Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes

Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes

A view of the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dune complex from its southern tip at Mussel Rock.
Map showing the location of Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes
Location San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara County, USA
Nearest city Oceano and Guadalupe, California
Coordinates 34°58′34″N 120°39′00″W / 34.976°N 120.65°W / 34.976; -120.65Coordinates: 34°58′34″N 120°39′00″W / 34.976°N 120.65°W / 34.976; -120.65
Area 22,000 acres (8,900 ha)
Governing body Federal, state, local & private
Designated 1974

Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes is the largest remaining dune system south of San Francisco and the second largest in the U.S. state of California.[1] It encompasses an 18-mile (29 km) stretch of coastline on the Central Coast of California and extends from southern San Luis Obispo County to northern Santa Barbara County.[2]

The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Complex is home to a unique dunes ecosystem as well as many endangered and threatened species of plants and animals. To protect the dunes environment, much of the Complex has been set aside for conservation. In addition, it is recognized as a National Natural Landmark.[3]

Another portion of the Dunes is utilized for recreation, such as camping and Off-Road Vehicle (ORV) use. The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes is owned by a number of federal, state, and local agencies, and private companies, organizations and individuals. These include the counties of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara, California State Parks, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County.[4]

Attractions

Within the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Complex are several distinct regions, each managed by different organizations and used for various purposes.

History

The first known inhabitants of the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes were Native Americans of the Chumash tribe; early Spanish maritime explorers noted their settlements. However, Europeans did not travel through the Dunes themselves until September 2–4, 1769,[10] when members of Don Gaspar de Portolà's overland expedition stayed in the Dunes and shot a skinny bear by the shores of what is now called Oso Flaco Lake. After eating the bear, two of the explorers became sick. The Chumash had poisoned the skinny bear - as a means of protection, they often incapacitated dangerous wildlife by feeding them tainted meat.[11] This incident resulted in the lake's name: Oso Flaco or "Skinny Bear".

Film

In 1923, the epic movie The Ten Commandments directed by Cecil B. DeMille, was filmed on the Dunes. At the end of production, the massive sets reproducing ancient Egypt were dismantled and buried on the site to prevent reuse. As of 2013 they remain buried there, despite decades of various schemes for excavation. Some artifacts have been recovered and are on display at The Dunes Visitor Center, while others may be seen from time to time as the dunes shift.[12][13][14]

Dunites and oil

From the 1920s until the 1940s, a group of mystics, nudists, artists, writers, and hermits known as the "Dunites" inhabited the Dunes. They regarded the Dunes as a center of creative energy and published a magazine called "The Dune Forum."[10] At the same time, oil companies had started buying up Dune land, and in 1948 oil was discovered in the Dunes.[15] Unocal, an oil company, began operating the Guadalupe Oil Field in the 1950s.[16] Over the course of the next forty years, Unocal leaked 18 million gallons of petroleum under the Dunes.[16][17] In 1994, the company publicly recognized the spill and began cleaning up the 2,700-acre (11 km2) site, which lies in San Luis Obispo County immediately north of the Santa Barbara County line.[16]

Conservation

Starting in the 1970s, measures were taken to protect the natural environment at the Dunes. One of the biggest changes was the restriction of OHVs to the designated Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area.[15] This allowed for the other areas of the Dunes to undergo restoration efforts by conservation groups. As of 2013 the process of dune restoration continues.

Geography and environment

Beach at the Guadalupe Dunes County Park
West Main Street and transition zone (back dunes), Guadalupe Dunes County Park

The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes were formed by a combination of factors including beach sand which was blown inland by the wind and the Santa Maria River which brought sediment to the coast. Dune-building began 18,000 years ago with the Nipomo and Orcutt Mesas.[18] This Dune System has the highest dunes on the entire western coastline of the United States. Among these, Mussel Rock Dune is the highest, measuring approximately 500 feet (150 m).[18] Another rare geographic treasure is Oso Flaco Lake, a freshwater lake located amid the Dunes.[19]

Even though the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes consist of moving sand with extremely low moisture that is seemingly deprived of nutrients, it is home to a variety of flora and fauna. There are at least 18 endangered species of plants living in the Dunes.[18]

The dunes are separated into uplands and wetlands habitats. Uplands include the fore dunes, back dunes, and sandy beaches. The fore dunes begin at the high tide line, where only low growing plants with deep root systems (such as sand verbena) can live. The strong winds, salt spray, and massive amounts of sand make this area uninhabitable for other types of plants. The back dunes, just behind the fore dunes, are stabilized and covered with plants.[18] The back dunes are dominated by shrub species like mock heather, dune lupine, coastal buckwheat, and blochman's senecio. The sandy beaches are a harsh environment with no plants able to survive there. The wetlands include the areas that contain water: salt marshes, fresh and brackish-water marshes, swamps, and mudflats. Plants that live there are adapted to dynamic environmental conditions including high salinity concentration and extreme temperatures.[20]

Weeds have been introduced into the Dunes environment both purposefully and accidentally and threaten the native plant life. Various native plants are being choked out by invasive species like European beach grass.[21]

Many species of animals can be found among the dunes. Over 200 species of birds live there, such as the western snowy plover, American peregrine falcon, California brown pelican, and California least tern. Other animals also depend on the dunes such as the california red-legged frog, coast garter snake, deer, black bear, bobcats, and mountain lions. Beetles, butterflies, lizards, saltwater and freshwater fish inhabit the dunes as well.[21]

Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area (SVRA)

The Oceano Dunes is the most popular off-road park in the state because it is the only state park in California where people can legally drive on the beach.[22] The Oceano Dunes camping and recreational facility has been a favored site for more than 100 years.[22] Also, with two million visitors a year, the county sees an extra 171 million dollars in revenue from tourism.[23]

The Oceano State Vehicular Recreation Area has taken measures to protect wildlife by fencing off specific areas from pedestrians and vehicles and creating rules for visitors. Some rules are: adhere to the 15 mph (24 km/h) speed limit, do not enter closed areas, keep dogs on a leash at all times, and rid the beach of trash that could attract predators.[24] During the busy holidays, extra rangers are brought into the park to ensure rules are enforced.

During the past few decades, the Oceano Dunes have been involved with an ongoing series of environmental debates regarding the reduced air quality found in the receiving towns downwind of the dune system. Physical effects by the dust aerosols are indicated by accounts of homeowners claiming discomfort in breathing during times of high dust concentration.[25] The San Luis Obispo County Air Pollution Center have been researching the causes of the dust particulates since 1995, and has yet to deduce whether the pollution is attributed by the ATV and outdoor vehicle activity, or by natural aeolian processes. The findings by air district staff indicate that there are minimal differences in air quality during weekend and holiday seasons as opposed to normal weekdays.[26]

 (Show chart)
Year Nests found
1993 16
1994 31
1995 31
1996 32
1997 30
1998 42
1999 13
2000 15
2001 33
2002 35
2003 95
2004 147
2005 107
2006 117
2007 99
2008 121
2009 150
2010 155
2011 172
View of Pismo Beach from Oceano State Vehicular Recreation Area
Oceano Beach, California

Western snowy plover (Charadrius nivosus)

From educational programs to environmental restoration projects, California Department of Parks and Recreation and organizations such as the Sierra Club, the Dunes Center,[27] and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service work to protect the environment. These groups often utilize community meetings to address the issues of conservation, protection and restoration of our environment.

The concern felt by the Sierra Club's Santa Lucia Chapter lies in the management of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area.[28] Off-road vehicle use partially conflicts with habitat of the western snowy plover (Charadrius nivosus) and it is alleged that this directly correlates with a decrease in reproductive success. However, western snowy plover nests have increased dramatically from 16 nests in 1993[29] to a total of 172 nests in 2011.[30](Table 11) An eight-year summary of western snowy plover reproduction on California State Park lands depicts the breeding success at Oceano Dunes which is particularly stark compared to very low breeding numbers elsewhere in the state.[31] The western snowy plover was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on March 5, 1993.[32]

Ecologists argue that the snowy plover does not just breed on any coastal area; they seek protection in the dunes. Scientist Tom Jordan studied data on bird nesting sites and found that snowy plovers "prefer the beach and the flatter areas," such as on top of the dunes, where they can watch for predators.[33] Plovers prefer nesting on open sand which can put nests at risk of being crushed by vehicles or hikers. Memorial Day weekend is one of the park's busiest, and occurs during the plover nesting season. Yet, year after year, large numbers of plover nests are found at nesting sites closest to the open vehicle area at Oceano Dunes,[29](Table 15) suggesting human presence may deter presence of predators, and that plover may receive refuge at these sites.

The Sierra Club's long-term goal is to see the plovers taken off of the threatened species list. To accomplish this, they proposed year-round fencing to protect plover habitat, but the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area rejected the idea.[28] Soon after the decision, a plover was killed by an off-road vehicle in a recommended area for fencing. The Sierra Club sued the State Parks for violating the ESA by not providing enough protection for the snowy plover, as well as the California least tern and steelhead trout.

In the case settlement, the State Park was given the responsibility of researching, fund raising, and establishing an education program about the snowy plover. The Park must close off an additional half-mile of the beach between March and October, the plover's breeding season. Additionally, they must find alternate routes to avoid vehicles crossing the Arroyo Grande Creek because it is inhabited by the steelhead trout.

Ownership

For 25 years, the County of San Luis Obispo has leased 584 acres (2.36 km2) of the Dunes to the State Department of Parks and Recreation, free of charge.[22] When the lease expired in June 2008,[34] the San Luis Obispo County Board of Supervisors had a few options, including sale of the land, renewal of the deal with the state, or creation of a deal requiring the state to pay rent. To determine whether or not to sell the dune property to the state, two public hearings were held April 17, 2007.[35] To sell real property, four-fifths of the supervisors must vote in favor; but in order to renew a lease only a majority is required.[35]

The State Parks offered to pay $4.86 million for nearly 584 acres (2.36 km2) of beachfront property that is directly in the middle of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation area.[34]

Various groups and individuals would like to see the land sold to the State Parks. Currently, the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area uses one third of the beach territory for off-road vehicles use. Off-roaders are concerned that since the decision is in the hands of the county, San Luis Obispo County's environmental community may advise more restrictions on the land if it isn't sold. Land available for vehicle use has already been reduced from 15,000 acres (61 km2) to 1,500 acres (6.1 km2). The State wants to buy the land in order to secure a place for off-road vehicles for the future. They claim not all the land would be used for off-road vehicles and camping, and that part of the land would be set aside as preserve areas, as the County wants.

On Tuesday April 17, 2007, the San Luis Obispo Board of Supervisors voted 4-0 not to sell the 584 acres (2.36 km2) of land to the State.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes: A Haven for Wildlife and a Destination for People". Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  2. ↑ "Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge". Archived from the original on November 30, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  3. ↑ "South County Area Conservation Projects". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  4. ↑ "Dunes Collaborative". Retrieved Dec 4, 2011.
  5. 1 2 "California State Parks". The Dunes Collaborative. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  6. ↑ "Adventure No.101 Oceano Dunes SVRA State Vehicular Recreation Area". Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  7. ↑ "About us". Archived from the original on April 6, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  8. ↑ "Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes NWR".
  9. ↑ County of Santa Barbara Parks. "Rancho Guadalupe Dunes". Retrieved Dec 3, 2011.
  10. 1 2 "Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Areas". Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  11. ↑ "On the Trail - Oso Flaco Lake". Archived from the original on May 19, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Ten Commandments Archaeological Site". THE CENTER FOR LAND USE INTERPRETATION. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
  13. ↑ Jones, Jay (2010-01-27). "Hollywood discovered Guadalupe Dunes decades ago". Los Angeles Times.
  14. ↑ Branson-Potts, Hailey (2014-10-17). "Sphinx unearthed from 1923 Cecil B. DeMille movie set". Los Angeles Times.
  15. 1 2 "CONSERVATION CHRONOLOGY OF NIPOMO DUNES COMPLEX". Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  16. 1 2 3 Leavenworth, Stuart (April 27, 2003). "Dunes' spills still focus of cleanup". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved May 4, 2007.
  17. ↑ Silent Spill: The Organization of Industrial Crisis, Beamish, Thomas D. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2002
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Geography of the Dunes". The Sierra Club Santa Lucia Chapter. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
  19. ↑ "Legacy Project: Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
  20. ↑ "Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Interpretive Master Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-05-08.
  21. 1 2 "Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge". The Sierra Club Santa Lucia Chapter. Archived from the original on November 16, 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
  22. 1 2 3 Chawkins, Steve (2007-04-17). "Oceano Dunes' unhappy campers". LA Times. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  23. ↑ unknown (2011-10-14). "Oceano Dunes District Overview" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  24. ↑ Rosato, Joe (2003-05-22). "Protection of Snowy Plover at Oceano Dunes Remains A Top Priority for State Parks" (PDF). The Santa Maria Times. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
  25. ↑ http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-grover-beach-dust-20140312,0,5160045.story#axzz2yAzM3NvI
  26. ↑ http://dunefacts.com/getting-to-the-facts-about-dunes-dust
  27. ↑ "Dunes Center". Retrieved 2007-04-24.
  28. 1 2 Sierra Club (2004-05-07). "Preserve the Oceano Dunes!". The Sierra Club, Santa Lucia Chapter. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
  29. 1 2 California Department of Parks and Recreation, Off-Highway Motor Vehicle Division, Oceano Dunes District (November 2005), Nesting of the California Least Tern and Western Snowy Plover at the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area, San Luis Obispo County, California, 2005 Season, p. 29
  30. ↑ California Department of Parks and Recreation, Off-Highway Motor Vehicle Division, Oceano Dunes District (November 2011), Nesting of the California Least Tern and Western Snowy Plover at the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area, San Luis Obispo County, California, 2011 Season, p. 144
  31. ↑ California Department of Parks and Recreation (12 April 2010). "Western Snowy Plover 8-year Reproductive Summary on California State Park Lands" (PDF). Western Snowy Plover Species Profile. Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  32. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Western Snowy Plover Species Profile". Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office. Retrieved 28 December 2010. the Pacific Coast population of the western snowy plover is federally listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 as threatened
  33. ↑ Laurenzano, Heidi (2001-11-15). "Snowy Plovers' new digs" (PDF). The Santa Maria Times. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
  34. 1 2 Cuddy, Bob (2007-04-15). "Decision Day for Dunes". Friends of Oceano Dunes. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  35. 1 2 Charlton, April (2006-04-16). "A look at issues targeting sale of the Oceano Dunes". The Lompoc Record. Retrieved 2007-04-25.
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