Mount Hood

This article is about the highest mountain in Oregon. For the mountain in California, see Mount Hood (California). For the community named Mount Hood, see Mount Hood, Oregon.
Mount Hood
Wy'east

Mount Hood reflected in Mirror Lake.
Highest point
Elevation 11,249 ft (3,429 m)  NAVD 88[1]
Prominence 7,706 ft (2,349 m) [2]
Listing
Coordinates 45°22′25″N 121°41′45″W / 45.373514489°N 121.695918558°W / 45.373514489; -121.695918558Coordinates: 45°22′25″N 121°41′45″W / 45.373514489°N 121.695918558°W / 45.373514489; -121.695918558 [1]
Geography
Mount Hood

Oregon, US

Location Clackamas / Hood River counties, Oregon, U.S.
Parent range Cascade Range
Topo map USGS Mount Hood South
Geology
Age of rock More than 500,000 years[3]
Mountain type Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc Cascade Volcanic Arc
Last eruption 1866[4]
Climbing
First ascent July 11, 1857 by Henry Pittock, W. Lymen Chittenden, Wilbur Cornell, and the Rev. T.A. Wood[5]
Easiest route Rock and glacier climb

Mount Hood, called Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc of northern Oregon. It was formed by a subduction zone on the Pacific coast and rests in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located about 50 miles (80 km) east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties. In addition to being Oregon's highest mountain, it is one of the loftiest mountains in the nation based on its prominence.

The height assigned to Mount Hood's snow-covered peak has varied over its history. Modern sources point to three different heights: 11,249 feet (3,429 m), a 1991 adjustment of a 1986 measurement by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS),[1] 11,240 feet (3,426 m) based on a 1993 scientific expedition,[6] and 11,239 feet (3,426 m)[7] of slightly older origin. The peak is home to 12 named glaciers and snowfields. It is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest in the Cascade Range.[8] Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt,[9] though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. Still, the odds of an eruption in the next 30 years are estimated at between 3 and 7 percent, so the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) characterizes it as "potentially active", but the mountain is informally considered dormant.[10]

Establishments

William Keith (American, 1838–1911). Mount Hood, Oregon, ca. 1881–1883. Brooklyn Museum

Timberline Lodge is a National Historic Landmark located on the southern flank of Mount Hood just below Palmer Glacier, with an elevation of about 6,000 feet (1,800 m).[11]

The mountain has six ski areas: Timberline, Mount Hood Meadows, Ski Bowl, Cooper Spur, Snow Bunny, and Summit. They total over 4,600 acres (7.2 sq mi; 19 km2) of skiable terrain; Timberline offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America.[12]

Mount Hood is within the Mount Hood National Forest, which comprises 1,067,043 acres (1,667 sq mi; 4,318 km2) of land—including four designated wilderness areas that total 314,078 acres (491 sq mi; 1,271 km2)—and more than 1,200 miles (1,900 km) of hiking trails.[13][14]

The most northwestern pass around the mountain is called Lolo Pass. Native Americans crossed the pass while traveling between the Willamette Valley and Celilo Falls.[15]

Name

View of Mount Hood from the west
Mt. Hood as seen from Timothy Lake.

The Multnomah name for Mount Hood was Wy'east. In one version of the legend, the two sons of the Great Spirit Sahale fell in love with the beautiful maiden Loowit, who could not decide which to choose. The two braves, Wy'east and Klickitat, burned forests and villages in their battle over her. Sahale became enraged and smote the three lovers. Seeing what he had done, he erected three mountain peaks to mark where each fell. He made beautiful Mount St. Helens for Loowit, proud and erect Mount Hood for Wy'east, and the somber Mount Adams for the mourning Klickitat.[16]

There are other versions of the legend. In another telling, Wy'east (Hood) battles Pahto (Adams) for the fair La-wa-la-clough (St. Helens). Or again Wy'east, the chief of the Multnomah tribe, competed with the chief of the Klickitat tribe. Their great anger led to their transformation into volcanoes. Their battle is said to have destroyed the Bridge of the Gods and thus created the great Cascades Rapids of the Columbia River.[17]

The mountain was given its present name on October 29, 1792, by Lt. William Broughton, a member of Captain George Vancouver's discovery expedition. Lt. Broughton observed its peak while at Belle Vue Point of what is now called Sauvie Island during his travels up the Columbia River, writing, "A very high, snowy mountain now appeared rising beautifully conspicuous in the midst of an extensive tract of low or moderately elevated land [location of today's Vancouver, Washington] lying S 67 E., and seemed to announce a termination to the river." Lt. Broughton named the mountain after Lord (Samuel) Hood, a British Admiral at the Battle of the Chesapeake.[8]

Lewis and Clark spotted the mountain on October 18, 1805. A few days later at what would become The Dalles, Clark wrote, "The pinnacle of the round topped mountain, which we saw a short distance below the banks of the river, is South 43-degrees West of us and about 37 miles (60 km). It is at this time topped with snow. We called this the Falls Mountain, or Timm Mountain." Timm was the native name for Celilo Falls. Clark later noted that it was also Vancouver's Mount Hood.[18][19]

Two French explorers from the Hudson's Bay Company may have traveled into the Dog River area east of Mount Hood in 1818. They reported climbing to a glacier on "Montagne de Neige" (Mountain of Snow), probably Eliot Glacier.[18]

Ships

USS Mount Hood (AE-29)

There have been two United States Navy ammunition ships named for Mount Hood, despite the mountain's namesake having been an enemy commander. USS Mount Hood (AE-11) was commissioned in July 1944 and was destroyed in November 1944 while at anchor in Manus Naval Base, Admiralty Islands. Her explosive cargo ignited, resulting in 45 confirmed dead, 327 missing and 371 injured.[20] A second ammunition ship, AE-29, was commissioned in May 1971 and decommissioned in August 1999.[21]

Volcanic activity

Satellite image of Mount Hood
The northeast face seen from an altitude of 39,000 feet (12,000 m) on June 10, 2014

The glacially eroded summit area consists of several andesitic or dacitic lava domes; Pleistocene collapses produced avalanches and lahars (rapidly moving mudflows) that traveled across the Columbia River to the north. The eroded volcano has had at least four major eruptive periods during the past 15,000 years.[22]

The last three eruptions at Mount Hood occurred within the past 1,800 years from vents high on the southwest flank and produced deposits that were distributed primarily to the south and west along the Sandy and Zigzag rivers. The last eruptive period took place around 220 to 170 years ago, when dacitic lava domes, pyroclastic flows and mudflows were produced without major explosive eruptions. The prominent Crater Rock just below the summit is hypothesized to be the remains of one of these now-eroded domes. This period includes the last major eruption of 1781 to 1782 with a slightly more recent episode ending shortly before the arrival of Lewis and Clark in 1805. The latest minor eruptive event occurred in August 1907.[22][23]

The glaciers on the mountain's upper slopes may be a source of potentially dangerous lahars when the mountain next erupts. There are vents near the summit that are known for emitting gases such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.[24] Prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the only known fatality related to volcanic activity in the Cascades occurred in 1934, when a climber suffocated in oxygen-poor air while exploring ice caves melted by fumaroles in Coalman Glacier.[8]

Since 1950, there have been several earthquake swarms each year at Mount Hood, most notably in July 1980 and June 2002.[25][26] Seismic activity is monitored by the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington, which issues weekly updates (and daily updates if significant eruptive activity is occurring at a Cascades volcano).[27]

The most recent evidence of volcanic activity at Mount Hood consists of fumaroles near Crater Rock and hot springs on the flanks of the volcano.[28]

Elevation

Date Elevation By
1854 18,361 ft (5,596 m) Thomas J. Dryer[29]
1854 19,400 ft (5,900 m) Belden[29]
1857 14,000 ft (4,300 m) Mitchell's School Atlas[30]
1866 17,600 ft (5,400 m) Rev. Atkinson[29]
1867 11,225 ft (3,421 m) Col. Williamson[29]
1916 11,253 ft (3,430 m) Adm. Colbert[29]
1939 11,245 ft (3,427 m) Adm. Colbert[29]
1980 11,239 ft (3,426 m) USGS using NGVD 29[23]
1991 11,249 ft (3,429 m) U.S. National Geodetic Survey, 1986 measurement adjusted using NAVD 88[1]
1993 11,240 ft (3,426 m) Scientific expedition[6] and 11,239 feet (3,426 m)[7] of slightly older origin
2008? 11,235 ft (3,424 m) Encyclopædia Britannica[31]

Mount Hood was first seen by European explorers in 1792 and is believed to have maintained a consistent summit elevation, varying by no more than a few feet due to mild seismic activity. Elevation changes since the 1950s are predominantly due to improved survey methods and model refinements of the shape of the Earth (see vertical reference datum). Despite the physical consistency, the estimated elevation of Mount Hood has varied substantially over the years.

Early explorers on the Columbia River estimated the elevation to be 10,000 to 12,000 feet (3,000 to 3,700 m). Two people in Thomas J. Dryer's 1854 expedition calculated the elevation to be 18,361 feet (5,596 m) and that the tree line was at about 11,250 feet (3,430 m). Two months later, a Mr. Belden claimed to have climbed the mountain during a hunting trip and determined it to be 19,400 feet (5,900 m) upon which "pores oozed blood, eyes bled, and blood rushed from their ears." Sometime by 1866, Reverend G. H. Atkinson determined it to be 17,600 feet (5,400 m). A Portland engineer used surveying methods from a Portland baseline and calculated a height of between 18,000 and 19,000 feet (5,500 and 5,800 m). Many maps distributed in the late 19th century cited 18,361 feet (5,596 m), though Mitchell's School Atlas gave 14,000 feet (4,300 m) as the correct value. For some time, many references assumed Mount Hood to be the highest point in North America.[29]

Modern height surveys also vary, but not by the huge margins seen in the past. A 1993 survey by a scientific party that arrived at the peak's summit with 16 pounds (7.3 kg) of electronic equipment reported a height of 11,240 feet (3,426 m), claimed to be accurate to within 1.25 inches (32 mm).[6] Many modern sources likewise list 11,240 feet (3,426 m) as the height.[32][33][34] However, numerous others place the peak's height one foot lower, at 11,239 feet (3,426 m).[7][35][36] Finally, a height of 11,249 feet (3,429 m) has also been reported.[1][37][38][39]

Mount Hood's tree line is generally around 6,000 feet (1,800 m).[40]

Glaciers

Eliot Glacier, the largest glacier by volume on the mountain, is centered below the summit in this view from the northeast.
Eliot Glacier, the largest glacier by volume on the mountain, is centered below the summit (view from the northeast).
Mount Hood glaciers
Mount Hood glaciers

Mount Hood is host to 12[41][42] named glaciers or snow fields, the most visited of which is Palmer Glacier, partially within the Timberline Lodge ski area and on the most popular climbing route. The glaciers are almost exclusively above the 6,000-foot (1,800 m) level, which also is about the average tree line elevation on Mount Hood. More than 80 percent of the glacial surface area is above 7,000 feet (2,100 m).[40][43]

The glaciers and permanent snow fields have an area of 3,331 acres (1,348 ha) and contain a volume of about 282,000 acre feet (0.348 km3). Eliot Glacier is the largest glacier by volume at 73,000 acre feet (0.09 km3), and has the thickest depth measured by ice radar at 361 feet (110 m). The largest glacier by surface area is the Coe-Ladd Glacier system at 531 acres (215 ha).[43]

Glaciers and snowfields cover about 80 percent of the mountain above the 6,900-foot (2,100 m) level. The glaciers declined by an average of 34 percent from 1907–2004. Glaciers on Mount Hood retreated through the first half of the 20th century, advanced or at least slowed their retreat in the 1960s and 1970s, and have since returned to a pattern of retreat.[44] The neo-glacial maximum extents formed in the early 18th century.[8]

During the last major glacial event between 29,000 and 10,000 years ago, glaciers reached down to the 2,600-to-2,300-foot (790 to 700 m) level, a distance of 9.3 miles (15.0 km) from the summit. The retreat released considerable outwash, some of which filled and flattened the upper Hood River Valley near Parkdale and formed Dee Flat.[8]

Older glaciation produced moraines near Brightwood and distinctive cuts on the southeast side; they may date to 140,000 years ago.[8]

Climbing

Landmarks along the southern climbing route of Mount Hood
Aerial photograph of Mt. Hood's summit

Mount Hood is Oregon's highest point and a prominent landmark visible up to 100 miles (160 km) away. It has convenient access and a minimum of technical climbing challenges. About 10,000 people attempt to climb Mount Hood each year.[45] There are no trails to the summit. Even the "easier" southside climbing route is a technical climb with crevasses, falling rocks, and often inclement weather. Ropes, ice axes, crampons and other technical mountaineering gear are necessary. Peak climbing season is generally from April to mid-June.[46]

There are six main routes to approach the mountain with about 30 total variations for summiting. The climbs range in difficulty from class 2 to class 5.9+ (for Arachnophobia).[47] The most popular route, dubbed the south route, begins at Timberline Lodge and proceeds up Palmer Glacier to Crater Rock, the large prominence at the head of the glacier. The route goes east around Crater Rock and crosses Coalman Glacier on the Hogsback, a ridge spanning from Crater Rock to the approach to the summit. The Hogsback terminates at a bergschrund where Coalman Glacier separates from the summit rock headwall, and then to Pearly Gates, a gap in the summit rock formation, then right onto the summit plateau and the summit proper.[48]

Technical ice axes, fall protection, and experience are now recommended in order to attempt the left chute variation or Pearly Gates ice chute. The Forest Service is recommending several other route options due to these changes in conditions (e.g. "Old Chute", West Crater Rim, etc.).[49]

Climbing accidents

As of May 2002, more than 130 people had died in climbing-related accidents since records have been kept on Mount Hood, the first in 1896.[50] Incidents in May 1986, December 2006, and December 2009 attracted intense national and international media interest. Though avalanches are a common hazard on other glaciated mountains, most Mount Hood climbing deaths are the result of falls and hypothermia.[51] Despite a quadrupling of forest visitors since 1990, fewer than 50 people require rescue per year.[52] Only 3.4 percent of search and rescue missions in 2006 were for mountain climbers.[53]

Hiking

The Timberline Trail, which circumnavigates the entire mountain, was built in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Typically, the 40.7-mile (65.5 km) hike is snow-free from late July until the autumn snows begin. A portion of the Pacific Crest Trail is coincident with the Timberline Trail on the west side of Mount Hood.[54][55]

The predecessor of the Pacific Crest Trail was the Oregon Skyline Trail, established in 1920, which connected Mount Hood to Crater Lake.[56]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Mount Hood Highest Point". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  2. ↑ "Mount Hood, Oregon". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  3. ↑ "Mount Hood–History and Hazards of Oregon's Most Recently Active Volcano". U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 060-00. U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Forest Service. 2005-06-13. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
  4. ↑ "Hood". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
  5. ↑ "Glaciers of Oregon". Glaciers of the American West. Retrieved 2007-02-24. quoting McNeil, Fred H. (1937). Wy'east the Mountain, A Chronicle of Mount Hood. Hillsboro, Oregon: Metropolitan Press. OCLC 191334118.
  6. 1 2 3 "How High is Hood?" (editorial). The Register-Guard (Eugene, Oregon). 1993-09-14. p. A8. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  7. 1 2 3 Helman, Adam (2005). "Table of United States Peaks by Spire Measure". The Finest Peaks: Prominence and Other Mountain Measures. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 9781412059947. OCLC 71147989.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Swanson, D.A.; et al. (1989). "Mount Hood, Oregon". Cenozoic Volcanism in the Cascade Range and Columbia Plateau, Southern Washington and Northernmost Oregon: AGU Field Trip Guidebook T106, July 3–8, 1989. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
  9. ↑ Most likely to erupt based on history; see James S. Aber. "Volcanism of the Cascade Mountains". GO 326/ES 767. Emporia State University. Retrieved 2007-07-11.
  10. ↑ Scott, W.E.; Pierson, T.C.; Schilling, S.P.; Costa, J.E.; Gardner, C.A.; Vallance, J.W.; Major, J.J. (1997). "Volcano Hazards in the Mount Hood Region, Oregon". Open-File Report 97-89. U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02.
  11. ↑ "National Historic Landmarks Program—Timberline Lodge". National Historic Register. National Park Service. 1977-12-22. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
  12. ↑ Guido, Marc (2006-07-17). "Beat the Heat: Summer Skiing on Oregon's Mount Hood". FastTracks Online Ski Magazine. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  13. ↑ "About the Forest". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
  14. ↑ "Trail Stewardship". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
  15. ↑ Mussulman, Joseph (September 2011). "Lolo in Trade Jargon". Discovering Lewis & Clark. The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation. p. 12. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
  16. ↑ Topinka, Lyn (2008-05-21). "Naming the Cascade Range Volcanoes: Mount Adams, Washington". Volcanoes and History. Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO). Retrieved 2015-06-14.
  17. ↑ Clark, Ella E. (1953). Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23926-1. OCLC 51779712.
  18. 1 2 Grauer, p. 9
  19. ↑ Topinka, Lyn (2004-06-29). "The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark – October 1805 to June 1806: Introduction". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
  20. ↑ "USS Mount Hood (AE-11), 1944–1944". Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  21. ↑ "Mount Hood (AE 29)". Naval Vessel Register. U.S. Navy. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
  22. 1 2 "Volcano Information: Mount Hood". U.S. Geological Survey. 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
     This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  23. 1 2 Crandell, Dwight R. (1980). "Recent Eruptive History of Mount Hood, Oregon, and Potential Hazards from Future Eruptions". Geological Survey Bulletin 1492. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 1, 7–8, 43–45. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  24. ↑ Brantley, Steven R.; Scott, William E. "The Danger of Collapsing Lava Domes: Lessons for Mount Hood, Oregon". Earthquakes & Volcanoes, v. 24, n. 6, pp. 244–269. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2013-07-18.
  25. ↑ "Hood – Monthly Reports". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  26. ↑ "Cascade Range Current Update for June 29, 2002". U.S. Geological Survey. 2002-06-29. Archived from the original on 2013-09-04.
  27. ↑ "Current Alerts for U.S. Volcanoes: Cascade Range Volcanoes". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  28. ↑ "Oregon Volcanoes: Mt. Hood Volcano". U.S. Forest Service. 2003-12-24. Archived from the original on 2011-05-12.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Grauer, Jack (July 1975). Mount Hood: A Complete History. self-published. pp. 199, 291–292. OCLC 1849244.
  30. ↑ Mitchell, Samuel Augustus (1857). "Mitchell's School atlas: comprising the maps and tables designed to accompany Mitchell's School and family geography" (PDF). Philadelphia: H. Cowperthwait & Company. p. 8. nrlf_ucb:GLAD-83976101. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
  31. ↑ "Mount Hood National Forest". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  32. ↑ Morris, Mark (2007). "Columbia River Gorge and Mount Hood". Moon Oregon (Seventh ed.). Emeryville, California: Avalon Travel. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-56691-930-2. OCLC 74524856. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  33. ↑ Gutman, Bill; Frederick, Shawn (2003). Being Extreme: Thrills and Dangers in the World of High-risk Sports (Illustrated ed.). New York, New York: Citadel Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-8065-2354-5. OCLC 54525467. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  34. ↑ Palmerlee, Danny (2009). Pacific Northwest Trips (Illustrated ed.). Oakland, California: Lonely Planet. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-74179-732-9. OCLC 244420587. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  35. ↑ Marbach, Peter; Cook, Janet (2005). Mount Hood: The Heart of Oregon (Illustrated ed.). Portland, Oregon: Graphic Arts Center Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-55868-923-7. OCLC 60839414. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  36. ↑ DeBenedetti, Christian (March 2005). "Cliff Hanger". Popular Mechanics (Hearst Magazines) 182 (3): 136. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  37. ↑ Bernstein, Art (2003). Oregon Byways: 75 Scenic Drives in the Cascades and Siskiyous, Canyons and Coast. Berkeley, California: Wilderness Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-89997-277-0. OCLC 53021936. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  38. ↑ Roadtripping USA: The Complete Coast-to-Coast Guide to America. Let's Go (Third ed.). New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. 2009. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-312-38583-5. OCLC 243544813. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  39. ↑ Pluth, Tanya (2009). "Climbers Stranded on Mount Hood". climbing.com (Skram Media). Archived from the original on 2014-03-08.
  40. 1 2 Ostertag, George (2007). Levanthal, Josh, ed. Our Oregon. St. Paul, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-7603-2921-4. OCLC 74459023.
  41. ↑ "Glaciers of Oregon: Glaciated Regions". Glaciers of the American West. Portland State University. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  42. ↑ "USGS Mount Hood North (OR) Topo". TopoQuest. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
  43. 1 2 Driedger, Carolyn L.; Kennard, Paul M. (1986). "Ice Volumes on Cascade Volcanoes: Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Three Sisters and Mount Shasta". Geological Survey Professional Paper 1365. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  44. ↑ Jackson, Keith M.; Fountain, Andrew G. (2007). "Spatial and morphologic change on Eliot Glacier, Mount Hood, Oregon, USA". Annals of Glaciology 46: 222–226. Bibcode:2007AnGla..46..222J. doi:10.3189/172756407782871152.
  45. ↑ Green, Aimee; Larabee, Mark; Muldoon, Katy (2007-02-19). "Everything goes right in Mount Hood search". The Oregonian (Portland, Oregon). Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  46. ↑ "Mount Hood Summit". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
  47. ↑ "Mount Hood". SummitPost. 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
  48. ↑ "Portland, OR: Mount Hood via the South Side Route". Backpacker Magazine. Trimble Outdoors. 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
  49. ↑ "Climbing Mount Hood: Southside Climbing Conditions - June 9, 2007". United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on 2007-06-14.
  50. ↑ Holguin, Jaime (2002-05-30). "Last Body Recovered From Mount Hood". CBS News. Retrieved 2014-03-09.
  51. ↑ "Mount Hood National Forest Technical Climbing". GORP.com. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  52. ↑ Jaquiss, Nigel (1999-10-13). "Without A Trace". Willamette Week. Portland, Oregon. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
  53. ↑ Keck, Kristi (2007-02-20). "Weighing the risks of climbing on Mount Hood". CNN. Archived from the original on 2007-03-02. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  54. ↑ "Timberline National Historic Trail #600". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  55. ↑ Cook, Greg. "Weekend Backpacker: Portland". GORP. p. 2. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  56. ↑ USDA Forest Service (1921). Oregon Skyline Trail. Portland: The Oregon Tourist and Information Bureau.

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