Lusitanian mythology
Lusitanian mythology is the mythology of the Lusitanians, the Indo-European people of western Iberia, in the territory comprising most of modern Portugal, Extremadura and a small part of Salamanca.
Lusitanian deities heavily influenced all of the religious practices in western Iberia, namely also in Gallaecia. They mingled with Roman deities after Lusitania was conquered.[1]
Main pantheon
Of particular importance and popularity, especially following the Roman conquest, were a number of deities among whom were Endovelicus, Ataegina, Nabia and Trebaruna.
- Endovelicus was a god of healing and also had oracular functions. With ninety-four separate dedications,[1] he appears to have been the most important of all.
- Epona was a protector of horses, donkeys, and mules. She was particularly a goddess of fertility, as shown by her attributes of a patera, cornucopia, ears of grain and the presence of foals in some sculptures. She and her horses might also have been leaders of the soul in the after-life ride, with parallels in Rhiannon of the Mabinogion. Unusual for a Celtic deity, most of whom were associated with specific localities, the worship of Epona, "the sole Celtic divinity ultimately worshipped in Rome itself," was widespread in the Roman Empire between the first and third centuries AD.
- Nabia may have been two separate deities, the consort of the Lusitanian equivalent of the Roman Jupiter and another associated with earth and sacred springs.[2] Nabia had double invocation, one male and one female. The supreme Nabia is related to Jupiter and another incarnation of the deity, identified with Diana, Juno or Victoria or others from the Roman pantheon, linked to the protection and defense of the community or health, wealth and fertility.
- Trebaruna appears in inscriptions in the Lusitanian language associated with another, presumably male deity named Reve, whom Witczak[3] suggests may be the equivalent of the Roman Iovis or Jupiter, both names ultimately deriving from Proto-Indo-European *diewo-.
- Bandua or Bandi is another with numerous dedications: the name is male in most inscriptions and yet the only depiction is female, it seems the name referred to numerous deities, especially since Bandi/ Bandua often carries an epithet associating the name with that of a town or other location such as Bandua Roudaeco, Etobrico or Brealiacui. The god or goddess was probably the protector of the local community, often associated with the Roman Mars[4] and in one dedication is considered a god or goddess of the Vexillum or standard.[5]
There is hardly any sign of Bandua, Reue, Arentius-Arentia, Quangeius, Munidis, Trebaruna, Laneana and Nabia — all worshipped in the heart of Lusitania — outside the boundary with the Vettones. Bandua, Reue and Nabia were worshiped in the core area of Lusitania (including Northern Extremadura to Beira Baixa and Northern Lusitania) and reaching inland Galicia, the diffusion of these gods throughout the whole of the northern interior area shows a cultural continuity with Central Lusitania.
Two regional deities in Western Iberia do not occur in the region: Crouga, worshiped around Viseu, and Aernus, in the Bragança area. The largest number of indigenous deities found in the whole Iberian Peninsula are located in the Lusitanian-Galician regions, and models proposing a fragmented and disorganized pantheon have been discarded, since the number of deities occurring together is similar to those of other Celtic peoples in Europe and ancient civilizations.
Deities
Dii, Lares, Nymphs and Genii, were the main types of divinity worshiped, known from the Latin epigraphy, although many names are recorded in the Lusitanian or Celtiberian languages.
See also
- Enchanted Moura
- Castro culture
- Celtic mythology
- Etruscan mythology
- Germanic mythology
- Greek mythology
- List of deities
- Lusitanian language
- Ophiussa
- Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
- Proto-Indo-European mythology
- Roman mythology
References
- Notes
- Sources
- Bessa, Katia Maia; Martin, Jean-Pierre (20 November 1999). Recherches sur les Differents Aspects du Syncretisme Religieux dans la Lusitanie Romaine [Research in Different Aspects of Religious Syncretisme in Roman Lusitania] (in French). Albuquerque, New Mexico: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do IBICT.
- Coutinhas, José Manuel (2006). Aproximação à identidade etno-cultural dos Callaici Bracari [Approximating the Ethno-Cultural Identity of Callaici Bracari] (in Portuguese). Oporto, Portugal.
- García Fernández-Albalat, Blanca (1990). Guerra y Religión en la Gallaecia y la Lusitania Antiguas [War and Religion in Galicia and Ancient Lusitania] (in Spanish). A Coruña.
- McKenna, Stephen. "Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom".
- Martínez, Sonia María García (1995). "Revista de Guimarães" (PDF) (in Portuguese) (105). Guimarães, Portugal: 139–171.
|contribution=ignored (help) - Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares (1999). "Teonimos indigenas masculinos del ambito Lusitano-Galaico: un intento de síntesis" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Special I. Guimarães, Portugal: Revista de Guimarães: 277–296.
- Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares (2002). Los Dioses de la Hispania Céltica [The Gods of Hispanic Celts] (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain.
- Robalo, Mário. "Deuses de pedra" [Gods of Stone] (in Portuguese).
- Le Roux, P.; Tranoy, A. "III Congresso Nacional de Arqueología I" (in French). Oporto, Portugal: A Junta: 249–257.
|contribution=ignored (help) - Lódz, Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak (1999). "On the Indo-European Origin of Two Lusitanian Theonyms (Laebo and Reve)" (66). Emerita: 65–73.
- Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares (11 November 2005). "Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula" (PDF) 6. Guimarães, Portugal: E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: 607–649. ISSN 1540-4889.
- Masdeu, Juan Francisco (1688). Historia critica de España, y de la Cultura Española: España romana. 1787-1807 [A Historic Critique of Spain, and the Spanish Culutre: Roman Spain] (in Portuguese).
External links
- Religiões da Lusitânia (in Portuguese)
- Panteão da Lusitânia (in Portuguese)
- Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
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