Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area

Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area

Fossil formations at the shores of the Ohio River in Clarksville
Location Indiana, Kentucky
Nearest city Louisville, Kentucky
Coordinates 38°16′36″N 85°45′56″W / 38.27665°N 85.76544°W / 38.27665; -85.76544Coordinates: 38°16′36″N 85°45′56″W / 38.27665°N 85.76544°W / 38.27665; -85.76544
Established 1981
Designated 1966

The Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area is a national, bi-state area on the Ohio River near Louisville, Kentucky in the United States, administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Federal status was awarded in 1981. The falls were designated a National Natural Landmark in 1966.[1]

Overview

An early map of the Falls of the Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky is in the lower right

The area is located at the Falls of the Ohio, which was the only navigational barrier on the river in earlier times. The falls were a series of rapids formed by the relatively recent erosion of the Ohio River operating on 386 million-year-old Devonian hard limestone rock shelves. Louisville, Kentucky, and the associated Indiana communities—Jeffersonville, Clarksville, and New Albany—all owe their existence as communities to the falls, as the navigational obstacles the falls presented meant that late 18th-century and early- to late-19th-century river traffic could benefit from local expertise in navigating the 26-foot (7.9 m) drop made by the river over a distance of two miles (3 km). In its original form, the falls could be characterized more as rapids extending over a length of the river, than as a point-like discontinuity in a river such as Niagara Falls. Still, the falls provided a singular, dramatic and daunting obstacle to navigation on this important inland waterway.

The first locks on the river, the Louisville and Portland Canal completed in 1830, were built within a bypass canal constructed to provide year-round navigation of the river. The falls were later largely covered by the McAlpine Locks and Dam, built by the Army Corps of Engineers. The taming of the Ohio River at the falls, with the attendant reduction in local flow velocity has of late led to the covering over of the fossil beds by large and increasing quantities of low-velocity effluvia: although an impediment to viewing of the fossils, this action serves to protect the portions of the falls covered over by sediment and therefore temporarily immune to direct weathering. However, a significant area of the fossil-rich Devonian limestone rock is still left exposed, and is accessible to visitors today. The best time for visitation is during the low water season of the Ohio River between August and October. Removal of fossils is prohibited.

The shallowness of the falls provided a favored crossing point for bison in pre-settlement times and, later, an easy crossing for Native Americans.

In 1990, a section of the area in Indiana became the Falls of the Ohio State Park. An interpretive center is open throughout the year.

Falls of the Ohio Size and Sound

Prior to modification, for industrial and navigational purposes, the majestic Falls of the Ohio spanned the entire width of the Ohio River. Native Americans and early European explorers heard the crisp roar of the Ohio River crashing down the cascade falls more than 10 miles away. [2] Ranked by the product of river flow and river width, the Falls of the Ohio is the 7th largest waterfall in the Earth. See table below of 20 largest waterfalls.

# Waterfall Name River Flow(Cubic Feet / Second) Falls Width (Feet) Flow x Width River Name Country / City
1 Livingstone, Chutes de 1,240,000 15,840 19,641,600,000 Congo River Congo
2 Khone, Chutes de 410,000 35,376 14,504,160,000 Mekong River Laos
3 Inga Falls 1,500,000 5,000 7,500,000,000 Congo River Congo
4 Guaíra, Salto del 470,000 15,840 7,444,800,000 Rio Paran Brazil
5 Boyoma Falls 600,000 4,500 2,700,000,000 Lualaba River Congo
6 Par, Salto 125,000 18,400 2,300,000,000 Rio Caura Venezuela
7 Falls of the Ohio 128,000 11,320 1,448,960,000 Ohio River Louisville - USA
8 Celilo Falls 191,215 6,300 1,204,654,500 Columbia River USA
9 Urubupunga, Salto do 97,000 6,600 640,200,000 Rio Paran Brazil
10 Iguacu, Salto de 61,660 8,858 546,184,280 Rio Igua Argentina / Brazil
11 Patos e Maribondo, Saltos dos 53,000 6,600 349,800,000 Rio GrandeBrazil
12 Niagara Falls 85,000 3,948 335,580,000 Niagara River USA / Canada
13 Kongou Falls 31,783 10,500 333,721,500 Ivindo River Gabon
14 Victoria Falls 38,430 5,700 219,051,000 Zambezi River Zimbabwe / Zambia
15 Cauvery Falls 33,000 2,784 91,872,000 Cauvery River India
16 Williamette Falls 30,849 1,550 47,815,950 Willamette River USA
17 St Anthony Falls 16,800 1,800 30,240,000 Mississippi River Twin Cities - USA
18 Virginia Falls 35,300 850 30,005,000 South Nahanni River Canada
19 Ruacana Falls 10,000 2,280 22,800,000 Cunene River Namibia / Angola
20 Sandstone Falls 7,847 1,500 11,770,500 New River USA

Geology

Large rugose coral (above hammer) in the Devonian Jeffersonville Limestone at the Falls of the Ohio, near Louisville, Kentucky.

The rock unit in which the falls are formed is referred to as the Jeffersonville Limestone. The limestone formed approximately 387 to 380 million years ago during the Emsian Age (in the latest part of the Early Devonian Period) and the Eifelian Age (Middle Devonian). The exposure is unique—large and diverse tabulate corals and rugose corals are exposed in lifelike positions. Brachiopods and bryozoans are also present, as are gastropods (snails).

During the Devonian Period, the region lay at the bottom of a shallow inland sea about ten degrees north of the equator in the supercontinent of Euramerica.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Ohio Coral Reef (Falls of the Ohio)". nps.gov. National Park Service.
  2. ↑ http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/WIReader/Contents/Voyage.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)

External links

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