fact Sheet – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency