Mycoplasma hominis infection

Micoplasma hominis infection
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 P23.6, A63.8, A49.3
eMedicine med/2340
MeSH D016869

Micoplasma hominis infection is caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma hominis.[1][2][3][4][5] Micoplasma hominis infection is spread through vaginal intercourse, oral-to-genital contact, and vertically from mother to her infant in utero or by the colonization by the bacteria as the baby descends through the birth canal or by nosocomial acquisition through transplanted tissues.[6] The presence of genital M. hominis infection is related to sexual practices behavior and income level but not ethnicity. The M. hominis bacteria is more common in African Americans than in Caucasians, but it is not determined if this is racial difference or socioeconomic status.[7] It is not present in the normal vaginal microbiota. It can also be present in bacterial vaginosis.[8][9]

Signs and symptoms

pyelonephritis

Those with urogenital or extragenital infections caused by M. homonis have symptoms similar to other sexually transmitted infections and its presence cannot be determined by its symptoms. Unfortunately, some clinicians are not completely familiar with Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species as sexually transmitted diseases. There is also a lack of testing facilities that can culture or use PCR testing to diagnose this infection. This infection is sometimes identified as 'last resort" after all other infections or diseases are ruled out. This is especially true if antibiotic treatment with medications are ineffective.The following effects and symptoms can be caused by Mycoplasma hominis:

Mycoplasma hominis often is present in polymicrobial infections, When present in patients with some of these conditions being one of several organisms may be present causing the infection.[10]

Neonatal infection

Neonates, especially if preterm, are susceptible to Mycoplama infections organisms through vertical transmission or colonization through passing the birth canal or in utero. If the bacteria is present in the bloodstream it can access the central nervous system. If Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma organisms are specifically sampled and cultured, they are of etiologic significance in neonatal lung disease, bacteremia, and meningitis. There are no characteristic signs and symptoms that can determine the type of pathogen present. Subtle manifestations, such as temperature instability, blood pressure fluctuations, heart rate, and respiratory efforts, may be the only clues that an infection is present. Clinicians can consider Mycoplasma species if signs and symptoms of infection are present and if the infant does not improve with administration of beta-lactam medications.[11] Deaths have occurred in neonates with septicemia and meningitis caused by Mycoplasma hominis. In some studies, the bacteria became undetectable cerebrospanal fluid (CSF) without treatment.[7]

Prevention

If symptomatic, testing is recommended.[12] The risk of contracting Micoplasma infection can be reduced by the following:

Treatment

Mycoplasmas have a triple-layered membrane and lack a cell wall. Commonly used antibiotics are generally ineffective because their efficacy is due to their ability to inhibit cell wall synthesis. Micoplasmas are not affected by penicillins and other antibiotics that act on the cell wall. The growth of micoplasmas in their host is inhibited by other broad-spectrum antibiotics. These broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the multiplication of the mycoplasma but does not kill them. Tetracyclines, macrolides, erythromycin, macrolides, ketolides, quinolones are used to treat mycoplasma infections. In addition to the penicillins, mycoplasmas are resistant to rifampicin. Mycoplasmas may be difficult to eradicate from human or animal hosts or from cell cultures by antibiotic treatment because of resistance to the antibiotic, or because it does not kill the mycoplasma cell. Mycoplasma cells are able to invade the cells of their hosts.[14]

References

  1. ↑ Caini, Saverio; Gandini, Sara; Dudas, Maria; Bremer, Viviane; Severi, Ettore; Gherasim, Alin (2014). "Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Epidemiology 38 (4): 329–338. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002. ISSN 1877-7821. PMID 24986642.
  2. ↑ Taylor-Robinson D, Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Oct;23(4):671-82; quiz 683-4. Infections due to species of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma: an update.
  3. ↑ Ljubin-Sternak, Sunčanica; Meštrović, Tomislav (2014). "Chlamydia trachomatisand Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health". Journal of Pathogens 2014: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2014/183167. ISSN 2090-3057. PMC 4295611. PMID 25614838.
  4. ↑ Schlicht, M. J.; Lovrich, S. D.; Sartin, J. S.; Karpinsky, P.; Callister, S. M.; Agger, W. A. (2004). "High Prevalence of Genital Mycoplasmas among Sexually Active Young Adults with Urethritis or Cervicitis Symptoms in La Crosse, Wisconsin". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42 (10): 4636–4640. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.10.4636-4640.2004. ISSN 0095-1137.
  5. ↑ McIver, C. J.; Rismanto, N.; Smith, C.; Naing, Z. W.; Rayner, B.; Lusk, M. J.; Konecny, P.; White, P. A.; Rawlinson, W. D. (2009). "Multiplex PCR Testing Detection of Higher-than-Expected Rates of Cervical Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Trichomonas and Viral Agent Infections in Sexually Active Australian Women". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47 (5): 1358–1363. doi:10.1128/JCM.01873-08. ISSN 0095-1137.
  6. ↑ "Ureaplasma Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  7. 1 2 "Ureaplasma Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  8. ↑ Clark, Natalie; Tal, Reshef; Sharma, Harsha; Segars, James (2014). "Microbiota and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 32 (01): 043–049. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1361822. ISSN 1526-8004. PMC 4148456. PMID 24390920.
  9. ↑ Larsen, Bryan; Hwang, Joseph (2010). "Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Fresh Look". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2010/521921. ISSN 1064-7449.
  10. ↑ "Ureaplasma Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes". Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  11. ↑ "Ureaplasma Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes". Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  12. ↑ Smith KJ, Cook RL, Roberts MS (2007). "Time from sexually transmitted infection acquisition to pelvic inflammatory disease development: influence on the cost-effectiveness of different screening intervals". Value Health 10 (5): 358–66. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00189.x. PMID 17888100.
  13. ↑ "Prevention - STD Information from CDC". Center For Disease Control. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
  14. ↑ Taylor-Robinson, D (1997). "Antibiotic susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and treatment of mycoplasmal infections". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 40 (5): 622–630. doi:10.1093/jac/40.5.622. ISSN 1460-2091.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, March 09, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.