Olympic Airlines

For the successor to Olympic Airlines, see Olympic Air.
Olympic Airlines
Ολυμπιακές Αερογραμμές
IATA ICAO Callsign
OA OAL[1] OLYMPIC
Founded 6 April 1957[2]
Ceased operations 29 September 2009 (became Olympic Air)
Hubs Athens International Airport
Secondary hubs Thessaloniki International Airport, "Macedonia"
Frequent-flyer program Icarus Frequent Flyer Programme
Airport lounge Olympic Handling "Melina Merkouri", "Aristotle Onassis" lounges
Subsidiaries Macedonian Airlines
Fleet size 43 (2009)
Destinations 50 (2009)
Parent company Government of Greece
Headquarters Athens, Greece
Key people Pyrros D. Papadimitriou (Chairman – CEO)

Olympic Airlines (Greek: Ολυμπιακές Αερογραμμές, Olympiakés Aerogrammés – OA), formerly named Olympic Airways for at least four decades, was the flag carrier airline of Greece with their head office in Athens.[3] They operated services to 37 domestic destinations and to 32 destinations world-wide. Their main base was at Athens International Airport, with hubs at Thessaloniki International Airport, "Macedonia", Heraklion International Airport, "Nikos Kazantzakis" and Rhodes International Airport, "Diagoras".[4] Olympic Airlines also owned a base at London Heathrow International Airport. By December 2007, the airline employed about 8,500 staff.[5]

Olympic Airlines was also accredited by IATA with the IOSA (IATA Operational Safety Audit) for their safety practices.[6]

On 6 March 2009, the Greek State announced they had reached an agreement to sell the flight operations, ground handling operations and technical base of the group to Marfin Investment Group, the largest Greek investment fund, thus ending 35 years of state ownership.

On 29 September 2009 Olympic Airlines ceased all operations and most flights. Olympic Air, the new airline formed from privatisation, commenced flights. Olympic Airlines continued to operate some public service flights to Greek islands as well as some flights to destinations outside the European Union (Cairo, Alexandria, Tel Aviv, Beirut, Belgrade) until the Greek State conducted a public tender and redistributed the routes.

On 31 December 2009 Olympic Airlines ceased all operations, as flights to Greek islands have already been allocated and are being flown by other carriers and flights to destinations outside the European Union have been allocated to other carriers who started operating them from 1 January 2010. Until the final closure, Olympic Airlines used the temporary code OP for their flights (instead of OA, which is used by their successor, Olympic Air). All Olympic Airlines flights (using the OP code) since 29 September 2009 and until the final deadline of 31 December 2009, were operated by Olympic Air on a wet lease basis. The 31 December 2009 deadline as the final possible date that Olympic Airlines should cease operations, was agreed between the Greek Government and the European Commission as part of the deal to close Olympic Airlines and sell the name and assets to Olympic Air. It was initially expected that operations would end much earlier, but due to the change of government in October 2009 the public tenders for the reallocation of subsidised flights to the Greek islands and for international flight rights outside the European Union were postponed. The company stayed alive until the final deadline of 31 December 2009.

History

The first logo of Olympic, in 1957.

Icarus, the first predecessor airline to Olympic, was established in 1930. After just a few months Icarus went bankrupt due to financial problems and limited Greek interest in air transport. G.C.A.T./Ε.Ε.Ε.Σ. (Greek Company for Air Transport/Ελληνική Εταιρεία Εναέριων Συγκοινωνιών) took its place. At the same time, in 1935, a second airline was created, the privately owned T.A.E. (Technical and Aeronautical Exploitations/Τεχνικαί Αεροπορικαί Εκμεταλλεύσεις). Soon after the World War II, in 1947, three airlines were based in Greece: T.A.E., G.A.T./ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ. (Greek Air Transport/Ελληνικαί Αεροπορικαί Συγκοινωνίαι) and Hellenic Airlines/Α.Μ.Ε. (Αεροπορικαί Μεταφοραί Ελλάδος).

Onassis era

Revenue Passenger-Kilometers, scheduled flights only, in millions
Year Traffic
1957 85
1960 289
1965 542
1969 1718
1971 2343
1975 3430
1980 5062
1985 7468
1995 7945
Source: IATA World Air Transport Statistics; 1957 RPKs start 6 April
The former Olympic Airways logo.

In 1951 the poor financial state of the three airlines led to a decision by the Greek state to merge them into a single operator, TAE Greek National Airlines (TAE). The new airline operated a fleet of twin-engine Douglas DC-3 airliners on domestic Greek routes until the last example was disposed of in May 1970.[7] A four-engine Douglas DC-4 was acquired in 1950 and this was operated on a route to London.[8] The new airline faced financial problems so the government closed it down in 1955.

There was no buyers for the airline so the Greek State bought the company back. In July 1956 the Greek State reached an agreement with Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis for Onassis to purchase the airline. The company flew under the T.A.E. name until the end of the year and for the first few months of 1957. On 6 April 1957 the company was renamed Olympic Airways (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπορία/Olympiaki Aeroporia).

Olympic Airways operated ten Douglas DC-6Bs between 1958 and 1972 serving the longer domestic and European routes.[9]
Olympic Airways first jet aircraft type, the de Havilland Comet at Manchester Airport in 1966. The BEA codeshare logo can be partially seen on the fuselage, in red.

The new company developed rapidly. To allay the distrust of air transport by Greeks, Onassis developed the "aviation days of '57" scheme, providing short, free flights in a DC-3 to demonstrate the reliability of air travel.[10] Onassis always wanted to be in the cutting-edge of the technology, so in 1959 he signed a deal to buy four de Havilland Comet 4B that in 1960 was Olympic's first jet aircraft, that entered service. [11] Olympic and British European Airways created the first codeshare flights; later the companies expanded their cooperation. When Greek crews had to spend a night in London, British crews would fly the Olympic Comets to BEA destinations, and the same with Greek crews and BEA Comets. On all BEA and OA Comets, there would be a "BEA-OLYMPIC" sign. In 1962 Olympic set a record flying a DH Comet 4B from London to Athens in just two hours and 51 minutes.

In 1965 Olympic ordered Boeing 707-320 jets; they received the first, bearing the name "City of Athens", in 1966. Olympic's first Boeing 707 service was also the inauguration of a non-stop route connecting Athens and New York City (JFK). In 1968 Olympic began serving Africa, with a twice-weekly round-trip linking Athens with Nairobi and Johannesburg. The same year OA received the first of a fleet of Boeing 727-200 jet aircraft. A new Athens-Montreal-Chicago service commenced in 1969. Also in 1969, the airline phased out their Comet 4Bs.

Under Onassis' leadership the airline gained a reputation for lavish style. The cabin crews were attired in Pierre Cardin-designed uniforms and passengers ate with golden cutlery and listened to the stylings of a pianist in the first class cabin.[10]

Olympic Aviation BN.2 Islander at Athens airport in April 1973.
Olympic Aviation Short Skyvan at the now closed Athens Hellenikon airport in April 1973
An Olympic Airways Boeing 747-200 in 1986.

In 1971 OA purchased new NAMC YS-11 twin-turboprop aircraft to replace the ageing non-pressurized Douglas DC-3 and the Douglas DC-6 pressurised piston-engined airliners still in use on the company's Greek domestic network. In that year they created a subsidiary airline, Olympic Aviation/Ολυμπιακή Αεροπλοϊα, to serve the Greek islands more economically and efficiently. To further this strategy, several examples of the small twin-engined turbo-propellor Short Skyvan utility airliner were obtained for operation on routes serving smaller Greek airports. In 1972 Olympic turned to the important Greece-Australia market, beginning Boeing 707–320 operations between Athens and Sydney twice a week via Bangkok and Singapore.

Olympic then acquired seven Boeing 720-051B aircraft, a medium-range derivative of the Boeing 707, from Northwest Airlines. The airline also entered the wide-body era by purchasing two new Boeing 747-200s. OA even showed interest in the BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde supersonic airliner and, on 5 January 1973, a Concorde landed at Athens' Hellenikon Airport to give a demonstration.

Post-Onassis era

Boeing 737-400 taking off from London Heathrow Airport (2007).
Airbus A340-300 landing at London Heathrow Airport (2007).

On 22 January 1973, an incident occurred that dramatically changed the future of OA. The death of Aristotle Onassis' son, Alexander, in a plane crash came as a shock to the Greek people and a new phase began for Olympic Airways. A few months later, Onassis sold all of the OA shares to the Greek state and he died shortly afterward (in 1975). In 1976, under state management, OA purchased eleven Boeing 737-200 jet aircraft and created Olympic Catering, which served both OA and foreign airlines. In 1977, in a cost-cutting effort, OA shut down their Australia route, followed by the Canadian one in 1978, when OA also placed orders for four Airbus A300s, plus four options.

In 1984, three more B747-200 aircraft were purchased from Singapore Airlines, and the Canada and Australia routes were reopened. A new Olympic Airways Cargo division was created by converting the Boeing 707–320 "City of Lindos", but the plans were soon abandoned. In 1986, there were strikes at OA, and financial losses mounted.

The company faced serious financial trouble from the 1980s on, mostly because of management problems. Greek politicians and their families traveled for free or token amounts on the airline. Successive Greek governments also made Olympic carry the press at a 97 percent discount. Olympic AirTours (Ολυμπιακή Τουριστική) was created as a subsidiary of OA, which issued tickets not only for OA, but for other airlines as well. Very soon, Olympic AirTours was renamed Macedonian Airlines and reestablished as a charter flight company.

In 1990 a route to Tokyo via Bangkok was launched but Olympic was soon forced to shut it down, despite very high load factors (95%). Olympic purchased seven Boeing 737-400 aircraft in 1991, as well as the advanced version of the A300, the A300-600R. Due to the rising losses and debts, the government decided to formulate a restructuring program in which all debts were erased. This programme, as well as all the plans that followed, failed. A few years later, in an attempt to make OA profitable, management was given to a subsidiary of British Airways, Speedwing. The result was even larger debts and rising losses. In 1999, Olympic purchased four Airbus A340-313X aircraft, to replace the ageing B747-200.

Olympic Airways to Olympic Airlines

By December 2003, the Olympic Airways Group of Companies owned Olympic Airways (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπορία), Olympic Aviation (Ολυμπιακή Αεροπλοϊα), Macedonian Airlines (Mακεδονικές Αερογραμμές), Galileo Hellas (Γαλιλλαίος Ελλάς), Olympic Fuel Company (Ολυμπιακή Εταιρεία Καυσίμων), and Olympic Into-Plane Company. Olympic Catering had been sold a few months earlier. A company formed in the 80s called Olympic AirTours (Ολυμπιακή Τουριστική) had already been transformed into Macedonian Airlines.[12]

Very soon the losses became excessive, so in 2003 the government restructured the Olympic Airways Group of Companies. The subsidiary, Macedonian Airlines S.A., was renamed Olympic Airlines S.A. and took over the flight operations of Olympic Airways, erasing at the same time all of the airline's debts. The remaining group companies, except for Olympic Aviation (Olympic Airways, Olympic Into-Plane Company, Olympic Fuel Company, Olympic Airways Handling and the Olympic Airways Technical Base), merged and formed a new company, called Olympic Airways - Services S.A.. In December 2004, the Greek government decided to privatize Olympic Airlines, but the sale process ended in failure as none of the buyers were eager to repay the Greek state almost 700 million euro in state aid, which was later declared illegal by the European Commission in December 2005.

In 2005, the Greek Government looked for potential buyers to privatise OA. In April of that year, a short list of potential buyers was submitted that included Aegean Airlines, German LCC DBA and a Greek-American consortium called Olympic Investors.[13] Shortly afterwards Aegean Airlines pulled out, followed by DBA. In September 2005, the Greek government signed a non-binding agreement with Olympic Investors to buy the airline.[14] In an interview, Olympic Investors stated that they were backed by York Capital with 6.5 billion dollars and assured that OA's workers would not lose their jobs. They stated that OA should continue to operate as an integrated company and that they were not interested in buying just parts of OA. By the end of the year, the offer fell through because the huge fine imposed on the airline by the European Commission had not been dealt with.

Airbus A300B4-600R
ATR 72-202.

According to Greek media, the government planned to relaunch the company in late 2006.[15] The code name for the project was Pantheon Airways. In June 2006, Greek media reported that Sabre Aviation Consulting Services was contracted by the Greek government to find investors and develop a business plan for an airline to replace Olympic Airlines, aiming to being operations in autumn 2006. Under this plan the government would be a minority shareholder of the new carrier, which would be run as a private airline. The planned re-launch date passed without anything happening, and the plan was temporarily frozen.

In 2006 O.A. was thrown a life line, when the courts ordered Greece to repay them almost 564 million euro owed to the airline. The money was owed to O.A. from legally subsidised routes to Greek islands and costs of the relocation to the new airport. The money would be used to pay back part of the State aid declared illegal by the European Commission in December 2005.[16] Olympic Airlines redesigned their website to introduce their e-ticket service, launched on 31 July 2007, in response to the surge of online booking and online check-ins. The e-ticket service introduction by Electronic Data Systems meant Olympic abolished their old "Hermes" booking system, which had served the company for more than two decades. As of November 2007, the e-ticket service is available on all European and International routes, and on 19 of the airline's 37 domestic routes.[17]

On 12 September 2007, the Luxembourg-based EU court ruled that Olympic should repay an amount of money less than what the EU Commission had ordered. This amount included unpaid taxes on fuel and spare parts, as well as unpaid fees to Athens International Airport. The new amount owed by Olympic was €130 million, as compared with the original €160 million.[18] On that same day Olympic Investors, the Greek-American consortium that was interested in buying Olympic in 2005, stated renewed interest in buying the airline.[19]

In November 2007, Irish airline Ryanair filed a suit with the European Commission, saying that they had not looked into their claims that Olympic had not paid back their debt. On 1 December 2007 transport minister Kostas Hatzidakis announced that the entire Olympic Airways Group debts amounted to two billion euro, and that the airline in its present form and size would cease existing in 2008.[20] This was deemed to be the only way for the European Commission to write off the company's debts to the Greek public sector. He stated that Athens was under more pressure to recover the money Olympic owed, because of the Ryanair lawsuit.[5]

Despite all predictions, traffic for Olympic in 2007 increased to a total of 5,977,104 passengers (3,115,521 in domestic and 2,681,583 in international flights) compared to approximately 5,500,000 passengers in 2006. It is estimated that OA earned approximately 780 million euro in 2007, 500 of which came from international flights.[21] However, in 2008 due to lack of aircraft Olympic Airlines cancelled or merged a significant number of flights, about 6,000 according to their union (as of 26 August 2008). Olympic Airlines officials have declared that this is not the major problem since "after all the income reduction is only 4–5 million euros compared to the initial budget plan".[22]

Olympic Airlines to Olympic Air

Main article: Olympic Air

On 6 March 2009, Development Minister Kostis Hatzidakis announced the sale of the flight operations and the technical base companies to MIG. As a result, after 35 years of state control and ten years of failed sales attempts, Olympic will once again become a private corporation. The new owners will secure approximately 5000 of the 8500 jobs of the Group.

On 28 September 2009, Olympic Airlines ceased to fly to most of their 69 destinations, maintaining flights to Tel Aviv, Beirut, Cairo and all public service obligation routes within Greece, until the Ministry for Transport and Communications redistributed the routes in late November, when Olympic Airlines entered liquidation. Existing passengers were accommodated on other airlines. Employees of the old company that were in destinations no longer served may have been affected.

The last Olympic Airlines flight was flight 424 from Toronto via Montreal, landing at 11:10 on 29 September 2009 at the Athens International Airport. Olympic Air took over the rest of the operations on 29 September 2009 and their first flight was on 1 October 2009 at 06:20 leaving the Athens International Airport and heading to Thessaloniki Makedonia Airport.

Destinations

Before their demise in 2009, Olympic Airlines flew to 37 domestic and 32 international destinations throughout 23 countries.

Fleet

ATR 42-320
Airbus A340-300
A Boeing 707 at Hamburg Airport in 1987.

Olympic Airlines has previously operated the following aircraft:[23]

Olympic Airlines/Airways Retired Fleet
Aircraft Total Passengers Type Routes Notes
Airbus A300-605R 3 233(20/213) Jet aircraft Medium Haul/Intercontinental
Airbus A300B4 8 233(20/213) Jet aircraft Medium Haul/High Capacity 4 aircraft -103 series and 4 aircraft -203 series
Airbus A300B2 2 233(20/213) Jet aircraft Medium Haul/High Capacity 2 aircraft leased from Airbus
Airbus A320-211/214 3 162
168
180		 Jet aircraft Medium Haul/Intercontinental 1 operated by Air Comet
2 operated by Hellas Jet
Airbus A340-313X 4 295 Jet aircraft Long Haul/International-Transoceanic Owned by the Greek government
ATR 42-300 7 50(0/50) Propeller aircraft Short Haul/Regional
ATR 72-200 7 68(0/68) Propeller aircraft Short Haul/Regional
Boeing 707–320 8 147 (1966), 165 (1968) Jet aircraft Long and medium haul
Europe, North America, Africa, Australia
Boeing 717-200 3 105 Jet aircraft Short and medium haul
Greece and Europe		 2 leased from Bavaria, 1 leased from Pembroke Capital (BOC)
Boeing 720-051B 7 160 Jet aircraft Short and medium haul
Domestic, Europe and Middle East
Boeing 727–30 2 Jet aircraft Short and medium haul
Domestic, Europe and Middle East		 Leased from Boeing
Boeing 727–284 10 146 Jet aircraft Short and medium haul
Domestic, Europe and Middle East		 1 leased from Safair
Boeing 737–284 15 123 Jet aircraft Short and medium haul
Greece and Europe		 4 leased from Aviation Sales Company
Boeing 737-3M8/36N 7 136(0/136) Jet aircraft Medium Haul/Intercontinental
Boeing 737–412 5 150 Jet aircraft Short and medium haul
Domestic, Europe and Middle East		 1 leased from Hola Airlines, 1 leased from Pembroke Capital, 1 leased from Oasis International Leasing, 1 leased from ILFC, 1 leased from GECAS
Boeing 737-484/4Q8 13 150(0/150) Jet aircraft Medium Haul/Intercontinental
Boeing 747–133 1 Jet aircraft Long haul
North America, Africa, Australia, Asia, South America		 Leased from GPA in 1986
Boeing 747-212B 6 426 Jet aircraft Long haul
North America, Africa, Australia, Asia		 1 leased from Air Atlanta Icelandic for the 2004 Olympic Torch Relay (ARO)
Britten Norman BN2 Islander 15 9 Piston-powered aircraft Short haul
Domestic and Island services		 Leased
Bombardier Dash 8-102 5 37(0/37) Propeller aircraft Short Haul/Regional
Dornier Do 228 9 18 Turbo-Prop powered aircraft Short haul
Domestic and Island services		 2 leased from Dornier
de Havilland Comet 4B 6 147 (1966), 165 (1968) Jet aircraft Medium haul
Europe, Middle East		 2 leased from BEA (BEA-OLYMPIC)
Douglas DC-3 14 28 Propeller aircraft Short haul
Domestic and Balkans		 Previously flew with TAE (Greek National Airlines)
Douglas DC-4 2 Propeller aircraft Short and medium haul
Domestic and Europe
Douglas DC-6 13 66 (1958), 95 (1967) Piston-powered aircraft Short and medium haul
Domestic and Europe		 3 were leased from U.A.T.
Ilyushin Il-62M 1 180 Jet aircraft Medium/Long Haul 1 was leased from Aeroflot - CCCP-86455[24][25]
McDonnell Douglas MD-83 1 160(0/160) Jet aircraft Medium Haul & Short Haul/Regional Leased
NAMC YS-11 10 64 Turbo-Prop powered aircraft Short haul
Domestic and Island services		 2 leased from NAMC
Shorts Skyvan 4 18 Turbo-Prop powered aircraft Short haul
Domestic and Island services		 2 leased
Shorts 330 6 30 Turbo-Prop powered aircraft Short haul
Domestic and Island services
Yakovlev Yak-40 2 32 Jet aircraft Short haul
Domestic and Island services
Total 200

Codeshare agreements

Olympic Airlines had the following codeshare agreements:[26]

Corporate design

Logo

The first logo of the airline was a white eagle, bearing a resemblance to a propeller, featuring five rings and the name Olympic. Just two years after the first flight, Onassis asked his associates to design a new logo and the coloured rings were created. Onassis wanted to copy the five coloured rings of the Olympic emblem, but the International Olympic Committee claimed the rights to the emblem, so a new, six ring logo was introduced. The first five rings stand for the five continents, while the sixth stands for Greece.[27] Colours used were yellow, red, blue and white.

The new logo for Olympic air was selected from among three proposals by an online vote which was open until 5 July 2009 on oalogo.gr. All proposals were expected to keep the six circles and to modernise the existing logo. The logo that was finally selected is a bevel version of the existing logo and font, with the exception that green has replaced the light blue on some circles. Green along with blue is one of MIG's corporate colours (as seen on Marfin Egnatia bank's logo for example) and was thus also used per the request of MIG on the new uniforms too.

Other

Olympic in popular culture

Incidents and accidents

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ "Operators by state" (PDF). icao.int. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  2. ↑ Hans Zoglmeier. "History & Organization". Oainfo.olympicairlines.com. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  3. ↑ "Contact Us." Olympic Airways. Retrieved on 1 July 2010. "Head Office address: 96–100, Syngrou Av., 11741 Athens, Greece." – "ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ." Address in Greek: "Κεντρικά Γραφεία: Λεωφ. Συγγρού 96–100, 11741 Αθήνα."
  4. ↑ "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 10 April 2007. p. 58.
  5. 1 2 "Olympic 'facing difficult future'". BBC News. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  6. ↑ "Olympic Airlines IOSA Operators Profile". Iata.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  7. ↑ Gradidge, 2006, p 185-186
  8. ↑ Roach, 2007, p. 260
  9. ↑ Roach, 2007, p. 300-303
  10. 1 2 "Our World (supplement)", USA Today, 15 February 2007, p. 9
  11. ↑ Destiny Prevails: My life with Aristotle, Alexander, Christina Onassis and her daughter, Athina, Paul J. Ioannidis, Livani Publishing, 2013
  12. ↑ "Olympic Airways old website (Wayback Machine)". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 21 April 2003. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  13. ↑ Archived 16 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ↑ "Olympic Investors interested in Olympic Airlines as one company, its founder says". Greekembassy.org. 21 September 2005. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  15. ↑ "Globe Merchant Travel Blog » Blog Archive » Pantheon Airways: a future new airline on the ashes of Olympic Airlines". Globemerchant.com. 9 June 2006. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  16. ↑ "Greece's Olympic Airlines wins cash reprieve from court". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  17. ↑ Δελτία τύπου & νέα των Ο.Α (Τρέχον Τρίμηνο)
  18. ↑ "EU court rules on Greek subsidies to Olympic Airlines". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  19. ↑ "/ Mergermarket – Olympic Airlines: Olympic Investors still interested, expects quick sale after elections". Ft.com. 12 September 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  20. ↑ Hatzidakis' Fresh Assurances
  21. ↑ "Olympic fights back" (in Greek). Enet.gr. 20 January 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  22. ↑ "Ελευθεροτυπία – Απογευματινή Αδέσμευτη Εφημερίδα". Enet.gr. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  23. ↑ "Airliners". 2003. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  24. ↑ http://russianplanes.net/reginfo/3447
  25. ↑ https://www.planelogger.com/Aircraft/View?Registration=CCCP-86455&DeliveryDate=1979
  26. ↑ Hans Zoglmeier (20 April 2008). "Partner Airlines". Oainfo.olympicairlines.com. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  27. ↑ "Greece: Olympic Air Begins Operations". Balkan Travellers. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  28. ↑ To Vima online Φρίντα Μπιούμπι. Οι τίτλοι μιλάνε από μόνοι τους: «Και το όνειρο πάγωσε» (η ζωή και ο θάνατος του σχεδιαστή Μπίλλυ Μπο) (Frieda Bioubi). The titles speak for themselves. And the dream turned cold (The life and death of fashion designer Billy Bo).To Vima online translation by Google Quote: Bioumpi Frinta...«And the dream froze» (the life and death of Billy designer Bo)..[sic]
  29. ↑ "SX-BBF? Accident Description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  30. ↑ http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/briefs/02-1348/02-1348.mer.resp.pdf
  31. ↑ "General information". Web.archive.org. 15 April 2001. Archived from the original on 25 June 2003. Retrieved 2009-08-02.

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