States and federal territories of Malaysia

The states and federal territories of Malaysia are the principal administrative divisions of Malaysia. Malaysia is a federation comprising thirteen states (Negeri) and three federal territories (Wilayah Persekutuan).

The states and federal territories

Eleven states and two federal territories are located on the Malay Peninsula, collectively called Peninsular Malaysia (Semenanjung Malaysia) or West Malaysia. Two states are on the island of Borneo, and the remaining one federal territory consists of islands offshore of Borneo; they are collectively referred to as East Malaysia or Malaysian Borneo.

Perlis Kedah Penang Kelantan Terengganu Perak Selangor Negeri Sembilan Malacca Johor Pahang Sarawak Sabah Labuan Kuala Lumpur Putrajaya West Malaysia East Malaysia (Blue) States (Red) Federal Territories South China Sea Strait of Malacca Gulf of Thailand Sulu Sea Celebes Sea Brunei Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Singapore Thailand

Flag	Emblem	State/Federal Territory	Capital	Royal Capital	Population[1]	Total Area (km²)[2]	Licence plate prefix	Phone area code	Abbreviation	ISO	FIPS	Part	Head of state
		Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur	Kuala Lumpur	-	1,768,000	243	W	03	KUL	MY-14		Peninsular Malaysia	-
		Federal Territory of Labuan	Victoria	-	96,800	91	L	087	LBN	MY-15	MY15	East Malaysia	-
		Federal Territory of Putrajaya	Putrajaya	-	88,300	49	Putrajaya	03	PJY	MY-16		Peninsular Malaysia	-
		Johor Darul Ta'zim	Johor Bahru	Muar	3,553,600	19,210	J	07, 06 (Muar & Ledang)	JHR	MY-01	MY01	Peninsular Malaysia	Sultan
		Kedah Darul Aman	Alor Setar	Anak Bukit	2,071,900	9,500	K	04	KDH	MY-02	MY02	Peninsular Malaysia	Sultan
		Kelantan Darul Naim	Kota Bharu	Kota Bharu	1,718,200	15,099	D	09	KTN	MY-03	MY03	Peninsular Malaysia	Sultan
		Malacca	Malacca City	-	872,900	1,664	M	06	MLK	MY-04	MY04	Peninsular Malaysia	Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor)
		Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus	Seremban	Seri Menanti	1,098,400	6,686	N	06	NSN	MY-05	MY05	Peninsular Malaysia	Yamtuan Besar (Yang di-Pertuan Besar)
		Pahang Darul Makmur	Kuantan	Pekan	1,623,200	36,137	C	09, 03 (Genting), 05 (Cameron)	PHG	MY-06	MY06	Peninsular Malaysia	Sultan
		Perak Darul Ridzuan	Ipoh	Kuala Kangsar	2,477,700	21,035	A	05	PRK	MY-08	MY07	Peninsular Malaysia	Sultan
		Perlis Indera Kayangan	Kangar	Arau	246,000	821	R	04	PLS	MY-09	MY08	Peninsular Malaysia	Raja
		Penang	George Town	-	1,663,000	1,048	P	04	PNG	MY-07	MY09	Peninsular Malaysia	Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor)
		Sabah	Kota Kinabalu	-	3,543,500	73,631	S	087-089	SBH	MY-12	MY16	East Malaysia	Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor)
		Sarawak	Kuching	-	2,636,000	124,450	Q	081-086	SWK	MY-13	MY11	East Malaysia	Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor)
		Selangor Darul Ehsan	Shah Alam	Klang	5,874,100	8,104	B	03	SGR	MY-10	MY12	Peninsular Malaysia	Sultan
		Terengganu Darul Iman	Kuala Terengganu	Kuala Terengganu	1,153,500	13,035	T	09	TRG	MY-11	MY13	Peninsular Malaysia	Sultan

Governance

The governance of the states is divided between the federal government and the state governments, while the federal territories are directly administered by the federal government.^[3] The specific responsibilities of the federal and the state governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia. Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states. However, legal scholars generally view this as a "pauper's bequest" because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a broad interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, thus limiting the number of possible subjects not covered. The Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states: land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government.^[4]

Nine of the peninsular states, based on historical Malay kingdoms, are known as the Malay states. Each Malay state has a hereditary ruler as titular head of state and an executive Chief Minister or Menteri Besar as politically responsible head of government. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu are styled Sultans. Negeri Sembilan's elective ruler holds the title of Yamtuan Besar, whereas the ruler of Perlis is titled Raja. The federal head of state, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (commonly referred to as "King" in English) is elected (de facto rotated) among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term.^[5] Former British settlements and crown colonies of Penang and Malacca (both peninsular), and Sabah and Sarawak (both on Borneo) each have a titular Governor (styled Yang di-Pertua Negeri) appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and an executive Chief Minister or Ketua Menteri.

Sabah and Sarawak have additional powers over their immigration controls as part of the 20-point agreement and 18-point agreement drawn up by respective states when they, together with the Federation of Malaya and Singapore formed Malaysia. They have separate immigration policies and controls and a unique residency status.^[6] Passports are required even for Peninsular Malaysians for travelling between either state and Peninsular Malaysia, or between the two states, however those who are on social/business visits up to three months are allowed to produce a MyKad or birth certificate and obtain a special printout form in lieu of a passport.

Each state has a unicameral legislature called Dewan Undangan Negeri (DUN, State Assembly). Members of DUN are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population. The state leader of the majority party in DUN is usually appointed Chief Minister by the Ruler or Governor. The term of DUN members is five years unless the assembly is dissolved earlier by the Ruler or Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. Usually, DUN of the states in Peninsular Malaysia are dissolved in conjunction with the dissolution of the federal parliament, to have state elections running concurrently with the parliamentary election. However, Rulers and Governors hold discretionary powers in withholding consent to dissolve the DUN. Each state sends two senators elected by the DUN to the Dewan Negara (Senate), the upper house of the federal parliament.

The Parliament of Malaysia is permitted to legislate on issues of land, Islamic religion and local government to provide for a uniform law between different states, or on the request of the state assembly concerned. The law in question must also be passed by the state assembly as well, except in the case of certain land law-related subjects. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the federal level for the purpose of conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations.^[7] Each state is further divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim. In Sabah and Sarawak districts are grouped into "Divisions".^[8]

The 3 federal territories were formed for different purposes: Kuala Lumpur is the national capital, Putrajaya is the administrative centre of the federal government, and Labuan serves as an offshore financial centre. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya were carved out of Selangor, while Labuan was ceded by Sabah. The territories fall under the purview of the Ministry of the Federal Territories, and the Parliament of Malaysia legislates on all matters concerning the territories. Each federal territory elects representatives from single-member constituencies drawn based on population to the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) of the Parliament. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints senators to represent the territories in the Dewan Negara; Kuala Lumpur has two senators, while Putrajaya and Labuan each has one.

The local governments for the territories varies: Kuala Lumpur is administered by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur), headed by an appointed mayor (Datuk Bandar), while Putrajaya is administered by the Putrajaya Corporation (Perbadanan Putrajaya) and Labuan by the Labuan Corporation (Perbadanan Labuan); each corporation is headed by a chairman.

Sabah and Sarawak

The states of Sabah and Sarawak merged with the Federation of Malaya and Singapore pursuant to the Malaysia Agreement in 1963 to form the independent state of Malaysia.^[9] Representatives from Sabah and Sarawak demanded a higher degree of autonomy as part of the bargain which were included in the 20-point agreement and 18-point agreement respectively. It has also been argued that Sabah and Sarawak have equal status to that of Malaya as a whole, however the Constitution of Malaysia have listed both these entities as merely 2 of the 13 states of Malaysia,^[9] suggesting an equal status with the states of Malaya. Sabah and Sarawak still retains a relatively higher degree of autonomy compared to the peninsular states in areas such as immigration, some control over state revenue and legislative power over land and local government.^[9]

Singapore and Brunei

 Singapore was a Malaysian state from the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 until it was expelled from the Federation on 9 August 1965. During its time as a state of Malaysia, Singapore had additional powers in the areas of education and labour.

 Brunei was invited to join the Federation but decided not to at the end due to several issues, such as the status of the Sultan within Malaysia, division of Bruneian oil royalties, and pressure from opposition groups which amounted to the Brunei Revolt.

See also

• List of Malaysian states by GDP
• List of leaders of Malaysian states
• State emblem of Malaysia
• State flags in Malaysia

Administrative divisions:

• Divisions of Malaysia
• Districts of Malaysia
• Local government in Malaysia

Notes

1. ^ The code MY10 is not used in FIPS 10-4 but was used for FIPS 10-3^[10] (for Sabah)
2. ^ Territories named in official language for both FIPS 10-4 and ISO 3166-2:MY code lists^[11]
3. ^ Wilayah Persekutuan defined as the territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Used by FIPS only

References

1. "Population by States and Ethnic Group". Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia. 2015. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
2. "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 27. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
3. "Federal Territories and State Governments". Malaysia.gov.my. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
4. Wu, Min Aun & Hickling, R. H. (2003). Hickling's Malaysian Public Law, pp. 64–65. Petaling Jaya: Pearson Malaysia. ISBN 983-74-2518-0.
5. "Malaysia". State.gov. 14 July 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
6. "NRD: 'H' indicates holder is a Sabahan | Daily Express Newspaper Online, Sabah, Malaysia". Dailyexpress.com.my. 5 June 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
7. Wu, Min Aun; Hickling, R H (2003). Hickling's Malaysian public law. Pearson Malaysia. pp. 65–66. ISBN 983-74-2518-0.
8. "Malaysia Districts". Statoids.com. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
9. Shad Saleem Faruqi (8 September 2010). "From Malaya to Malaysia". The Star (Malaysia). Retrieved 25 April 2012.
10. USAid Geocode
11. MaxMind GeoIP

External links

• Local government in Malaysia