Ontario Highway 2

Highway 2 shield

Highway 2
Route information
Length: 1.1 km[1] (0.7 mi)
History: Established in 1794 as the Governor's Road and on August 21, 1917, as The Provincial Highway
Major junctions
West end: Gananoque eastern limits
East end:  Highway 401
Location
Major cities: Gananoque
Highway system
←  Highway 148 Highway 3  →

King's Highway 2, commonly referred to as Highway 2, is the lowest-numbered provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario (there is no numbered Ontario Highway 1) and was originally part of a series of identically numbered highways in multiple provinces which together joined Windsor, Ontario to Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Once the primary east–west route across the southern portion of Ontario, most of Highway 2 in Ontario was bypassed by Ontario Highway 401, completed in 1968. The August 1997 completion of Highway 403 bypassed one final section through Brantford. Most of the 837.4 km (520.3 mi) length of Highway 2 was deemed a local route and removed from the provincial highway system on January 1, 1998, with the exception of a 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) section east of Gananoque. The entire route remains driveable, but as County Road 2 or County Highway 2 in most regions.

Route description

Highway 2 is currently a stub of its former self. At just over 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in length, it is one of the shortest provincial highways in Ontario. Its nominal purpose is to provide a provincial route between westbound Thousand Islands Parkway and eastbound Highway 401. Highway 2 begins at the eastern town limits of Gananoque, and travels east a short distance before gently curving northward. It interchanges with the Thousand Islands Parkway, once referred to as "Highway 2S" prior to becoming a temporary part of the 401 in 1952, and ends at the westbound 401 offramp (interchange 648). The roadway continues as County Road 2 along the former provincial route to Quebec.

Numerous connecting links existed along urban sections of the former route of Highway 2. These sections were downloaded to the municipalities in which they reside before 1998. As such, when the Ministry of Transportation shortened Highway 2 on January 1, 1998, many signs along these connecting routes were not removed except in places where 2 was renumbered as a county road. These signs are still posted in places such as Windsor, London, and Toronto. In parts of Toronto, markers direct drivers along Lake Shore Boulevard west of downtown, and Lake Shore Boulevard, Coxwell Avenue (changed from the old route on Woodbine Avenue), and Kingston Road east of downtown.[2]

A Highway 2 reassurance marker in Mimico, Toronto.

Before the deletion of Highway 2, most of which took place on January 1, 1998, it was a continuous road from Highway 3 in Windsor to the Quebec border, at one time connecting with the like-numbered Quebec Route 2 (which was renumbered in the early 1970s as multiple provincial highways). It now has the following designations:[3]

Heritage Highway

East of the province, the route continued as Quebec Route 2, New Brunswick Route 2 and Nova Scotia Trunk 2 to end in Halifax. Like in Ontario, much of that road has been bypassed by a freeway (with no uniform designation) and/or renumbered. The Quebec portion (following the historic Chemin du Roy and Quebec bridge) was renumbered.[4] New Brunswick assigned the old number to a new freeway which between Fredericton and Moncton differs substantially from the original route.[5] Nova Scotia kept its portion of Highway 2 intact, numbering its bypass as Nova Scotia Highway 102.

In 1972, the Ontario and Quebec governments designated Route 2 from Windsor to Rivière-du-Loup as the Heritage Highway (Sur la route des pionniers), a signed route which continued eastward to the Gaspé Peninsula on what is now Quebec Route 132. This tourist route included various side trips, such as highways to Ottawa and Niagara Falls.[6] While this signage is maintained in some counties, much of the route is part of local itineraries such as a former Apple Route (Trenton to Brighton),[7] an Arts Route (in Hastings County)[8] and the Chemin du Roy (now Route 138 between Montreal and Quebec City).

History

Highway 2 was the first roadway assumed under the maintenance of the Department of Highways (today's Ministry of Transportation of Ontario). The 73.5-kilometre (45.7 mi) section from the Rouge River to Smith's Creek, now Port Hope, was inaugurated on August 21, 1917, as The Provincial Highway. On June 7, 1918, the designation was extended east (approximately 379 kilometres (235 mi)) to the Quebec border.[9]

Footpaths

A painting of Kingston Road east of Toronto in the 1830s.

The forerunners to Highway 2 are numerous paths constructed during the colonization of Ontario. While some portions may have existed as trails created by Indigenous peoples for hundreds of years, the first recorded construction along what would become Highway 2 was in late October 1793, when Captain Smith and 100 Queen's Rangers returned from carving The Governor's Road 20 miles (32 km) through the thick forests between Dundas and the present location of Paris. John Graves Simcoe was given the task of defending Upper Canada (present day Ontario) from the United States following the revolution and with opening the virgin territory to settlement. After establishing a "temporary" capital at York, Simcoe ordered an inland route constructed between Cootes Paradise at the tip of Lake Ontario and his proposed capital of London. By the spring of 1794, the road was extended as far as La Tranche, now the Thames River, in London. In 1795, the path was connected with York. Asa Danforth Jr., recently immigrated from the United States, was awarded the task, for which he would be compensated $90 per mile.[10]

Beginning on June 5, 1799, the road was extended eastwards. Danforth was hired once more, and tasked with clearing a 10-metre (33 ft) road east from York through the bush, with 5 metres (16 ft) (preferably in the centre) cut to the ground. It was carved as far as Port Hope by December,[11] and to the Trent River soon after. Danforth's inspector and acting surveyor general William Chewett declared the road "good" for use in the dead of winter, but "impassible" during the wet summers, when the path turned to a bottomless mud pit. He went on to suggest that rather than setting aside land for government officials which would never be occupied, the land be divided into 200 acres (81 ha) lots for settlers who could then be tasked with statute labour to maintain the path.[11] Danforth agreed, but the province insisted otherwise and only four settlers took up residence along the road; like many other paths of the day, it became a quagmire.[12]

Kingston Road sign

Danforth's road did not always follow the same path as today's Kingston Road. Beginning near Victoria Park Avenue and Queen Street East, the road can be traced along Clonmore Drive, Danforth Road, Painted Post Drive, Military Trail and Colonel Danforth Trail. Other sections of the former roadway exist near Port Hope and Cobourg,[13][14] as well as within Grafton.[15] Otherwise the two roads more or less overlap until they reach the Trent River; beyond this point Danforth's road is continued (1802) on a more southern route to reach the Bay of Quinte at Stone Mills (now Glenora). [16] As the route straying through Scarborough avoided many of the settlers who had taken up residence near the lake, Danforth's road was bypassed by 1814 by William Cornell and Levi Annis. The Cornell Road (as it was known for a short time) shortened the journey from Victoria Park to West Hill, but remained mostly impassible like Danforth's route to the north. Finally succumbing to increasing pressures, the government raised funds to straighten the road and extend it through Belleville to Kingston. The work was completed by 1817 and the road renamed The Kingston Road.

Downriver from Kingston, roads built along the St. Lawrence for War of 1812 military use became a popular means to avoid rapids on the river by travelling overland.

Prescot, now called Fort Wellington, is important as being the chief stage between this port and Montreal, from which it is distant 130 miles, and between which coaches run every day, except Sundays. From the position of this place, however, as at the head of the Montreal boat-navigation, and at the foot of the sloop and steam navigation from the lakes, it must soon increase in extent, as it will rise in importance.
— George Henry Hume, 1832[17]

Stagecoach and mail road

1839 milestone near Odessa
Original milestone marker in Kingston

The creation of a post road extended year-round communication which had already existed on the Chemin du Roy from Quebec City-Montreal westward, with the first stagecoaches reaching York (Toronto) in January 1817.[18] This link proved economically vital to enterprises such as the Bank of Montreal, established 1817 with branches in Quebec, Montreal, Kingston and Toronto. The original coaches left Montreal every Monday and Thursday, arriving in Kingston two days later; the full Montreal-York run took a week.[19]

As with earlier routes (such as the Danforth Road),[20] coaching inns prospered in every wayside village as the stagecoaches made frequent stops for water, food or fresh horses.[21]

The original York Road (from Kingston) aka Kingston Road (from York) was initially little more than a muddy horse path. In 1829, a ferry crossing on the Cataraqui River in Kingston was replaced by a draw bridge.[22] In the 1830s, efforts were made by various toll road operators to macadamise the trail as a gravel stagecoach road. On one section between Cobourg and Port Hope the Cobourg Star on October 11, 1848, expressed "surprise and deep regret, that the Cobourg and Port Hope Road Company have placed a tollgate on their road, although only just gravelled" adding a week later "On Sunday night last, the Toll House and Gate on the Port Hope Road were burned to the ground. We regret to say that there is no doubt as to its having been done designedly as a very hard feeling has grown up against the Company, from their having exacted Toll before the road was properly packed. They might have known that no community would quietly submit to drive their teams and heavy loads through six inches of gravel and pay for the privilege. But we would not be understood to sanction the lawless proceeding which has taken place."[23]

Despite these issues, this road would remain the principal means of winter travel until the Grand Trunk Railway connected Montreal and Toronto in 1856. As intercity traffic formerly carried by the various stagecoach operators migrated to the iron horse, stagecoach roads faded to primarily local importance, carrying regional traffic.

Lake Shore Boulevard, winter 1925
King Street, Gananoque
Highway 2 near Brockville, 1952

This changed as the 20th century and the invention of the motorcar quickly made evident a need for better roads in the young but growing Dominion. The macadamised Lake Shore Road between Toronto and Hamilton, in poor condition with ongoing erosion, was the first section to be bypassed with concrete highway. The Toronto–Hamilton Highway, proposed in 1914, was opened along the lakeshore in November 1917.[24] The Cataraqui Bridge, a toll swing bridge, was replaced by the La Salle Causeway that same year.

In 1918, the province subsidised the county and municipal purchase of various former toll roads (Brockville-Prescott, Paris-Brantford, Cobourg-Port Hope and Cobourg-Baltimore) to be improved and incorporated into the provincial highway system.[25][26] Later acquisitions included a road from Cobourg to Grafton. As the roads became publicly owned, toll gates were removed.

In 1925, the Galipeault Bridge and Taschereau Bridge, both adjacent to 1854 Grand Trunk Railway bridges which were the first fixed mainland links to Montreal, brought Route 2 onto Montreal Island.

Provincial highway

Ontario has published an official highway map since at least 1923, an era when many provincial highways were still gravel or unimproved road. To accommodate the passenger cars of the Roaring Twenties, efforts to pave Ontario's roads had begun in earnest. The 1926 Official Road Map of Ontario boasted the "Highway from Windsor to the Quebec border, via London will all be paved at the end of the present year" and "a person will then be able to travel over 700 miles of pavement without a detour".[27] Twenty-five years after the first provincial road improvement efforts, Ontario maps boastfully listed fifteen king's highways (numbered 2-17, as 1 and 13 were never assigned) and a growing network of county roads. While thousands of miles of dirt and gravel road still remained throughout the system, the steel rails which crossed the region now had a credible rival in southern Ontario.

Beginning in 1935, McQuesten applied the concept of a second roadway to several projects along Highway 2:[28] a 4 mi (6.4 km) stretch west of Brockville,[29][30] a 4.5 km (2.8 mi) stretch from Woodstock eastward,[29] and a section between Birchmount Road and east of Morningside Avenue in Scarborough Township.[30] When widening in Scarborough reached the Highland Creek ravine in 1936, east of Morningside, the Department of Highways began construction on a new bridge over the large valley, bypassing the former alignment around West Hill.[31] From here the highway was constructed on a new alignment to Oshawa, avoiding construction on the congested Highway 2.[32] As grading and bridge construction neared completion between Highland Creek and Ritson Road in September 1939, World War II broke out and gradually money was siphoned from highway construction to the war effort.[28]

Princess Street, Kingston

The wartime rationing of the 1940s soon gave way to the fifties neon era of growing prosperity, increased vehicle ownership and annual paid vacations. Service stations, diners, motels and tourist-related establishments were proliferating on long strips of highway such as Toronto's Lakeshore Boulevard and Kingston Road to accommodate the growing number of travellers.

Increased traffic initially led to a construction boom, but soon the most congested sections were among the first candidates to be bypassed by freeway. By 1955, businesspeople along the north shore of Lake Erie were organising efforts to promote tourism on Highways 2 and 3, both of which stood to lose traffic upon the construction of Ontario Highway 401.[33] In 1956, the 401 provided a continuous Toronto Bypass from Weston to Oshawa.

A portion of the highway in the area of Morrisburg was permanently submerged by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958. The highway was rebuilt along a Canadian National Railway right-of-way in the area to bypass the flooded region. The town of Iroquois was also flooded, but was relocated 1.5 kilometres north rather than abandoned. This event led to the nickname of The Lost Villages for a number of communities in the area.[34]

Countless roadside motels from Windsor to Montreal were bypassed in the 1960s, with the 401 motorway completed in 1968. Growing hotel chains built new facilities near the 401 offramps, saturating the market in some areas. By the 1980s, Toronto's portion of the Kingston Road was in steep decline.[35] Some motels were used to shelter homeless or refugee populations,[36] others were simply demolished.[37]

What little of Highway 2 had not been bypassed by 401 (a section through Ancaster, Brantford and Hamilton) was ultimately bypassed by Ontario Highway 403. As Main Street in many communities Highway 2 remained packed to capacity with stop-and-go local traffic, sustaining countless shopkeepers and restaurateurs but offering little comfort to independent tourist motels. Outside urban areas, numerous former service stations were converted to other uses,[38] demolished or abandoned.

The last section from Ancaster to Brantford, was bypassed on August 15, 1997.[39] On January 1, 1998, most of the former length of Highway 2 was downloaded, transferring the highway from provincial responsibility to local counties or municipalities. The route lost its King's Highway designation in the process, along with much of its visibility on printed Ontario maps. Many Ontario highways which originally ended at Highway 2 (as the backbone of Ontario's highway system) were truncated or simply decommissioned, most often becoming county roads.

One token provincially maintained section of Highway 2 remains, east of Gananoque.

Major intersections

The following table lists the major cities along Highway 2, as originally noted on mileage charts included with Ontario's official road maps. These 1920s figures are based on the original 544.5 mile routing through Aultsville and Moulinette, Ontario.

Locationmi[40]kmDestinationsNotes
Windsor00 Highway 3 – Detroit
Maidstone12.420.0
Tilbury37.560.4
Chatham54.587.7
Thamesville70.1112.8
Wardsville84.3135.7
Lambeth115.2185.4
London121.7195.9 Highway 4 – Clinton
Ingersoll141.7228.0
Woodstock150.7242.5
Paris171.2275.5
Brantford178.2286.8
Hamilton201.2323.8 Highway 6 – Guelph
Highway 8 – Kitchener-Waterloo
Burlington209.8337.6
Oakville221.1355.8
Port Credit230.9371.6 Highway 10 – Brampton
Toronto244.2393.0 Highway 11 – Barrie
Whitby273.3439.8 Highway 12 – Midland
Oshawa277.8447.1
Bowmanville286.8461.6
Port Hope307.0494.1
Cobourg314.8506.6
Trenton348.0560.1
Belleville358.9577.6 Highway 14 – Marmora
Deseronto378.5609.1
Napanee384.8619.3
Kingston409.7659.3 Highway 15 – Smiths Falls
Gananoque427.7688.3
Brockville458.8738.4
Prescott470.6757.4 Highway 16 – Ottawa
Morrisburg492.5792.6
Cornwall519.3835.7
Rivière-Beaudette544.5876.3Ontario/Quebec border
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Various changes to the routing caused the length to vary between 540 and 544 miles between the initial paving of the highway in 1926 and its decertification in 1998. While the route remains drivable for its entire length, officially only a 1.1 km stub currently remains under provincial control.

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 2, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario.[1] 

DivisionLocationkm[1]miDestinationsNotes
Leeds and GrenvilleGananoque0.00.0Western terminus is at the gated entrance to Gananoque
 Thousand Islands Parkway
1.10.7 Highway 401 – Kingston, BrockvilleEastern terminus is at the offramp from westbound 401
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

References

Footnotes
  1. 1 2 3 Google (June 16, 2010). "Highway 2 length and route" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  2. ↑ Google Maps Street View, accessed November 2009
  3. ↑ Former Ontario Highways Archived January 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ Grant Johnston (July 13, 1966). "Quebec to amend highway numbering". Montreal Gazette.
  5. ↑ Fredericton-Moncton Highway officially opened / Open for travel Oct. 24, press release, Office of the Premier, New Brunswick, October 23, 2001
  6. ↑ G. J. Fitzgerald (Jul 26, 1975). "Heritage Highway Link Between Early Settlements". Montreal Gazette.
  7. ↑ "Thanks for visiting the Apple Route". The Apple Route. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
  8. ↑ "Arts Route". Artsroute.ca. 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
  9. ↑ Shragge p.73
  10. ↑ Shragge p.11
  11. 1 2 Shragge p.13
  12. ↑ Brown p. 93
  13. ↑ Google (June 7, 2010). "Danforth Road near Port Hope" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  14. ↑ Google (June 7, 2010). "Danforth Road near Cobourg" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  15. ↑ Google (June 7, 2010). "Old Danforth Road in Grafton" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  16. ↑ William Canniff, Great Britain. Army. King's Royal Regiment, 2nd Battalion (1869). History of the settlement of upper Canada (Ontario): with special reference to the bay Quinté. Dudley & Burns.
  17. ↑ George Henry Hume (1832). Canada, as it is: comprising details relating to the domestic policy, commerce and agriculture, of the Upper and Lower Provinces : comprising matters of general information and interest, especially intended for the use of settlers and emigrants. W. Stodart.
  18. ↑ "History of the Bank of Montreal" (PDF). Bank of Montreal. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  19. ↑ Claude Bélanger (January 2005). "Bank of Montreal - Quebec History". Marianopolis College, Westmount. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  20. ↑ Margaret McBurney; Mary Byers (Oct 1, 1987). Tavern in the town: early inns and taverns of Ontario. University of Toronto Press. p. 66.
  21. ↑ Emogene Dymock Van Sickle (1937). The Old York road and its stage coach days. pp. 66–71.
  22. ↑ Armstrong, Alvin. Buckskin to Broadloom - Kingston Grows Up. Kingston Whig-Standard, 1973.
  23. ↑ "Shameful and Disgraceful Conduct (October 11) and Burning of Toll House and Gate (October 18)". Cobourg Star. 1848. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  24. ↑ "Toronto–Hamilton Highway Proposed". The Toronto World 34 (12125). January 22, 1914. p. 14. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
  25. ↑ Toll road purchased, page 6, The Toronto World - Jul 22, 1918
  26. ↑ Government buys old toll road, The Toronto World - Dec 31, 1918
  27. ↑ Official Road Map of Ontario, Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1926. Promotional text on map attributed to "S. L. Squire, deputy minister".
  28. 1 2 Shragge, John G. (2007). "Highway 401 - The story". Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  29. 1 2 Google (March 8, 2010). ""Dual Highway" 2 east from Woodstock" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  30. 1 2 "Highway Conditions In Eastern Ontario". The Ottawa Citizen 94 (127). November 13, 1936. p. 29. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  31. ↑ Brown p. 105
  32. ↑ Shragge pp. 93–94
  33. ↑ Towns along the superhighways (backpage editorial), Ottawa Citizen, page 56, May 27, 1955
  34. ↑ "The Lost Villages". The Lost Villages Historical Society. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
  35. ↑ Dave LeBlanc. "It's check-out time for Scarborough's storied motel strip". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  36. ↑ "AT ISSUE: Displaced families continue to call Kingston Road motels home". Inside Toronto. 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  37. ↑ "Motel gives way to mews". Toronto Star. 2008-02-23. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  38. ↑ Betty Stapleton; Jim Potts (1999). "Old B/A station, Newtonville". oldgas.com.
  39. ↑ "Highway 403 extension opens Friday". The Toronto Star. August 15, 1997. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
  40. ↑ 1926 Ontario official road map, Queen's Printer for Ontario, distance chart. These distances appear on all 1926-1929 official maps. 1930s maps list Highway 2 as 541.1 miles instead of the original 544.5 miles; early 1950s indicate 542.2 miles. Subsequent construction of the E. C. Row Expressway and St. Lawrence Seaway would have further changed length and routing of the highway.
Bibliography
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