Rasberry crazy ant

Nylanderia fulva
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Genus: Nylanderia
Species: N. fulva
Binomial name
Nylanderia fulva
Mayr 1862[1]
Synonyms

Prenolepis fulva

The Rasberry crazy ant or tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva, is an ant originating from South America. Like the longhorn crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis), this species is called "crazy ant" because of its quick, erratic movements. It is also called the "Rasberry crazy ant" in Texas after the exterminator Tom Rasberry, who noticed that the ants were increasing in numbers in 2002.[2][3] Scientists have had trouble identifying this ant as a species owing to confusion regarding the taxonomy of the genus, but it has now been identified as Nylanderia fulva.[4]

In 2014, it was discovered that the ant produces and covers itself with formic acid as an antidote to the fire ant's venom.[5] It is the first known example of an insect being able to neutralize another insect's poison, an ability speculated to have evolved in South America where the two species share the same native range. Colonies have multiple queens, which also contributes to their survival.[6]

As of 2012, the ants have established colonies in all states of the Gulf Coast of the United States including at least 27 counties in Southeast Texas.

Description

The ant is about 0.125 in (3.2 mm) long, thus smaller than the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. It is covered with reddish-brown hairs. The colonies live under stones or piles; they have no centralized nests, beds, or mounds.[7] They tend aphids for honeydew, feed on small insects and vertebrates, and forage on plants, especially for sweet materials. The ants appear to prefer the warmth and moisture of the coast.[8]

N. fulva has been a pest in rural and urban areas of Colombia, South America, where it displaced all other ant species. There, small poultry such as chickens, have died of asphyxiation, while larger animals, such as cattle, have been attacked around the eyes, nostrils, and hooves. Grasslands have dried out because of the increase in plant-sucking insect pests (hemipterans), which the ants cultivate to feed on the sugary "honeydew" that they excrete.[7]

When attacked, these ant, like other formicine ants, can bite but not sting, and excrete formic acid through a hairy circle or acidopore on the end of the abdomen, using it as a venom, which causes a minute pain that quickly fades. Formic acid was named after the Latin word formica (ant), because it was first distilled from ants in the 17th century.[9] Uniquely, the tawny ant also uses formic acid as an antidote against the venom of the fire ant.

Tawny crazy ants were found to displace other ant species in their native Argentina and later the US, including the red imported fire ant.[3] This was first thought to be due to exploitative and interference competition.[10]

Formic acid as an antidote to fire ant venom

In March 2014, researchers concluded that formic acid helped tawny crazy ants survive the fire ant venom 98% of the time; when the gland ducts were blocked with nail polish in an experiment, crazy ants had only a 48% chance of surviving fire ant fights.[5] After exposure to fire ant venom, N. fulva retreats, covers itself with formic acid[11] and returns to the fight.[5] This is the first known example of an insect detoxifying another insect's venom, and the first discovery of an ionic liquid in nature[12] which results from mixing of formic acid with venom from S. invicta.

How formic acid acts as an antidote against the much more toxic fire ant's venom is unknown. Fire ant venom is a mixture of toxic alkaloids and proteins that presumably enable the alkaloids to enter rival ants’ cells.[9] Each alkaloid in the fire ant’s venom, including solenopsin, has a six-membered heterocyclic ring with fat-soluble side chains.[9] The researchers who discovered the antidote property of formic acid in crazy ants speculate that the formic acid denatures the proteins in fire ant venom.[5] Another possibility is that the nitrogen on an alkaloid’s heterocyclic ring is protonated, rendering the ionic molecule less lipophilic, thus less likely to penetrate the tawny crazy ant’s cells.[9]

Attraction to electrical equipment

Infestations of Nylanderia fulva in electrical equipment can cause short circuits, sometimes because the ants chew through insulation. Overheating, corrosion, and mechanical failures also result from accumulations of dead ants and nest detritus in electrical devices.[13] If an ant is electrocuted, it can release an alarm pheromone in dying, which causes other ants to rush over and search for attackers. If a large enough number of ants collects, it may short out systems.[14]

It is unclear why colonies of Nylanderia fulva, like many species of ants, are attracted to electrical equipment.[3][15] They may sense the magnetic fields that surround wires conducting electric current, or they prefer the warmth produced by resistance to the currents in the wires. Some argue they simply are searching for food or an attractive place to nest.[16]

Rate of spread

The Texas A&M University research extension service quotes the annual rate of spread by ground migration as about 240 and 360 m per year in neighborhoods and industrial areas, respectively, and 207 m/year in rural landscapes[17] hence spreading more slowly than fire ants.[11] Other sources quote 800 m (0.50 mi) per year.[3] Being carried by people, animals, and vehicles (in trash for example), the observed rate is much higher: the spread from five Texas counties in 2002 to 20 in 2007 yields an accelerated rate of 8 km (5.0 mi) per year, at which rate it would take about 70 years for them to reach New Orleans. However in 2011, tawny crazy ants were reported in Mississippi,[18] in August 2012 in Port Allen, Louisiana,[19] and in 2013 in Georgia.[20]

Range in the United States

Reported distribution of the Rasberry crazy ant in the United States (2012); actual occurrence is thought to be more widespread

The earliest record of N. fulva presence in the US is from Brownsville, Texas, in 1938.[21] By the early 2000s, the ants spread across the southeastern portion of Texas[4] including at least 27 counties[17] Large population explosions have been described also on St Croix in the US Virgin Islands; in many cases the ant species was misidentified as its close relative, the hairy crazy ant, Nylanderia pubens.[2][22][23][24] As of 2012, the ants have established colonies in all states of the Gulf Coast of the United States.[3][4] The ant is considered an invasive species.[7]

Control in the US

The ants are not attracted to ordinary ant baits, and are not controlled by over-the-counter pesticides,[3][25] and are harder to fully exterminate than many other species because their colonies have multiple queens.[6] In June 2008, the United States Environmental Protection Agency granted temporary approval for the use of fipronil, an antitermite agent, to control this ant. Its use is restricted to seven counties in the Houston area.[26] As of May 2009, the ants continue to spread and have reportedly caused millions of dollars in damage in 11 Texas counties.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mayr, G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 12:649-776.
  2. 1 2 Ayres, Chris (2008-05-16). "Billions of electronic-eating 'crazy Rasberry ants' invade Texas". Times UK.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Main, Douglas (17 May 2013). "'Crazy' Ants Driving Out Fire Ants in Southeast". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 2013-05-18.
  4. 1 2 3 Gotzek, D.; Brady, S. N. G.; Kallal, R. J.; Lapolla, J. S. (2012). Moreau, Corrie S, ed. "The Importance of Using Multiple Approaches for Identifying Emerging Invasive Species: The Case of the Rasberry Crazy Ant in the United States". PLoS ONE 7 (9): e45314. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045314. PMC 3462614. PMID 23056657.
  5. 1 2 3 4 LeBrun, Edward G.; Nathan T. Jones; Lawrence E. Gilber (28 February 2014). "Chemical Warfare Among Invaders: A Detoxification Interaction Facilitates an Ant Invasion". Science 343 (6174): 1014–1017. doi:10.1126/science.1245833.
  6. 1 2 Can Ants Eat Your Computer: Why the "crazy rasberry" ant infests electronic devices., Slate, 20 May 2008.
  7. 1 2 3 "Tawny (Rasberry) Crazy Ant. Nylanderia fulva". Texas A&M, Department of Entomology, Center for Urban & StructuralEntomology. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
  8. ↑ A Pest Without a Name, Becoming Known to Ever More, The New York Times, May 16, 2008
  9. 1 2 3 4 Everts, Sarah (3 March 2014). "An Ant’s Acid Antidote". Chemical & Engineering News 92 (9): 44–45. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  10. ↑ McDonald, 2012, Investigation of an invasive ant species: Nylanderia fulva colony extraction, management, diet preference, fecundity, and mechanical vector potential
  11. 1 2 University of Texas at Austin (February 13, 2014). "Crazy ants dominate fire ants by neutralizing their venom". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  12. ↑ Chen, Li; et al. (17 July 2014). "On the Formation of a Protic Ionic Liquid in Nature". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. doi:10.1002/anie.201404402. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  13. ↑ Computers at risk from Crazy Raspberry ants, Techworld, 16 May 2008.
  14. ↑ McConnaughey, Janet. "'Hairy crazy ants' invade from Florida to Texas - Technology & science - Science - NBCNews.com". MSNBC. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  15. ↑ Opam, Kwane (26 September 2011). "These Ants Terrorize Everything—Even Gadgets". gizmodo.com. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  16. ↑ Mooallem, Jon (2013-12-05). "There's a Reason They Call Them ‘Crazy Ants'". The New York Times.
  17. 1 2 "Tawny (Rasberry) Crazy Ant". University of Texas A & M University, Center for Urban and Structural Entomology. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  18. ↑ Joe A. MacGown. Tawny crazy Ants invade Mississippi. You Tube video. Posted 2011-09-29.
  19. ↑ Kiran Chawla. Army of hard to kill ants marches into south Louisiana. WAFB, Port Allen, LA. Posted 2012-08-14.
  20. ↑ Sharon Dowdy. Invasive tawny crazy ant found in Georgia. University of Georgia. Posted 2013-09-17.
  21. ↑ http://gap.entclub.org/taxonomists/Trager/1984b.pdf
  22. ↑ http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/75828/73486
  23. ↑ http://www.wsbtv.com/news/news/breaking-news/crazy-ants-the-ants-that-eat-electronics-march-int/nZ3zy/
  24. ↑ "crazy Rasberry ant". Ant-maps.com. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
  25. ↑ Ants swarm over Houston area, fouling electronics, Yahoo News, 15 May 2008.
  26. ↑ Pesticide for SE Texas 'crazy' ants approved by EPA, Houston Chronicle, 2008-07-01, retrieved 2008-07-01

Further reading

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, May 03, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.