Chinese encyclopedia

Chinese encyclopedias are encyclopedias published in the Chinese language or about China and Chinese-related topics. The origin of encyclopedias in China can be traced to the late Han dynasty, circa 220 CE.

Overview

Chinese has two words for "encyclopedia, encyclopedic", common baike (Chinese: 百科; pinyin: bǎikē; Wade–Giles: pai-ke; literally: "hundred subjects") and literary dadian (Chinese: 大典; pinyin: dàdiǎn; Wade–Giles: ta-tien; literally: "great canon"). For example, baike quanshu (百科全書 "hundred subjects complete book") "comprehensive encyclopedia" and Yongle dadian (永樂大典 'Yongle [Emperor's] great canon) "Yongle Encyclopedia". Encyclopedic works were published in China for well over one and a half thousand years before China's first modern encyclopedias were published after China's economic liberalization in the 1980s, during the reform period. Several encyclopedias have been published in China since then, including several specialist and children's encyclopedias. The major title currently available - in both paper and online versions - is the Encyclopedia of China (中国大百科全书 Zhōngguó Dà Bǎikē Quánshū), published by Encyclopedia of China Publishing House.

Since the 21st century, with internet use proliferating, a number of online encyclopedias have been started. The three largest online Chinese encyclopedias are Hudong, Baidu Baike and Chinese Wikipedia.

History

The history of encyclopedias in China is distinctive and covers almost two thousand years. Traditional Chinese encyclopedias, called leishu (classified books), differ from the modern encyclopedia in that they are mainly anthologies of significant literature with some aspects of a dictionary. Compiled by eminent scholars, they have been revised rather than replaced over hundreds of years.

The earliest compendium of the kind was the Lüshi Chunqiu (3rd century BCE). However, the Song dynasty scholar Wang Yinglin zh:王應麟 (1223-1296) names the Huanglan of the Three Kingdoms period (3rd century CE, now lost) to be the first encyclopedia. Among the most prominent encyclopedias in the imperial period are the Tang dynasty Tongdian and the Ming dynasty Yongle Encyclopedia. The Tang precedent was followed by creation of large imperial compendia known as the Ten Universals zh:十通.

Publications

Encyclopedias written in Chinese.

Imperial period

Qin

• Lüshi Chunqiu

Three Kingdoms

• Huanglan (lost)

Tang

• Yiwen Leiju, an encyclopedia completed in the 620s by the calligrapher Ouyang Xun
• Fayuan Zhulin, a Buddhist encyclopedia compiled AD 668 by Dao Shi

Song

• Four Great Books of Song, compiled by Li Fang and others during the Song dynasty
  • Taiping Guangji, (Extensive Records of the Taiping Era), collection of about seven thousand stories that were selected from over three hundred books from the Han to the Song dynasties, first published in 978
  • Taiping Yulan, (Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era) a massive encyclopedia in the Song dynasty, finished 983
  • Wenyuan Yinghua, (Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature), covers the period from Liang dynasty to the Five Dynasties era, published in 985
  • Cefu Yuangui, (Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau), largest encyclopedia compiled during the Song dynasty, started in 1005 and finished in 1013 by Wang Qinruo and numerous other scholars
• Dream Pool Essays, written by Shen Kuo, finished in 1088

Ming

• Yongle Encyclopedia (1403), a compilation commissioned by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty — one of the earliest and largest at the time.
• Bencao Gangmu, also known as Compendium of Materia Medica, is Chinese materia medica work written by Li Shizhen in the Ming dynasty.
• Sancai Tuhui, compiled by Wang Qi and Wang Siyi, completed in 1607 and published in 1609
• Tiangong Kaiwu

Qing

• Gujin Tushu Jicheng, a vast encyclopaedic work written in China during the reigns of the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors of the Qing dynasty, completed in 1725
• Siku Quanshu, largest collection of books in Chinese history and probably the most ambitious editorial enterprise in the history of the world

Modern

• Encyclopedia of China (1978), the first large-entry modern encyclopedia in the Chinese language.
• Chinese Encyclopedia (1981–83), Taiwan
• Concise Encyclopædia Britannica, 11-volume short-entry encyclopaedia in the Chinese language, published in Beijing in 1985–91, as a joint venture between Encyclopedia of China Publishing House and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.^[1]
• Beijing Encyclopedia (1991; 2002)^[2] World's largest municipal encyclopedia. Compiled by more than 3,000 people over a period of 5 years, the reference consists of 20 volumes with more than 17 million words and over 10,000 items and illustrations. Has eight volumes covering Beijing's history, geography, districts, politics and society, economy, science, education, culture, health and tourist sites.
• Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas (1998). Chinese Heritage Centre, Singapore.
• Macao Encyclopedia (1999), the first specialist encyclopedia on Macao, published by the Macao Foundation ^[3]
• Administrative Districts Encyclopedia of China (1999) ^[4]
• Mongolian Studies Encyclopedia (1999)^[5]
• Shanghai Encyclopedia (1999; 2008), most comprehensive reference on Shanghai; has more than 7 million words, published by the Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House.^[6]
• Diplomacy Encyclopedia of China (2000)^[7]
• Military Encyclopedia of China (2000)^[8] China's largest military encyclopedia. Comprises over 50,000 short entries.
• Resource Sciences Encyclopedia (2000)^[9]
• Traditional Mongolian Medicine Encyclopedia (2000).^[10]
• Modern Science and Technology Encyclopedia (2000)^[11]
• Chinese Towns Encyclopedia (2000)^[12] Details 20,000 Chinese towns, focusing on their economies.
• Encyclopedia of Republic of China (2001)^[13] 16,000 entries on the Republican Era (1911–49). Published by Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House.
• Britannica Online, Traditional Chinese Edition (February 2004), the first full-length online encyclopedia in traditional Chinese, a joint publication of Britannica and Yuan-Liou Publishing Company of Taiwan^[14]
• Shanxi Encyclopedia (2002)^[15] Published by Zhonghua Book Company; contains 8.1 million Chinese characters and 5,000 images, and is the first large reference which documents the province's history, culture, society and economy.
• Zhong Hua Da Dian ("The Great Encyclopedia of China") (2008),.^[16] On China's cultural history from the Qin dynasty to the 1911 Revolution.
• Chinese Children's Encyclopedia, 4-volume encyclopedia, published by Zhejiang Education Press (ZEP)
• Cihai, combines dictionary and encyclopedia
• Concise Huaxia Encyclopedia, published by Huaxia Press in Beijing. See "Huaxia".

Onlines

Free

• Baike.com Encyclopedia (June 2005), largest online Chinese language encyclopedia^[17]
• Baidu Encyclopedia (October 2005), second largest online Chinese encyclopedia
• Chinese Wikipedia (October 2002)
  • Cantonese Wikipedia
  • Classical Chinese Wikipedia
  • Hakka Wikipedia
  • Mindong Wikipedia
  • Minnan Wikipedia
  • Wu Wikipedia
  • Gan Wikipedia
• Wiki CN Encyclopedia (October 2005)
• Wiki Lib Encyclopedia (September 2004)

Non free

• Encyclopedia of Taiwan (January 2005)

Other related encyclopedias

Though not technically Chinese encyclopedias because they are not written in Chinese, there have been many specialist works in other languages that have focused on China itself as a subject. These include:

English

• Berkshire Encyclopedia of China (2009), Berkshire Publishing Group. Linsun Cheng, Kerry Brown, Winberg Chai, et al. (Editors).
• Cambridge Encyclopedia of China, Cambridge University Press.
• Encyclopedia of China, Dorothy Perkins.
• Encyclopedia Of Contemporary Chinese Civilization (2005), Greenwood Pub Group. Jing Luo (Editor).
• Science and Civilization in China, Cambridge University Press.
• Nagel's Encyclopedia Guide: China, Nagel Publishers, Geneva, 1968.
• Encyclopaedia Sinica, 1917. Samuel Couling (British)

See also

• Four Great Books of Song
• Dream Pool Essays
• Siku Quanshu
• Chinese literature
• List of encyclopedias by language

References

1. "Concise Encyclopaedia Britannica (Chinese encyclopaedia) - Encyclopedia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
2. "New Edition of World's Largest Municipal Encyclopedia Published in Beijing". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2002-11-06. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
3. "People's Daily Online". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 1999-11-16. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
4. "People's Daily". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 1999-09-26. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
5. "China to Publish Encyclopedia on Mongolian Studies". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2000-01-21. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
6. "shanghai". shanghai. 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
7. "People's Daily Online". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2000-01-11. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
8. "China's Biggest-Ever Military Encyclopedia Debuts". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2000-08-30. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
9. "Encyclopedia on Resource Sciences in China Published". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2000-05-30. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
10. "Inner Mongolia to Publish Ethnic Medicine Encyclopedia". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2000-01-17. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
11. "Science and Technology Encyclopedia Published". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2001-09-05. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
12. "Encyclopedia on Chinese Towns Published". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2000-05-25. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
13. "Encyclopedia of Republic of China Issued". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2001-10-19. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
14. Archived August 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
15. "China Publishes Encyclopedia on North Province". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2002-03-16. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
16. "China's cultural encyclopedia to cover 20,000 ancient works_English_Xinhua". News.xinhuanet.com. 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
17. Archived November 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.