Omega hydroxy acid

Omega hydroxy acids (also known as ω-hydroxy acids) are a class of naturally occurring straight-chain aliphatic organic acids n carbon atoms long with a carboxyl group at position 1 and a hydroxyl at position n. The C16 and C18 omega hydroxy acids 16-hydroxy palmitic acid and 18-hydroxy stearic acid are key monomers of cutin in the plant cuticle.[1][2] The polymer cutin is formed by inter-esterification of omega hydroxy acids and derivatives of them that are substituted in mid-chain, such as 10,16-dihydroxy palmitic acid.[3][4] Only the epidermal cells of plants synthesize cutin.[5]

Omega hydroxy fatty acids also occur in animals. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)microsome ω-hydroxylases viz., CYP4A11, CYP4A22, CYP4F2, and CYP4F3 in humans, Cyp4a10 and Cyp4a12 in mice, and Cyp4a1, Cyp4a2, Cyp4a3, and Cyp4a8 in rats metabolize arachidonic acid and many arachidnonic acid metabolites to their corresponding omega hydroxyl products.[6] This metabolism of arachidonic acid produces 20-hydroxy-arachidonic acid (i.e 20-hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid or 20-HETE), a bioactive product involved in various physiological and pathological processes (see 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid);[7] and this metabolism of certain bioactive arachidonic acid metabolites such as leukotriene B4, 5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid, and 5-oxo-hydroxyeiocatetraenoic acid (see 5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid) produces 20-hydroxylated products which are 100- to 1,000-fold weaker than, and therefore represents the inactivation of, their respective precursors.[8][9][10]

References

  1. ↑ Kolattukudy, P. E.; Walton, T. J. (1972). "Structure and biosynthesis of the hydroxy fatty acids of cutin in Vicia faba leaves". Biochemistry 11 (10): 1897–1907. doi:10.1021/bi00760a026.
  2. ↑ Soliday, C. L.; Kolattukudy, P. E. (1977). "Biosynthesis of Cutin ω-hydroxylation of fatty acids by a microsomal preparation from germinating Vicia faba". Plant Physiology 59 (6): 1116–1121. doi:10.1104/pp.59.6.1116.
  3. ↑ T.J. Walton TJ and P.E. Kolattukudy (1972) Enzymatic conversion of 16-hydroxypalmitic acid into 10,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid in Vicia faba epidermal extracts. Biochem Biophys Res Communications 46, (1), 16–21
  4. ↑ P. J. Holloway (1982) The chemical constitution of plant cutins. p45-85 in In "The Plant Cuticle". ed. by DF Cutler, KL Alvin and CE Price. Academic Press, London. ISBN 0-12-199920-3
  5. ↑ Kolattukudy, PE (1996) Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity to environmental stresses. In: Plant Cuticles. Ed. by G. Kerstiens, BIOS Scientific publishers Ltd., Oxford, pp 83-108
  6. ↑ Hoopes SL, Garcia V, Edin ML, Schwartzman ML, Zeldin DC (Jul 2015). "Vascular actions of 20-HETE". Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 120: 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.03.002. PMID 25813407.
  7. ↑ Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;45:413-38
  8. ↑ Arch Biochem Biophys. 2009 Apr 1;484(1):80-6. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2009.01.012
  9. ↑ J Immunol. 1986 Nov 15;137(10):3277-83
  10. ↑ Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Apr;1851(4):340-55. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.008


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