Notodiscus hookeri

Notodiscus hookeri
Apical view of the shell of holotype of Notodiscus hookeri heardensis
Apertural view of a shell of Notodiscus hookeri
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
(unranked): clade Heterobranchia

clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora
informal group Sigmurethra

Superfamily: Punctoidea
Family: Charopidae
Genus: Notodiscus
Species: N. hookeri
Binomial name
Notodiscus hookeri
(Reeve, 1854)[1]
Synonyms

Helix hookeri Reeve, 1854
Amphidoxa hookeri (Reeve, 1854)

Notodiscus hookeri is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Charopidae.[2] This snail lives on islands in the sub-Antarctic region. Its shell is unique among land snails in that the organic part of the shell layers contains no chitin.

Taxonomy

This species was described under the name Helix hookeri by an English conchologist Lovell Augustus Reeve in 1854.[1] The specific name hookeri is in honor of English botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker, who collected this snail during the Antarctic expedition led by James Clark Ross.[1] Reeve's type description reads in Latin and in English language as follows:[1]

Species 1474 (Mus. Brit.)

Helix hookeri. Hel. testá mediocriter umbilicatá, orbuculari-depressá, sordidè olivaceá, subirrigulariter rugoso-striatá; spirá subplanulatá, suturis impressis; anfractibus quatuor, convexis; aperturá lunato-circulari, labro simplici.
Hooker's Helix. Shell moderately umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, dull olive, rather irregularly roughly striated; spire rather flat, with sutures impressed; whorls four, convex; aperture lunar-circular, lip simple.
Hab. Kerguelen's Land; Dr. J. D. Hooker.
A small depressed species collected by Dr. Hooker in the Antarctic Expedition of the Erebus and Terror, peculiarly characterized by the sombre olive-horny coating of Paludina and Ampullaria.

Henry Augustus Pilsbry classified this species as Helix hookeri in 1887[3] or within the genus Amphidoxa as Amphidoxa hookeri within the family Endodontidae in 1894.[4]

Also Alan Solem classified this species within the family Endodontidae in 1968.[5]

A subspecies Notodiscus hookeri heardensis Dell, 1964[6] was recognized in Heard Island.[7]

Distribution

Notodiscus hookeri has a wide distribution in the sub-Antarctic region.[2] It is the only native terrestrial gastropod species found in the South Indian Ocean islands and archipelagos, and also in the South Atlantic Province:

South Indian Province:

South Atlantic Province:

The type locality is the Kerguelen Islands.[1]

The land snail Notodiscus hookeri is not an endangered or a protected species.[2]

Shell description

SEM image of the shell micro-scale structure of OL-ecophenotype Notodiscus hookeri. The round white dot marks the outer periostracum. The almost vertical white line shows the organic layer. The thick white line is the innermost mineralised layer. Scale bar is 10 µm.
SEM image of the shell structure of OL-ecophenotype Notodiscus hookeri. The round white dot marks the outer periostracum. The double white line is a thick organic layer. The thick white line is the innermost mineralised layer. Scale bar is 10 µm.

The shell growth does not stop on reaching sexual maturity, but decelerates considerably, with the biggest shells measuring 7.5–7.7 mm in size.[2]

Large intraspecific variations in shell morphometrics have been reported for this species on Possession Island,[7] with endemic variants being described as local adaptations to environmentally distinct islands.[2]

The shape of the shell is depressed. The umbilicus is open.

The width of the adult shell is up to 7.5-7.77 mm.[2]

The micro structure of the shell was analysed by Charrier et al. (2013).[2] Their study was the first to demonstrate that gastropod shell micro structure responds to environmental heterogeneity, leading to the formation of ecophenotypes.[2] The adults of Notodiscus hookeri have evolved into two ecophenotypes, which the authors referred as MS (mineral shell) and OS (organic shell):[2]

Notodiscus hookeri has unique[2] shell micro-scale structure among gastropods:

Ecology

This land snail is a gregarious species that lives under moist stones, moss and wet vegetation; however, it is also widespread in fell-field areas, which are characterised by very low vegetation cover.[2]

The soil is known to be a nutrient resource for Notodiscus hookeri, since this species has been found to significantly increase calcium release in solutions derived from plant litter.[2]

Hatchlings have a shell width of < 2.0 mm.[2] Juveniles have a shell width of about 2.0-4.0 mm.[2] Adults have a shell width larger than 4.0 mm.[2]

The biology of this species is poorly known.[2]

On a stamp

Notodiscus hookeri was depicted on the 2012 €0.60 French Southern and Antarctic Lands postal stamp.[9]

See also

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference[1] and (modified) CC-BY-4.0 text from the reference[2]

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reeve L. A. (1854). Conchologia iconica, or, Illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals 7: Species 1474, plate 208, figure 1474.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Charrier M., Marie A., Guillaume D., Bédouet L., Le Lannic J., Roiland C., Berland S., Pierre J.-S., Le Floch M., Frenot Y. & Lebouvier M. (2013). "Soil Calcium Availability Influences Shell Ecophenotype Formation in the Sub-Antarctic Land Snail, Notodiscus hookeri". PLoS ONE 8(12): e84527. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084527
  3. Pilsbry H. A. (1887). Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 3. Helicidae – Volume I. (2)3: page 48.
  4. Pilsbry H. A. (1894). Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 9. Helicidae – Volume VII. (2)9: page 39, plate 5, figure 83.
  5. Solem A. (1968). "The subantarctic land snail, Notodiscus hookeri (Reeve, 1854) (Pulmonata, Endodontidae)". Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 38(3): 251-266. PDF (subscription required)
  6. Dell R. K. (1964). "Land snails from Subantarctic Islands". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 11: 167-173.
  7. 1 2 Madec L. & Bellido A. (2007). "Spatial variation of shell morphometrics in the subantarctic snail Notodiscus hookeri from Crozet and Kerguelen Islands". Polar Biology 30: 1571-1578. doi:10.1007/s00300-007-0318-7.
  8. Meenakshi V. R. & Scheer B. T. (1970). "Chemical studies of the internal shell of the slug, Ariolimax columbianus (Gould) with special reference to the organic matrix". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 34(4): 953-957. doi:10.1016/0010-406X(70)91018-2.
  9. TF004.12, accessed 15 February 2014.

External links

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