Filgrastim

Filgrastim
Systematic (IUPAC) name
Human granulocyte colony stimulating factor
Clinical data
Trade names Neupogen
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
Identifiers
CAS Number 143011-72-7
ATC code L03AA02 (WHO)
IUPHAR/BPS 6968
DrugBank DB00099
UNII PVI5M0M1GW YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1201567
Chemical data
Formula C845H1343N223O243S9
Molar mass 18802.8 g/mol

Filgrastim is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) analog used to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes;[1] it is a pharmaceutical analog of naturally occurring G-CSF. It is produced by recombinant DNA technology. The gene for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is inserted into the genetic material of Escherichia coli. The G-CSF then produced by E. coli is different from G-CSF naturally made in humans. Amgen originally licensed filgrastim (trade name Neupogen) in 1991.[2]

It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[3]

Medical uses

Filgrastim is used to treat neutropenia,[4] stimulating the bone marrow to increase production of neutrophils. Causes of neutropenia include chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation.

Filgrastim is also used to increase the number of hematopoietic stem cells in the blood before collection by leukapheresis for use in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Adverse effects

The most commonly observed adverse effect is mild bone pain after repeated administration and local skin reactions at the site of injection.[5] Other observed adverse effects include serious allergic reactions (including a rash over the whole body, shortness of breath, wheezing, dizziness, swelling around the mouth or eyes, fast pulse, and sweating), ruptured spleen (sometimes resulting in death), alveolar hemorrhage, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hemoptysis.[5] Severe sickle cell crises, in some cases resulting in death, have been associated with the use of filgrastim in patients with sickle cell disorders.[6]

Interactions

Drug interactions between filgrastim and other drugs have not been fully evaluated. Drugs which may potentiate the release of neutrophils‚ such as lithium‚ should be used with caution.

Increased hematopoietic activity of the bone marrow in response to growth factor therapy has been associated with transient positive bone imaging changes; this should be considered when interpreting bone-imaging results.[7]

Filgrastim has not been studied in pregnant women and its effects on the foetus is unknown. If taking filgrastim while pregnant, it is possible that traces of the drug could be found in the baby's blood. It is not known if the drug can get into human breast milk.

Mechanism of action

Filgrastim is a human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) produced by recombinant DNA technology. G-CSF regulates the production of neutrophils within the bone marrow; endogenous G-CSF is a glycoprotein produced by monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.

G-CSF is a colony stimulating factor which has been shown to have minimal direct in vivo or in vitro effects on the production of other haematopoietic cell types. NEUPOGEN (filgrastim) is the name for recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (r-metHuG-CSF). [8]

Commercialization

Filgrastim is marketed under several brand names, including:

Company Brand
Cadila Pharmaceuticals Filcad
Abbott Laboratories Imumax
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Grafeel
Intas Biopharmaceuticals Neukine
Amgen Neupogen[9]
Emcure Pharmaceuticals Emgrast
Reliance Life Sciences Religrast
Novartis Zarzio or Zarxio, a biosimilar product[2]
Biocon Nufil

Apricus Biosciences is currently developing and testing a product under the brand name Nupen which can deliver filgrastim through the skin to improve post-chemotherapy recovery of neutrophil counts.

Zarxio

On March 6, 2015, Sandoz’s filgrastim-sndz (trade name Zarxio), obtained the FDA's approval as a biosimilar[2][10] to Amgen’s filgrastim (trade name Neupogen). This is the first product to be passed under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCI Act), as part of President Obama's March 2010 Affordable Care Act.[2] Zarxio was approved as a biosimilar, not as an interchangeable product, the FDA notes. And under the BPCI Act, only a biologic that has been approved as an “interchangeable” may be substituted for the reference product without the intervention of the health care provider who prescribed the reference product. The FDA said its approval of Zarxio is based on review of evidence that included structural and functional characterization, animal study data, human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics data, clinical immunogenicity data and other clinical safety and effectiveness data that demonstrates Zarxio is biosimilar to Neupogen.[10]

Zarxio is approved for the same indications as Neupogen, and can be prescribed by a health care professional for: patients with cancer receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy; patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving induction or consolidation chemotherapy; patients with cancer undergoing bone marrow transplantation; patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell collection and therapy; and patients with severe chronic neutropenia.
— FDA, March 6, 2015

References

  1. ↑ Beveridge, R. A.; Miller, J. A.; Kales, A. N.; Binder, R. A.; Robert, N. J.; Harvey, J. H.; Windsor, K.; Gore, I.; Cantrell, J.; Thompson, K. A.; Taylor, W. R.; Barnes, H. M.; Schiff, S. A.; Shields, J. A.; Cambareri, R. J.; Butler, T. P.; Meister, R. J.; Feigert, J. M.; Norgard, M. J.; Moraes, M. A.; Helvie, W. W.; Patton, G. A.; Mundy, L. J.; Henry, D.; Sheridan, B.; Staddon, A.; Ford, P.; Katcher, D.; Houck, W.; Major, W. B. (1998). "A Comparison of Efficacy of Sargramostim (Yeast-Derived RhuGM-CSF) and Filgrastim (Bacteria-Derived RhuG-CSF) in the Therapeutic Setting of Chemotherapy-Induced Myelosuppression". Cancer Investigation 16 (6): 366–373. doi:10.3109/07357909809115775. PMID 9679526.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "FDA approves first biosimilar product Zarxio", FDA, March 6, 2015, retrieved 23 November 2015
  3. ↑ "19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015)" (PDF). WHO. April 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  4. ↑ Crawford, J.; Glaspy, J. A.; Stoller, R. G.; Tomita, D. K.; Vincent, M. E.; McGuire, B. W.; Ozer, H. (2005). "Final Results of a Placebo-Controlled Study of Filgrastim in Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Exploration of Risk Factors for Febrile Neutropenia". Supportive Cancer Therapy 3 (1): 36–46. doi:10.3816/SCT.2005.n.023. PMID 18632435.
  5. 1 2 Neupogen "Neupogen: Patient Information Leaflet". Amgen. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  6. ↑ "NEUPOGEN® Patient Guide" (PDF). Amgen. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  7. ↑ "Neupogen". RxList. 4 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  8. ↑ http://www.amgen.ca/Neupogen_PM.pdf
  9. ↑ "FDA Reviews What Could Be First Biosimilar". Discov. Dev. Mag. (Rockaway, New Jersey, United States). Associated Press. 25 July 2014.
  10. 1 2 Tavernise, Sabrina; Pollack, Andrew (March 6, 2015). "F.D.A. Approves Zarxio, Its First Biosimilar Drug". New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2015.

Further reading

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