Green-eyed tree frog

For the green-eyed frog, see Rana vibicaria.
Green-eyed tree frog
Female green-eyed treefrog.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Hylidae
Genus: Litoria
Species: L. genimaculata
Binomial name
Litoria genimaculata
(Horst, 1883)

The Green-Eyed Tree Frog (Litoria genimaculata), also known as New Guinea tree frog or Jenny Mac frog, is a species of frog in the Hylidae family. It is found in Australia, West Papua (Indonesia), and Papua New Guinea.

Green-eyed tree frog resting on a leaf.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, intermittent freshwater marshes, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forests. It is threatened by habitat loss and chytridiomycosis.

Belonging to the animalia kingdom, the Green-Eyed Tree Frog belongs to the Chordata phylum, the Amphibia class, the Anura order, the Ranidae family, and the Lithobates genus.[1] Their diet is carnivorous.[1]

History

Australia is home to almost 230 species of frogs who mainly live in Queensland, a tropical part of Australia. Thousands of years ago, green-eyed tree frogs separated in the northern and southern parts of Queensland and recently started breeding again.[2] However, due to the separation, it is considered cross-breeding, since the species are so different now.[2] Male green-eyed tree frogs from the Northern region in Australia, are rejected by female green-eyed tree frogs from the south.[2] Their geographic separation has caused a change in mating calls, that continues to drive the two types of green-eyed tree frogs apart.[3] If and when the females from the southern region decide to mate with the males from the north, they are re-productively disadvantaged.[3] Their crossbreed offspring don’t survive as long as the frogs whose parents breed with other frogs from the same region.[3] Scientists now use the green-eyed tree frog in their studies of speciation and evolution due to the mating habits of the frogs in Australia.[3]

When it comes to monitoring the current population, the best method to use is a photographic identification model, since dorsal patterns of the green-eyed frog is not shown to change overtime.[4] To help conserve the green-eyed tree frog population, monitoring and awareness efforts have been increased and an exhibit was created at the Chester Zoo in the United Kingdom. It will be important to keep monitoring the wild population as the species population declines further.[5]

Frogs are born with legs that are good for hopping and special pads on their toes to help them climb. In comparison, toads have shorter legs, drier skin, and are less likely to live near water.[6] Most frogs and toads are responsible for controlling the Earth’s insect population, since their diet consists mostly of insects and spiders.[6] However, the green eyed-tree frog is also a carnivore.[1] As a tadpole, the frogs mostly consume algae and plants. Frogs have a moist and permeable skin layer covered with mucous glands, which enables them to breathe through their skin, not just their lungs.[6] The layer of mucus that covers them also acts as a shield, protecting them from scratches. The reason frogs have large and protruding eyes is to make up for their lack of a neck. This eye feature allows them to see everything around them. The color scheme of the green-eyed tree frog is to camouflage them from predators. Frogs with bright colors are alerting predators of their poisonous nature.[6]

Description

The green-eyed tree frog is known by many names including Lithobates vicarius, or the Rancho Redondo Frog.[7] Though this tree frogs scientific name is Litoria Genimaculata, it used to be Serrata. This name was given to the frog due to the serrated skin flaps that are located along the edges of its legs.[1] Some other names for the green-eyed tree frog may include: Levirana vibicaria, Rana godmani, and Rana vibicaria. Being relatively large in size compared to other species, males can be as big as 6-7.3 cm, while women can range from 6.6-9.2 cm.[7] Their tadpoles can be relatively large as well, sizing up to as long as 7 centimeters (2.8 inches).[7] The green-eyed tree frog, in relation to an object, is about the size of a tea cup. A group of Green-Eyed Tree Frogs is called an army.

Coloration for the green-eyed tree frog seems to vary. While dark spotting appears to be found on the bottom of all adult green-eyed frogs, colors range from bright green to brassy on their upper bodies.[7] While the coloration on the top may differ, a distinct yellow stripe can be found running from each eye and to the back of the body.[7] The green-eyed tree frog gets its name from the green line that surrounds each eye.[1]

Habitat

Dunk Island rain forest in Queensland Australia.

The green-eyed tree frog’s natural habitats are mainly subtropical, but can also include tropical lowland forests, as well as rivers and freshwater marshes.[7] They are mainly located in the rain forests of Queensland, Australia, as well as Papua New Guinea and West Papua (Indonesia),[8] and is very capable of blending in with its surroundings: including the moss that covers the rain forests of Queensland.[1] Though their markings correspond with their habitat, their bodies are mostly brownish-green with blotches that are a rust color. Living near creeks and streams, their rust colored blotches tend to match the lichen covered rocks that line the bodies of water.[1]

This particular tree frog is semi-aquatic. Though it mainly prefers dense wood, it also tends to like bodies of water located in clearings or pastures. Adults are also found to be quite active during the day, as well as at night.[7]

Mating and Breeding

Due to the males lack of vocal sacs, they have soft mating calls that can only be heard from short distances.[7] Often times the male’s mating call can sound like a quiet tapping noise. Being semi-aquatic, green-eyed tree frogs call from vegetation in water and have two types of calls: harsh trill and untrilled. Some males choose to call in groups of a hundred or more and can be found harmonizing at night.[7] During these mating calls, the males are typically located in vegetation in water.

Breeding season occurs during May and July, corresponding with the early rain season,[7] though it’s been reported that breeding might occur year round. Breeding season in Australia starts in August.[9] Most frogs can be found breeding in shallow puddles or ponds, as well as slow-moving waters. The green-eyed tree frog lays its eggs in globular, jelly masses which are measured at around ten centimeters across. In between November and May is when eggs are typically found.[7] These masses, being as large as 843 eggs,[8] are found on vegetation or rocks.[10] Development periods for the tadpoles are often long. On hatching, tadpoles have gills and can be found in the water. As they develop, their legs and arms become prominent features. Once their lungs are developed, they lose their gills.

Chytridiomycosis

This is what Chytridiomycosis looks like. Created in 1999. The artists are as follows: Peter Daszak, Lee Berger, Andrew A. Cunningham.

Populations of the green-eyed tree frog are largely found in the region's lower elevations between 1,500 to 2,700 meters.[7] It is currently unknown why they have disappeared from high altitude areas.[7] Though the frogs have suffered some decline in past years, which can be blamed on a fungal disease, their numbers have come back stronger. The fungal disease that is believed to be the cause of a decline in the 1990's is called Chytridiomycosis.

An infectious disease that has affected amphibians worldwide, Chytridiomycosis is caused by a fungus that causes sporadic deaths in some amphibian populations, as well as 100% mortality rates in others. This fungus is known as the chytrid fungus. Scientists and researchers believe that this disease has been the main reason for many species extinctions and population decreases among frogs since the 1990's. The main origin of the disease, as well as its true impact are uncertain, but is being continually investigated.[7] Although Chytridiomycosis can be very deadly, the disease is believed to be avoided when under natural and unstressed conditions. Declining species have been found to coexist with non-declining species, possibly due to their differences in behavior. There are other causes of population decline though, including habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Not to mention, deformities in tadpoles have been linked to agricultural chemicals.[7]

Chytridiomycosis, a fungal disease that is a threat to frogs, is caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd).Not much is known biologically about Bd, but this fungus can be transported without contact, just by the disease traveling downstream. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is the first identified fungus parasite of vertebrates.[11] A tadpole that becomes infected may not grow to full size and may not develop all parts of their mouths. This downstream contraction of the disease is very harmful and the leading cause of what is behind the decline of amphibians worldwide.[12] Besides fungal disease, habitat loss, pollution, and drought have also called amphibian populations to decline. In fact, these factors are causing such a drastic decline that amphibians are more threatened than birds and mammals.[11]

Endangerment

Currently these tree frogs are not endangered or threatened, but are classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.[9] This can be justified due to the fact that extensive surveys have surfaced only 3 subpopulations that show an amplitude of all life stages.[9] However, they’re declining faster due to fungal diseases.

The frog used to populate areas such as Costa Rica until the 1990's when they nearly went extinct.[7] According to some reports, this particular frog had larvae that was found near Monteverde in 2003. Luckily for this population, a breeding pool was created at the Monteverde Conservation League Children’s Eternal Rainforest to help protect the species and repopulate.[13] The Chester Zoo in the UK currently holds a conservation area to monitor the population for the green-eyed frog, but the species has completely disappeared from Panama.[7]

Peptides

Peptides found within the skin of frogs, including the green-eyed species, are now being looked to for HIV virus prevention. The chemicals found within their skin aren’t pleasant for their predators, but can be very useful when fighting against bacteria, viruses, and fungus. When in dendritic cells, it’s been found that the virus can still be killed by these peptides, showing a promise for mucosal preventatives. What is needed now, is the identification of which peptides can exactly prevent HIV in order to put this to work.[14]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Society, National Geographic. "Green-Eyed Tree Frogs, Green-Eyed Tree Frog Pictures, Green-Eyed Tree Frog Facts - National Geographic". National Geographic. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  2. 1 2 3 Libraries, Oregon State University. "Oregon State University Libraries Catalog Proxy Server Verification Screen". go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Smadja, C.; Butlin, R. (2006-04-19). "Speciation: A new role for reinforcement". Heredity 96 (6): 422–423. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800826. ISSN 0018-067X.
  4. ↑ Kenyon, Nicole; Phillott, Andrea; Ross, Alford (9/30/08). "TEMPORAL VARIATION IN DORSAL PATTERNS OF JUVENILE GREEN- EYED TREE FROGS, LITORIA GENIMACULATA (ANURA: HYLIDAE)" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. Retrieved 5/3/16. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help)
  5. ↑ Libraries, Oregon State University. "Oregon State University Libraries Catalog Proxy Server Verification Screen". apps.webofknowledge.com.ezproxy.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Frog & Toad | San Diego Zoo Animals". animals.sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Green-eyed frog videos, photos and facts - Lithobates vibicarius". ARKive. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  8. 1 2 "Green-eyed Treefrog - Litoria genimaculata - Details - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  9. 1 2 3 "Litoria genimaculata (Green-eyed Treefrog, New Guinea Tree Frog)". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  10. ↑ "Green-eyed Frog Photos and Facts." ARKive. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 May 2016. http://www.arkive.org/green-eyed-frog/lithobates-vibicarius/
  11. 1 2 Becares, E. (2013-01-01). "Chytridiomycosis: a global threat to amphibians" (PDF). Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics) 32 (3). ISSN 0253-1933.
  12. ↑ Libraries, Oregon State University. "Oregon State University Libraries Catalog Proxy Server Verification Screen". apps.webofknowledge.com.ezproxy.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  13. ↑ "Lithobates vibicarius (Green-eyed Frog, Rancho Redondo Frog)". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  14. ↑ Bradbury, Jane (2005-11-15). "Frog skin hope for HIV prevention". Drug Discovery Today 10 (22): 1489–1490. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03652-4.

External links

Data related to Litoria genimaculata at Wikispecies


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