Montreal Metro

Montreal Metro

Top Left: Hector Guimard's Paris Métro entrance at Square-Victoria-OACI
Top Right: Interior of the new MPM-10 ("Azur") trains.[1]
Centre:MR-73 train at Montmorency station.
Bottom Left: Two MR-73 trains at Plamondon station.
Bottom Right: Ceramic mural at Crémazie station.
Overview
Native name Métro de Montréal
Locale Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Transit type Rapid transit
Number of lines 4
Number of stations 68
Daily ridership 1,245,700 (avg. weekday,
Q1 2014)[2]
Annual ridership 356,096,000 (2013)[3]
Operation
Began operation October 14, 1966
Operator(s) Société de transport de Montréal
Number of vehicles 759
Technical
System length 69.2 km (43.0 mi)[4][5]
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
with running pads for the rubber tired wheels outside of the steel rails
Electrification "Third rail", 750 V DC on the guide bars at either side of the track
Average speed 40 km/h (25 mph)
Top speed 72 km/h (45 mph)

The Montreal Metro (French: Métro de Montréal) is a rubber-tired, underground metro system, and the main form of public transport, in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

The Metro, operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM), was inaugurated on October 14, 1966, during the tenure of Mayor Jean Drapeau. Originally consisting of 26 stations on three separate lines, the Metro now has 68 stations on four lines totalling 69.2 kilometres (43.0 mi) in length,[4][5] serving the north, east, and centre of the Island of Montreal with connections to Longueuil, via the Yellow Line, and Laval, via the Orange line.

The Montreal Metro is Canada's busiest metro system, and North America's third busiest in total daily passenger usage behind those of New York City and Mexico City, delivering an average of 1,245,700 daily unlinked passenger trips per weekday (as of Q1 2014).[2] In 2013, 356.1 million trips on the Metro were completed (transfers counted as separate trips).[3] According to the STM website the Metro system had transported over 7 billion passengers as of 2010, roughly equivalent to the world's population. Montreal has built one of North America's largest urban rapid transit schemes, serving the fourth-largest number of passengers overall (after New York City, Mexico City, and Toronto) and attracting the second-highest ridership per capita behind New York City.[6]

The Montreal Metro was inspired by the Paris Metro, which is clearly seen in the Metro's station design and rolling stock.[7]

History

Urban transit first came in 1861 where a first line of horse-drawn cars started to operate on St. James St. (now St-Jacques). Eventually, as Montreal grew, a comprehensive network of streetcar lines provided service almost everywhere. But urban congestion started to take its toll on streetcar punctuality, so the idea of a metro was soon considered.

Abandoned projects

Starting in 1910, where a first proposal was tabled, the Montreal metro would prove to be an elusive goal of the Montreal Tramways Company, and following municipalization, of the Montreal Transportation Commission.

The first metro proposal, dated 1910, was for a single line running underneath Bleury Street and Park Avenue from Craig Street (now St-Antoine Street) all the way to Mont Royal Avenue. The line was to run underground from Craig to Pine Avenue. An eventual expansion up Saint Laurent Boulevard to De Montigny was also contemplated at the time.

In 1944, the Montreal Tramways Company proposed a two-line network, running underneath Rue Sainte-Catherine from Square Cabot (Rue Atwater) to Avenue Papineau, and a second line under St-Denis Street (from Jean-Talon to Notre-Dame), then turning westwards under Notre-Dame and St-Jacques Street all the way to Rue Guy, then turning north and connecting with the other line at Guy.

Proposed extensions were to run northward under De Lorimier up to Beaubien, eastward from De Lorimier to Viau under Rue Ontario, northward Chemin Côte-des-Neiges and Queen-Mary to Snowdon (Décarie), westward under Sherbrooke to Girouard, and southwards under Wellington, Centre and Verdun to 1ère Avenue in Verdun.

In 1953 the newly formed Montreal Transportation Commission proposed a single line, running under Rue Sainte Catherine from Rue Atwater towards Peel where the line would have turned south, going underneath Square Dorchester all the way down to Rue Saint-Jacques, which it followed to Rue Saint-Denis. Then, it would have gone north all the way to Boulevard Crémazie, right by the D'Youville maintenance shops.

Proposed extensions were to run northwest under Sherbrooke, Girouard & Décarie to De L’Église, in St-Laurent, northeast under D’Iberville and Jean-Talon to Pie-IX and eastward under Ontario to Viau. By this point, construction was well underway on Canada's first metro line in Toronto under Yonge Street, which would be opened in 1954.

In 1963 the last proposal was the closest to what was to be built. The major difference with the built initial network was that there was no line to Longueuil, line 2 extended northward only to Crémazie instead of Henri-Bourassa, and that the Canadian National commuter train lines to Cartierville and Montréal-Nord would be integrated into the system. Negotiations with CN did not work out, and line 3 was left unbuilt. However, a line numbered 4 was built to Longueuil, on the south shore, to serve Île Sainte-Hélène, site of Expo 67.

Proposed extensions were to run northwest under Sherbrooke, Girouard & Décarie to De L’Église, in St-Laurent, northeast under d’Iberville to Crémazie and eastward under Ontario to Viau.

The 1960s were very optimistic years. Metro planning did not escape the general exuberance of those years, and a 1967 study[8] proposed six additional lines that would bring the 25 km of Métro lines of 1967 to 112 km for 1982.

Unbuilt lines and extensions

The Orange and Blue lines, however, were not planned to end where they eventually did in 1990. The Orange Line was meant to have two or three more stations beyond Côte-Vertu; however, priority funding was given to complete the Blue Line. The plans for Grenet/Poirier, Bois-Franc, and Salaberry stations were abandoned. The Blue Line was also shortened to reduce costs. It had been projected to have stops west of Snowdon (Côte Saint-Luc, Cavendish, Montréal-Ouest, Lafleur) and east of Saint-Michel (Pie-IX, Viau, Lacordaire, Langelier, Galeries d'Anjou).

Two Metro lines in initial planning were also abandoned: the Line 7/Pie IX - Saint-Leonard/White Line, also due to the same funding issues. Proposed for by the Bureau des Transports de Montréal (BTM) in September 1983, the original project for a new north-south line (Line 7, the number 6 being reserved for another surface metro line proposed by the Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ)) would have had 10 stations (from Pie-IX to Léger), which then was proposed by the Communauté urbaine de Montréal (CUM) at the start of 1984, this time having 12 stations (from Pie-IX to Maurice-Duplessis/Langelier).

Current network

Stained-glass mural by Pierre Gaboriau and Pierre Osterrath at Berri-UQAM station
McGill station during rush hour.

Construction began in May 1962 and was undertaken before Montreal was chosen as host of the 1967 World's Fair (Expo 67), held in the summer of 1967. Regardless of the fair, the city badly needed a mass transportation system, as demonstrated by numerous proposals dating back to 1910.[9] The main lines (Green (Line 1), Atwater to Frontenac; and Orange (Line 2), Bonaventure to Henri-Bourassa) were opened gradually starting in October 1966, with the Yellow line (Line 4) (Berri-de-Montigny to Longueuil, on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River) not opened until April 1967.

A Line 3 had been intended as a surface metro running in part through the existing railway tracks running under Mount Royal to Cartierville. But then, as negotiations with the Canadian National Railway (CN Rail) for the use of their tracks and tunnel were stalled, Montreal was chosen as host of the Expo 67. Plans and budgets were therefore redirected for the design and construction of a replacement line, Line 4, constructed especially for Expo 67, in place of the never built Line 3. (The CN tracks under Mont-Royal are still used for the Deux-Montagnes commuter train, which was modernized in 1995.) The Montreal Metro nonetheless continues to be numbered as if this proposed line had been constructed as Line 3 of the Metro.

With the awarding of the 1976 Summer Olympics to Montreal, construction began in October 1971 for the extension of Line 1 from Frontenac to Honoré-Beaugrand to service the main Olympic site; the new stations were opened in June 1976.

Later, Line 1 was extended from Atwater to Angrignon (September 1978), while Line 2 was extended from Bonaventure to Place-Saint-Henri (April 1980), Snowdon (September 1981), Côte-Sainte-Catherine and Plamondon (January and June 1982), and Du Collège (January 1984).

Crowded Berri-UQAM station during rush hour

Two years later, a new line (Blue (Line 5)) was built from De Castelnau to Saint-Michel (June 1986), with transfers to Line 2 at Jean-Talon, and Line 2 was extended further to Côte-Vertu (November 1986). Line 5 was then extended to Parc (June 1987), Acadie (March 1988), and the existing Snowdon station on Line 2 (January 1988). The Montreal Metro is Canada's largest metro system.

While a number of proposals for further expansion had been studied over the years, it all came to a stop around 1990, when the Quebec Liberal Party government of Robert Bourassa government placed a moratorium on further metro construction. Then, in 2002, under the Parti Québécois government of Bernard Landry, construction began on a three-station extension of Line 2 from Henri-Bourassa under the Rivière des Prairies to Montmorency on Île Jésus (northwest of the Île de Montréal). This extension was completed and the three new stations were opened on April 28, 2007. Ridership increased by 60,000 a day with the new stations, as of 2009.[10]

Vision 2020

In December 2011, Agence Métropolitaine de Transport announced a "Vision 2020" plan and studies on expanding the Blue Line towards the borough of Anjou and the Orange Line towards Bois-Franc train station.[11] On September 20, 2013 the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) and provincial government announced the extension of the Blue Line east as far as Anjou, with five new stations. It was expected to be completed by the early 2020s.

After the Parti Québecois lost the 2014 provincial election, the future of the Blue Line extension came into question. The Liberal government of Philippe Couillard has instead expressed interest to extend a mass-transit line in some capacity to the West Island, and to implement an LRT line on the future replacement of the Champlain Bridge underway.

Because of new funding for infrastructure in 2016 from the federal government, the Blue Line will have five new stops added, according to the STM.[12]

Network

A train at Berri-UQAM during rush hour

The Montreal Metro consists of four lines,[13] which are usually identified by their colour or terminus station. The terminus station in the direction of travel is used to differentiate between directions of travel. The busiest line is the Orange Line, while the least is the Blue Line. The Yellow Line is the shortest line, with three stations, built for Expo 67. On April 28, 2007, three new stations were opened in Laval along the Orange Line. Metro lines that leave the Île de Montréal are the Orange Line, which continues to Laval, and the Yellow Line, which continues to Longueuil. On weekdays and Saturday and Sundays, the Metro service runs from approximately 5:30 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. on the Green, Orange and Yellow lines and 5:30 a.m. to 12:15 a.m. on the Blue line. The busiest station on the network is Berri UQAM, which connects the Orange, Green and Yellow lines.[13]

Line # Colour From To Year First Opened Year Last Extended Length Stations Rush Hour Train Frequency Off-Peak Frequency
1 Green Angrignon Honoré-Beaugrand 1966 1978 22.1 km 27 2–4 minutes 4–10 minutes
2 Orange Côte-Vertu Montmorency 1966 2007 30.0 km 31 2–4 minutes 4–10 minutes
4 Yellow Berri-UQAM Longueuil–Université-de-Sherbrooke 1967 1967 4.25 km 3 4–6 minutes 10 minutes
5 Blue Snowdon Saint-Michel 1986 1988 9.7 km 12 3–5 minutes 6–10 minutes

Operation

Metro service starts at 05:30 and stops at 01:00 on weekdays and Sunday, and 01:30 on Saturday. However, the Blue Line stops service earlier, at 00:15 due to lower passenger volumes. During rush hour, there are two to five minutes between trains on the Orange and Green Lines. The frequency, however, decreases to 12 minutes during late nights.

The STM operates both the Metro and the bus services in Montreal, and thus transfers between bus and Metro are free. Fare payment is via a barrier system, including magnetic tickets and passes, as well as a RFID card.

Fares are partially integrated with the Agence métropolitaine de transport's commuter rail system, which links the Metro to the outer suburbs via five interchange stations.

Lionel-Groulx Metro station

OPUS

Main article: OPUS card
OPUS card reader at Bonaventure Metro Station

On April 21, 2008, the STM unveiled the OPUS contactless smart card as a means of fare payment. In preparation for this new step in Montreal's public transportation network, turnstiles which incorporate the reader and automated vending machines had already been installed in metro stations; buses had previously been fitted with new fare boxes that incorporate the card reader, in order to ensure the uniformity of methods of payment across Montreal's transit network and that of its suburbs.

The smart card provides seamless integration with other transit networks of neighbouring cities, eliminating the need to carry small change or purchase different tickets. The commuter train service, run by the Agence métropolitaine de transport, requires the purchasing of a ticket different from those offered by the STM. Unlike the magnetic stripe cards previously in use, which had been sold alongside the new OPUS cards up until May 2009, the contactless smart card is not at risk of becoming demagnetized and rendered useless, and does not require patrons to slide the card through a reader.

Costs to the STM related to the project are approximately $138 million, compared to the original estimated cost of some $100 million. The project was originally supposed to be implemented in 2006.

MétroVision

A MétroVision screen at Place-des-Arts station.

Metro stations are equipped with the MétroVision information screens which display advertising, news headlines and weather information from RDI and MétéoMédia, as well as STM-specific information regarding service changes, service delays and information pertaining to using the system. Since the end of 2014 the STM has installed screens in all of the 68 metro stations. Berri-UQAM station was the first station to have these screens installed.[14]

Design

De La Concorde Metro station.
One of the entrances to the Square-Victoria-OACI metro station looks like a Paris Métro station. This original Hector Guimard gate was a gift from the city of Paris.

The design of the Metro was heavily influenced by Montreal's winter conditions. Unlike other cities' metros, nearly all station entrances in Montreal are completely enclosed; usually they are in small, separate buildings with swivelling doors meant to mitigate the wind caused by train movements that can make doors difficult to open.

All separate entrances are set back from the sidewalk; as well, several stations in Downtown Montreal are directly connected to buildings, and thus have several entrances inside existing buildings and street-level entrances, making the Metro an integral part of Montreal's underground city. Several metro entrances are also located within building facades. Only three stations have open entrances, which are prevalent in other cities.

The Montreal Metro had been a rather late adopter of accessibility compared to many subway systems (including those older than the Metro), much to the dismay of accessibility advocates in Montreal.[15] The first accessible stations on the system were the three stations in Laval, Cartier, De la Concorde and Montmorency which opened in 2007 as part of the Orange Line extension. Four existing stations - Lionel-Groulx, Berri-UQAM, Henri-Bourassa, and Cote-Vertu had been made accessible during the course of 2009 to 2010.[16] Bonaventure is currently partially accessible, with an elevator from the platform and mezzanine, however, elevators connecting the latter to the street level have not yet been implemented.

To date, there are nine accessible stations on the system, all of which along the Orange Line(though some are interchange stations): Côte-Vertu, Lionel-Groulx, Bonaventure, Champ-de-Mars, Berri-UQAM, Henri-Bourassa, Cartier, De La Concorde, Montmorency, and Jean-Talon.

Montreal's metro is renowned for its architecture and public art. Under the direction of Drapeau, a competition among Canadian architects was held to decide the design of each station, ensuring that every station was built in a different style by a different architect. Several stations, such as Berri-UQAM, are important examples of modernist architecture, and various system-wide design choices were informed by the International Style.

Along with the Stockholm Metro, Montreal pioneered the installation of public art in the metro among capitalist countries, a practice that beforehand was mostly found in socialist and communist nations (the Moscow Metro being a case in point). More than fifty stations are decorated with over one hundred works of public art, such as sculpture, stained glass, and murals by noted Quebec artists, including members of the famous art movement, the Automatistes.

Some of the most important works in the Metro include the stained-glass window at Champ-de-Mars station, the masterpiece of major Quebec artist Marcelle Ferron; and the Guimard entrance at Square-Victoria-OACI station, like the famous metro entrances designed for the Paris Métro, on permanent loan[17] since 1966 by the RATP to commemorate its cooperation in constructing the metro. Installed in 1967 (the 100th anniversary of Guimard's birth), this is the only authentic Guimard entrance in use outside Paris, although reproductions using original moulds were given to Mexico City (Metro Bellas Artes on line 8), Chicago (Van Buren Station on the Metra network), Lisbon (Picoas station on the yellow line) and Moscow (Kievskaya station on the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya).

Rolling stock

The Montreal Metro's 759-car fleet runs entirely underground and uses exclusively rubber tires instead of steel wheels. As noted in the STM official document, The Montreal Métro, a source of pride, the Metro runs entirely underground because the cars are not weatherproof and the electrical system would be severely affected by rain and melting snow.

Conception of the first generation of rolling stock in Montreal went beyond just adopting the MP 59 metro car from Paris.

North American cities building modern metro systems (Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Atlanta, Montreal) in the 1960s and 1970s were in search of modern rolling stock that not only best fit their needs, but also encompassing a change in industrial design that focused on the aesthetics and performance of public transit vehicles.

Unlike the metro cars of most other systems, Montreal's cars do not have air conditioning.[18] The claim, stated by the STM, is that the metro is built entirely underground and air conditioning would heat the tunnels potentially creating a larger problem. The Montreal trains are among the oldest North American metro trains in service - the Canadian Vickers MR-63 dates back to the system's opening in 1966 and the Bombardier Transportation MR-73 to 1976 - but extended longevity is expected of rolling stock operated under fully sheltered conditions. The lack of air conditioning can make trips uncomfortable for passengers.[19] Passengers cannot move between cars once on board with the current train stock, which can be an inconvenience if the car becomes overcrowded or when looking for a seat. The trains are 2.5 m (8.20 ft) wide, narrower than the trains used by most other North American metro systems. This narrow width limits the train capacity, but allows the use of single tunnels (for both tracks) in construction of the metro lines.[20] In response to overcrowding on the orange line, a redesign of the MR-73 cars removed some seats to provide more standing room. The new Bombardier MPM-10 (AZUR) trains will allow passengers to move between cars once on board.

Design

View of a track from a sandpile bumper post showing the cross-section of guide bars, concrete rollways and conventional track

Montreal's metro trains are made of LAHT (low-alloy high-tensile) steel, painted blue with a thick white stripe running lengthwise. Trains are assembled in three, six or nine-car lengths. Each three-car segment element consists of two motor cab cars encompassing a trailer car. Each car is 2.5 m (8 ft 2.4 in) wide and has four wide bi-parting leaf doors on each side for rapid passenger entry and egress. The small cross section of the cars allows easier tunnel construction under existing underground utilities. The total capacity of each car is 160 passengers, 39 to 40 of which are seated. Design specifications called for station dwell times of typically 8 to 15 seconds.

Each car has two sets of bogies (trucks), each with four sets of support tires, guide tires and backup conventional steel wheels. The motor cars each have four direct-current traction motors coupled to reduction gears and differentials. Montreal's metro trains use electromagnetic brakes, which create retarding forces against the side rails of the track. The electromagnetic brakes are generated by the train's kinetic energy until it has slowed down to about 10 km/h (6.2 mph). The train then uses composite brake blocks made of yellow birch injected with peanut oil to bring it to a complete stop. Two sets are applied against the treads of the steel wheels for friction braking. Hard braking produces a characteristic burnt popcorn scent. Wooden brake shoes perform well, but if subjected to numerous high-speed applications they develop a carbon film that diminishes brake performance.

Rubber tires on the Montreal Metro transmit minimal vibration and help the cars climb uphill more easily and negotiate turns at high speeds. However, the advantages of rubber tires are offset by noise levels generated by traction motors, which are noisier than the typical North American metro car. Trains can climb slopes of up to 6.5% and economize the most energy when following a humped-station profile (track profiles that descend to accelerate after leaving a station and climb before entering the station). Steel-wheel train technology has undergone significant advances and can better round tight curves, and climb and descend similar grades and slopes but despite these advances, steel-wheel trains still cannot operate at high speeds (45 mph or 72 km/h) on the same steep or tightly curved track profiles as a train equipped with rubber tires.

Train operation

Switches use conventional points on the standard gauge track to guide trains. Rubber tires, rolling on concrete rollways, keep supporting the full weight of the trains as they go through switches. Guideways are provided in order to ensure there are no gaps in the electrical power supply.
Marks on the floor indicate where the doors will open

All lines but the Yellow Line are equipped with automatic train control. Generally, the train operator does the closing of doors and starts the DA (Départ automatique, automatic departure), and then the train drives itself. The train operator can also drive the train manually at his or her discretion. Signalling is effected through coded pulses sent through the rails. Coded speed orders and station stop positions transmitted through track beacons are captured by beacon readers mounted under the driver cabs. The information sent to the train's electronic modules conveys speed information, and it is up to the train automatic control system computer to conform to the imposed speed. Additionally, the train computer can receive energy-saving instructions from track beacons, providing the train with four different economical coasting modes, plus one mode for maximum performance. In case of manual control, track speed is displayed on the cab speedometer indicating the maximum permissible speed. The wayside signals consist of point (switch/turnout) position indicators in proximity to switches and inter-station signalling placed at each station stop. Trains often reach their maximum speed of 70–72 km/h (43.5–44.7 mph) in 16 to 26 seconds depending on grade and load.

Trains are programmed to stop at certain station positions with a precise odometer (accurate to plus or minus five centimetres). They receive their braking program and station stop positions orders (one-third, two-thirds, or end of station) from track beacons prior to entering the station, with additional beacons in the station for ensuring stop precision. The last beacon is positioned at precisely 12 turns of wheels from the end of the platform, which help improve the overall precision of the system.

Trains draw current from two sets of 750-volt direct current guide bar/third rails on either side of each motor car. Nine-car trains draw large currents of up to 6,000 amperes , requiring that both models of rolling-stock have calibrated traction motor control systems to prevent power surges, arcing and breaker tripping. Both models have electrical braking (using motors) to assist primary friction braking, reducing the need to replace the brake pads.

Two models of train are used on the Metro. The Canadian Vickers-built MR-63, delivered for the Metro's opening in 1966, is used on the Green and Yellow Lines and the Bombardier-built MR-73 is used on the Orange and Blue lines.

The trains are equipped with double coverage broadband radio systems, provided by Thales Group.[21]

Train models

The Montreal Metro uses three models of metro cars: the older MR-63 in service since 1966, the MR-73 in use since 1976 (but refurbished between 2005-2008), and the brand new MPM-10 "Azur" model, which entered service in 2016. The STM is planning to replace the old MR-63 model with the Azur trains, and will result wuth the retirement of the MR-63 trains after over 50 years of service. The new model will have fully connected train wagons that allow passengers to move from one end of the train to the other.[22]

Maintenance facilities

Rolling stock maintenance is effected in three facilities, in two locations.

Plateau d'Youville

The Plateau d'Youville facility in the north end of the city is located at the intersection of Crémazie and Saint-Laurent Boulevards.

It provides heavy maintenance of buses, metro cars, light maintenance of MR-73 metro cars and is the main base for the track maintenance workshops (where track sections are pre-assembled prior to installation).

Beaugrand Garage

An older generation MR-63 train is in the Beaugrand Garage. Note the turntable to change trucks in the foreground.

The Beaugrand Garage is located east of line 1 terminus Honoré-Beaugrand. It is entirely underground, and its main access point is through the Honoré-Beaugrand station.

It has seven tracks to accommodate light maintenance on MR-63 metro cars and two test tracks.[23]

Centre d'attachement Duvernay

Duvernay is a garage and base for maintenance of way equipment. It accesses the network through the line 1/line 2 interchange southeast of Lionel-Groulx. The access building is located at the corner of Duvernay and Vinet streets in Sainte-Cunégonde.

Centre d'attachement Viau

Viau is a garage and base for maintenance of way equipment. It accesses the network immediately west of the Viau station (line 1). The access building is within the Viau station building; in fact, facilities are visible from trains going west of the station.

Snowdon

Heavy work trains are hauled with sizeable tractors such as this old (1966) "Duplex". Traction is effected through the rubber-tired wheels, and guidance through the retractable flanged wheel. This tractor can also operate on the road.

The interchange track between lines 2 and 5 south/west of Snowdon station is used for the storage of maintenance of way equipment. There are no surface facilities.

The tail tracks west of Snowdon station extend about 790 metres west of the station, reaching the border of the city of Hampstead. The end of the track is marked by an emergency exit on the corner of Queen Mary and Dufferin Roads.

Garages

Idle trains are stored in four garages: Angrignon (west of Angrignon line 1 terminus), Beaugrand (east of Honoré-Beaugrand line 1 terminus), Saint-Charles (north of Henri-Bourassa terminus) and Montmorency. The latter has been built perpendicular to its station to allow an easier potential expansion of the Line 2 deeper in Laval territory.

Future projects

City of Montreal

On June 12, 2008 the City of Montreal released its overall transportation plan for the immediate future. In addition to service improvements in bus and rail, the following projects were given priority status in the overall transportation scheme:

De La Savane Station
Vendôme Station

City of Longueuil

City of Laval

Future Line 2 orange of the (West Branch to East Branch)

West Island

Pioneer in tunnel advertising

In the early years of the Montreal Metro's life, a unique mode of advertising was used. In some downtown tunnels, cartoons depicting an advertiser's product were mounted on the walls of the tunnel at the level of the cars' windows. A retail film processing outfit called Direct Film advertised on the north wall in the Westbound track of the Guy (now Guy-Concordia)-to-Atwater Station (Green Line) during 1967-1969. Strobe lights, aimed at the frames of the cartoon and triggered by the passing train, sequentially illuminated the images so that they appeared to the viewer (passenger) on the train as a movie.[30] Today known as "tunnel movies" or "tunnel advertising", they have been installed in many cities' metros around the world in recent years,[31] for example in the Southgate tube station in London, the MBTA Red Line in Boston, MARTA in Atlanta, the DC Metro, San Francisco's Montgomery Bay Area Rapid Transit station, and on the North South MRT Line on the Mass Rapid Transit of Singapore.[32]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Bombardier to lay off 145 workers in La Pocatière over Metro car production stall". CBC News. January 23, 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Transit Ridership Report, First Quarter, 2014" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. May 21, 2014. p. 32. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
  3. 1 2 "Transit Ridership Report, Fourth Quarter, 2013" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. February 14, 2014. p. 31. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
  4. 1 2 Montreal Metro at urbanrail.net
  5. 1 2 Montreal Metro at metrobits.org
  6. ↑ Yonah Freemark September 18th, 2009 (2009-09-18). "Montréal and Québec Leaders Announce "Irreversible" Decision to Expand Métro « The Transport Politic". Thetransportpolitic.com. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  7. ↑ http://www.virgin-vacations.com/11-top-underground-transit-systems-in-the-world.aspx
  8. ↑ 1967 planning study
  9. ↑ "An underground railway project since 1910". STM. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
  10. ↑ "Métro à Laval : Un succès sur toute la ligne | Montréal". Radio-Canada.ca. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  11. ↑ "Railway Gazette: Montréal’s 2020 vision". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  12. ↑ "Ottawa investirait dans le prolongement du métro de Montréal". Métro (in French). Retrieved 2016-03-17.
  13. 1 2 "Useful info > Networks > Métro [map]". Société de transport de Montréal (STM). Retrieved 2014-07-24.
  14. ↑ http://www.stm.info/fr/node/792
  15. ↑ Sutherland, Anne (2010-12-15). "Métro elevator plans stall". Montrealgazette.com. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  16. ↑ ""Les ascenseurs des stations Lionel-Groulx et Berri-UQAM maintenant en service." ''Métro'' (Montreal). 14 September 2009. Accessed 20 September 2009". Journalmetro.com. 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  17. ↑ Interview Pierre Bourgeau by SRC oct 2006
  18. ↑ ""Métro et autobus: chaud débat sur la climatisation" ''Rue Frontenac'' (Montreal). 31 August 2010. Accessed 9 October 2010". Ruefrontenac.com. 2009-01-27. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  19. ↑ "Montreal's Car-Free Day Week: The Target Market, The Image, the Underground Heat". Montreal.about.com. 2010-09-21. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  20. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". metrodemontreal.com. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  21. ↑ "Thales Awarded Communications System Contract for Montreal Metro" (Press release). Thales. November 30, 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  22. ↑ http://www.stm.info/en/about/major_projects/azur-metro
  23. ↑ "Visite du garage Honoré-Beaugrand". Marc Dufour. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
  24. ↑ http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1381803/prolongement-de-la-ligne-bleue-du-metro
  25. ↑ "Ville de Montréal - Plan de transport - Le métro". Ville.montreal.qc.ca. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  26. ↑ "Deux nouvelles stations en vue". Radio-canada.ca. 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  27. ↑ Grenier, Jean-Claude (11/12/2008). "Le maire de Longueuil réitère l'importance de prolonger le métro vers Edouard-Montpetit" (in French). 24 Heures. Check date values in: |date= (help);
  28. 1 2 3 4 Lapointe, Diane (2009-04-04). "EXCLUSIF - Prolongement du métro : Longueuil veut que le projet aboutisse" (in French). Le Courrier du Sud. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  29. ↑ CA (2007-07-22). "Courrier Laval — Actualités — Montréal a bien d'autres priorités". Courrierlaval.com. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  30. ↑ NamesPro.ca. "NamesPro.ca | Register with Confidence". Sidetrack.ca. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  31. ↑ "PingMag - The Tokyo-based magazine about "Design and Making Things" " Archive " Top 10 ad-tricks in Tokyo's train stations". Pingmag.jp. 2006-10-13. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  32. ↑ "Moving Tunnel Ads Debut in D.C. | Business solutions from". AllBusiness.com. Retrieved 2011-03-10.

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